想要提升托福阅读能力先要把握好这三个方面

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想要提升托福阅读能力先要把握好这三个方面

篇1:想要提升托福阅读能力先要把握好这三个方面

想要提升托福阅读能力先要把握好这三个方面

托福阅读提升要点一 提升理解力

最基本的就是要多多阅读,多看长篇文章,除了训练考生读长篇文章的能力,也可以在过程中看到好多生字。另外,考生在阅读长篇文章的时候,还能摸索到相应的技巧,例如能到快速掌握全文的结构,作者的用意,和中心思想。

大家可以多看看英文报纸和网站,不仅可以增加课外见识,而且还能训练阅读速度。尤其可以看看自己喜欢的题材,不像做托福真题那样,被动去接受不喜的题材阅读。像长篇的阅读都需要每天的坚持,因此如果没有一个以兴趣为导向的阅读,很容易中途放弃。

托福阅读提升要点二 词汇扩充

当然托福单词也是阅读速度重要的一环,在阅读中如果托福单词都认识就可以很顺的进行下去,但若是看不懂就需要用代号代替或是去猜他的意思,除了会觉得卡卡的之外也浪费时间。

众所周知,英语四级-六级水平的学生词汇量一般在6000左右,然而托福考试要求8000左右的词汇量,还需要补足左右词汇的差距。背单词是托福考试备考中最基础最重要的问题,要注意一些背单词的技巧:首先,背词汇书是很乏味的,考生不能久盯着一个单词看,这样做倒不如反复记忆(即快速记多个单词,不断重复记一些单词);第二,把自己不认识的单词写下来,并记牢它的常用含义。而且由于托福阅读话题重复可能性大,如果考生能够在材料中反复遇到同一个单词,那么请考生给予关注,久而久之就记住了。

托福阅读提升要点三 把握文章重点内容

托福阅读文章,由于文体和主题不同,需要把握的内容也是不同的。考生如果能够了解文章结构把握重点可以帮助提高托福阅读速度。例如,托福阅读议论文相对说明文更容易把握,因为观点+论点+论据的一般形式可以帮助考生把握文章思路,而观点往往出现在每段开头或者结尾,易于找到。而说明文会包含一些数字、人物、实验等,学生可能会感觉信息量太大不好掌握,但是这些内容大部分情况下可以略读,因为考生在阅读的时候很容易圈出这些内容。如果问题是有关于这些的讨论,很容易就通过标记查找到答案。所以考生在阅读全文之前,不妨粗略的看一下全文,试图了解文章是说明文还是议论文或者是其他的。这样能够快速定位,把握文章整体,增加阅读速度。

理解力、词汇和重点内容把握是托福阅读提升的三大要点,所以大家在备考托福阅读的时候一定要学会把握要点,这样才能明确备考方向,提升备考效率。

托福阅读素材:20几岁最需要学会的技能

What are the skills that are most important to learn during your 20s?

20几岁的时候最需要学的技能是什么?

1. Build a foundation for health.

锻炼强健的体魄。

In your twenties it's easy to feel like you're invincible. That fast food and the five margaritas you downed the night before burn right off and you wake up the next morning feeling fine. This does not last. Start building healthy habits now before they catch up to you later. At 30, I'm still struggling with this one myself. Get in the habit of eating healthfully and exercising. Your body will thank you for years later.

20几岁的时候,你很容易觉得自己所向披靡。吃个快餐、晚上喝的五杯玛格丽塔酒酒劲还没过,第二天醒来还感觉良好。但这持续不了多久的。在身体垮掉之前赶紧养成健康的习惯。30岁的时候,我仍旧在和自己的健康作斗争。习惯吃得健康一点,做做运动。几年之后,你的身体状况会感激你现在所作出的努力。

2. Learn resiliency.

学会振作。

Your twenties is a time when most are relatively free of the responsibilities that will increase into your thirties and forties. This is a great time to experiment, fail, and bounce back. Learn how to ride out failure and persevere. Life is full of challenges. The twenties are a great time to toughen up and start teaching yourself how to be emotionally and mentally resilient enough to weather both the joys and hardships to come.

20几岁是你最自由的时候,到了30岁和40岁的时候,责任就相对增加很多了。这是去尝试、失败、重新振作的最佳时期。学着怎么从失败当中爬起来并且坚持下去。生活中充满挑战。无论幸福还是悲伤,20岁都是你吃苦和学会怎么从精神上和身体上振作的最佳时期。

3. Figure out what lifestyle and career work for the real you.

找到你真正想要的生活方式和工作。

I felt like a failure throughout my twenties because most of my university friends seemed happy in corporate jobs that made me miserable. I felt constant pressure to fit a specific mold. It's only within the past year that I've started to come to terms with who I really am and what really makes me happy. Life is not one-size-fits-all. Choose the career and lifestyle that are true to you, not a version of that you wish you were.

20几岁的时候我觉得自己很失败,因为我大多数的大学同学都有着幸福的工作,这让我觉得自己很可悲。为了一定的目标,我不断给自己施加压力。过去的一年里,我才真正开始思考我到底是个什么样的人,什么才能使我快乐。没有任何一种生活方式能适合所有人。选择你自己真正想要的生活方式跟职业,而不是像你所希望的那样。

4. Learn to live within your means.

学会靠自己生活。

Learn smart financial management now. Learn how to live within a budget and maintain good credit. A mistake I once made, and one I still see a number of my peers making, is being a slave to lifestyle: taking cabs everywhere, buying expensive clothing, and having meals out constantly. This is stupid and reckless. I know people who were left completely adrift despite having made great salaries because they had no savings when their careers hit a rough patch. Their income was spent all on things that are frivolous. Luxuries are a wonderful thing only if you can truly afford them. Don't be a slave to funding a lifestyle that will not last. Learn to live modestly and save up, and then you will have earned the right to purchase yourself some treats, in moderation.

现在开始,学些理财知识吧。学着怎么在不打破预算的情况下生活,还保持良好的信用额度。我曾经犯过一个错误,现在我仍旧看见我的很多朋友在犯这个错误,那就是成为了生活方式的奴隶:无论去哪儿都打的,买昂贵的衣服,还有经常去外面吃饭。这是愚蠢和鲁莽的。我见过那种人,尽管工资很高,但是当他们的工作遇到困难的时候却因为没有积蓄而彻底绝望。他们把所有的收入都用在那些没有意义的东西上。只有当你真正能负担得起的时候,奢侈才是恰到好处。不要去选择一种不会持久的奴隶的生活方式。学会谦虚地生活还有节约,然后你就可以有节制地给自己来个奖励。

5. Choose who you spend your time with carefully.

认真选择你的伴侣。

Time is a precious commodity and you start to realize that increasingly into your mid to late twenties. Choose your friends wisely. Separate yourself from toxic or negative influences, those who would waste your time, and those who encourage you to focus on the unimportant. Seek out people who give you happiness, who inspire you, who support you, and nourish those relationships instead.

在你二十五六岁时候你会开始发现,时间是一件珍贵的商品。明智地选择你的朋友。不要让自己被有害的的或者消极的人所影响,那些人只会浪费你的时间,他们只会让你专注于那些不重要的事情上。看看谁能给你带来幸福,谁激励你,谁支持你,让你们之间的关系升温。

托福阅读素材:每个女人都应该记住的10句名言

1. Muhhamad Ali Jinah:

穆罕默德·阿里·吉娜

There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.

世界上最强大的两种东西。一种是剑,一种是笔。这两者之间有很大的竞争性。世界上还有比这两种东西更强大的第三种,那就是女人。

2. Margaret Sanger:

玛格丽特·桑格

Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how many children she will have. Regardless of what man's attitude may be, that problem is hers — and before it can be his, it is hers alone.

女人必须得有她的自由,最基本的自由是选择是否成为一位母亲以及将生几个孩子。不管男人的态度如何,那都是她自己的事情——也许最后男人也会参与进来,但首先将由她自己作出决定。

3. Marilyn Monroe:

玛丽莲·梦露

A wise woman likes but doesn't love, listens but doesn't believe and leaves before she is left.

聪明的女人会喜欢但不会深爱,会倾听但不会相信,会在被抛弃以前离开。

4. Dick Van Dyke:

迪克·范·戴克

Women will never be as successful as men because they have no wives to advise them.

女性绝不会有和男人一样的成功,因为她们没有妻子给她们建议。

5. Whitney Houston:

惠特尼·休斯顿

I like being a woman, even in a man's world. After all, men can't wear dresses, but we can wear the pants.

即使是生活在男人的世界里我也喜欢做女人。毕竟,男人不能穿裙子,但是我们能穿裤子。

6. Cameron Diaz:

卡梅隆·迪亚兹

What we women need to do, instead of worrying about what we don't have, is just love what we do have.

我们女人需要做的就是,与其担心我们没有的东西,还不如爱我们已经有的东西。

7. Farrah Fawcett:

法拉·弗西

God gave women intuition and femininity. Used properly, the combination easily jumbles the brain of any man I've ever met.

上帝给了女人直觉和女人味儿。使用合理的话,这两者结合就能很容易迷倒我曾遇到过的所有男性。

8. Yul Brynner:

尤尔·伯连纳

Girls have an unfair advantage over men: if they can't get what they want by being smart, they can get it by being dumb.

女孩儿有男孩儿没有的优势:如果她们不能通过变聪明得到她们想要的,那么她们可以通过变得愚笨得到。

9. Joseph Conrad:

约瑟夫·康拉德

Being a woman is a terribly difficult task, since it consists principally in dealing with men.

做女人难,因为主要是和男人打交道。

10. Oscar Wilde:

奥斯卡·王尔德

Women are made to be loved, not understood.

女人生来是被爱旳,而不是被理解的。

篇2:想要考好托福阅读需要具备哪些能力

托福阅读提升:想要考好托福阅读需要具备哪些能力?

一.想要做好阅读必需具备快速寻找信息的能力

托福阅读考试不是要求考生在规定时间内读完文章所有的词句,它考查的是一种快速阅读并寻找关键信息的能力。因此,如何高效地阅读成为托福阅读考试的关键,考生需要做的就是快速浏览文本来获取关键事实和重要信息。

与这个考查点相关的题型有很多,比如事实信息题、否定事实信息题、推理题和修辞目的题,这些题型都要求考生根据题干回到原文定位,寻找相关信息进行解答。这种能力建立在考生的语言实力基础之上,语言基础较好的考生,其阅读速度就会更快,抓取关键信息的能力也会更强一些。很多考生对托福阅读题型十分熟悉,而且也掌握了很多的做题技巧,但就是因为阅读速度慢导致最后答不完,白白丢掉了分数。所以考生在备考时要培养自己快速阅读、抓取关键信息的能力,提高答题的正确率。

二.想要做好阅读必须要提高信息理解能力

托福阅读考查的第二种能力就是理解信息的能力,同时也是托福阅读考试的本质。理解的内容小到词汇和短语,大到句子、段落甚至是整篇文章。这个考查点所涉及的题型也有很多,不同的题型要求我们理解的内容是不一样的。比如词汇题要求我们通过上下文理解文章中某个单词或者短语的具体意思;句子简化题要求我们根据语法知识并结合文章内容理解某个句子的含义;修辞目的题要求考生理解例子的作用或者段落与段落之间的关系;文章总结题要求考生理解整篇文章的主要观点以及相对重要信息。总之,不同题型所考查的侧重点是不同的,但无论是文章的哪一部分,都是和上下文相互关联的,我们在做题的时候千万不能割裂了两者之间的联系,一定要结合上下文信息理解所考查的内容。

三.想要做好阅读必需提高分析结构能力

托福阅读考查的第三种能力就是结构分析的能力。当考生能够找到并理解相关的信息,在能力上还有一个更高的要求,那就是分析文章结构。这种能力体现在不同的考题上,最典型的题型有修辞目的题、文章总结题和表格题。修辞目的题要求考生确定一句话或一个段落在与文章的其他部分相联系时所起的修辞性作用;文章总结题考查考生对文章主要观点及相对重要信息的辨识能力;表格题考查考生抽取文中主要观点和其他重要信息的能力。这几种题型对考生的能力要求更高一些,考生必须在头脑中对文章结构有一个宏观的把握才有可能把题目做对。

如何提高托福阅读 多积累背景知识

有些考生在备考新托福阅读考试过程中,太过重视阅读技巧的借鉴和总结,而忘记了学习英语最根本的还是在对语言的掌握上。因此,在本文中为大家的托福阅读提出几点建议,希望大家从基础开始,理解托福阅读的结构,积累常考背景知识。

新托福阅读是700字左右一篇文章,20分钟内完成12-14题。与老托福相比,新托福阅读的题目四个选项长度呈不断加长趋势。有很多考生用在理解题目和选项的时间就远远超过答题时间。这样的话就直接影响了后面题目的答题质量。如果出现阅读加试,很多考生就更加手忙脚乱了。

这主要还是因为考生在准备新托福阅读考试过程中太注重技巧的提炼,而忘记了学习英语最根本的还是在对语言的掌握上。因此在这里给大家提几点复习新托福阅读的几点建议:

1. 如果基础一般的同学,想要参加托福考试,最好提前3-4个月准备起来。一本好的词汇书是必不可少的。其实背哪一本词汇书不是重点所在,重要的是能够持之以恒,每天对所背的词汇进行复习和总结。因为你在做词汇题时如果能遇到你熟悉的词,可以节省你会到文章中去看上下文猜词的时间。虽然不能保证背到就一定能考到,但是单词可以帮助你更好的理解文章。曾经有一名语言专家这样说过:“Without grammar, little can be conveyed and without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”足以说明词汇的重要性。

2. 然后要从理解文章的结构开始理解文章。我们要明白,托福考试的阅读文章都是北美校园基础课程的文章,基本没有做过改动。所以文章的结构就是完全按照美式作文的五段法,我们的考生只要用这样的方式去分析每一篇文章,就会发现他们的结构是大同小异的。

3. 积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要,因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时,也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物,原版杂志。譬如,国家地理,自然,今日美国等一些著名的原版杂志,这不仅可以扩充我们的背景知识,同时也可以补充我们在词汇量上的不足。

4. 在复习的最后阶段,做做模拟练习题是必不可少的。如果有条件的话,最好做一下模考软件。因为这样可以模仿新托福机考的真实场景。比较推荐的模考软件有Barron, Kaplan以及一些比较权威的模考网站。当然在你报名时托福官方网站提供给你的那一套不完整的模考题也是很有参考价值的。

托福阅读:如何避免读懂还错题

新托福阅读考试中,常常会有人能看懂文章但是却又做错题的现象,这种新托福阅读的错题现象貌似成为一种常态。老托福的时期,这样的事却没有见过。新托福考试中题目是取消了语法的单项考察,但在考试之中又将对于语法的考察融合在了新托福考试之中,这里面就是新托福阅读考试体现得最为明显。请看下面一个例子:

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。

很多人在看到这句话的时候,经常翻译为“沙漠化是源于”或者翻译为“沙漠化导致”“很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 ”这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误,一是result from是源于的意思,而不是单纯的导致的意思。二是affected在这里其实是后置定语,因此这里的意思是“被影响”,这里很多人又疑惑了,因为我们 以前看到的东西都是,人的因素导致沙漠化啊,怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了,你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了,你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的 就可以了,何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?

这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子,举这个例子,其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候,只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了,但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误,这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累,靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。

新托福阅读中如果你经常有看得懂文章,但不对题的感叹出现,考生们最好还是从自身下手,去检查自己的单词,以及语法,如果觉得不知道从哪里下手,到底该怎么提升,建议你做做老托福的语法,而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下,然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了,希望以上这些方法可以帮到大家。

细数托福阅读中的那些陷阱

新托福考试中考生最容易忽略的就是托福阅读。因为大多考生会感觉阅读是自己的强项,对于强项无需过多的重视。然而这种认知不一定准确。自认托福阅读考试还不错的,分数只有22分左右,甚至会更低。那么为什么很多自认为阅读不错的考生不一定能在这一部分熠熠生辉呢? 这是因为新托福阅读考试存在一些陷阱。下面来一起看看这些陷阱的详细分析吧。

托福阅读中的细节题其实不难,但前提是定位的点要对,比如下面这个例题:

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.

B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.

C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.

D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.

这是一个典型的细节题,在该题题干中,有的考生会选择Puget Sound作为关键词回原文定位,因为它是专有名词,在文中会比较显眼。但是如果一旦选择了这个地名,势必会定位在该段的第一句话,托福细节题往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案,这样的话考生是选不出正确答案的,因为定位不精确。其实正确的关键词应该是white-tailed deer,这个用连字符连接的词在文章中也是比较醒目的,按该词定位应是该段最后一句话。所以根据它的意思应该选D项。其中A项与原句意思不符,B和C都与定位句信息无关。我们再来看另外一个否定事实细节题的例子:

Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?

A. They occur at the end of a succession.

B. They last longer than any other type of community.

C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change

D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.

这个题大家都会选择用climax communities去定位,但在定位过程中会出现很多问题。首先考生要学会跳跃式定位,即根据文章中特殊的标点符号以及最醒目的词来搜索我们真正需要的关键词。文中的particular是加了阴影的,succession是在引号里面的,都非常醒目,通过看这两个词我们会发现它们附近没有我们需要的东西;再比较突出的就是数字及破折号,在500的上方有a climax community,但它是单数,与题干关键词不完全匹配,细节题讲究的是精确定位,所以我们应该选择500斜下方的Climax communities,即该段的最后一句话。

否定事实细节题的出题思路有两种:一是无中生有,即根据定位点的内容,四个选项只有一个没有提到,这种思路多适用于选项比较简短的题目;二是张冠李戴,即根据定位点的内容表述,只有一个选项与之矛盾,这种思路多适应于选项比较长的题目。就这个例题而言,根据定位的最后一句话,从表述上来说跟它相关的只有C和D两个选项,D项的意思与原句相符,而C项与原句矛盾,所以正确答案是C。综上所述,做新托福阅读的细节题,最重要的一点就是要尽量地去精确定位。

托福阅读提升:

篇3:托福阅读提升备考效率要把握好这几个方面

托福阅读提升备考效率要把握好这几个方面

托福阅读提升攻略一 熟悉题型

托福阅读在内容上降低了难度,但是题型却把难度增加了,所以阅读理解上根本就不需要过于担心,重点还是了解题型。托福阅读有许多的题型,其中包含了图表题、篇章总结题(可以根据已经给出的选项里把能够概括文章内容的句子选择出来)、词汇题(在一定的上下文中)、指代关系题、简化句子题、插入文本题、事实信息题、推断题、修辞目的题、以及否定排除题等。

托福阅读提升攻略二 熟悉背景知识

在考生们备考托福阅读备考里,同样的考题,如果大家熟悉同时另外还需要去掌握了阅读文章的背景知识,如此做题才会变得更轻松,做题速度以及准确率同样都一定会提升许多,因此在这里提醒考生们,一定要在新托福备考时间里更加努力配备另一兵器——背景知识,这就等于是大家当备考过程里,还要更多的阅读有的长文章,又去努力积累新托福阅读里的常考文章的背景知识,题材尽量广泛,因为天文、地理、医学、历史、文化、教育、艺术等内容,在托福考题里都会牵涉到。而新托福阅读考试常考的背景有印第安题材的,动植物题材的(必考),考古学题材的,美国历史题材的等等,推荐考生多读读《国家地理杂志》和《DISCOVERY》。

托福阅读提升攻略三 分析错题

大多数考生在做题时通常是会有这样的情况出现,把两个选项排除,剩下两个可以随便选一个。此方法是能够提升蒙题的准确率,但若是把错误的答案选择了,就算是浪费了考试的宝贵时间。很多考生在做练习时,只要看到正确答案,便知道自己错在哪了,这就是很明显粗心的错误。

因此就算是多浪费半分钟,同样要认真的思考题目就可以拿到分数。有的题目枝干信息太多,但基本都是干扰项。根据应试的角度而言,通篇细读太费时间。正确的做法算得上是从选项中挖掘一下方向。若有几项答案有了自相矛盾,又或是意思明显相反,就可以直接排除;而余下的即对模糊的选项进行确认,回到正文中细读相关信息确认后就很省力。一般排除法是比较容易培养的套路,答题快速且准确率较高。

托福阅读提升攻略四 遇到生词不要慌

托福阅读考试中对单词量的要求还是很大的,即使单词量很大了,也难免会遇上生僻词的情况,而托福考试中选用的文章说明性特别强,往往是自定义、自解释的模式,遇到生词,即使不知道什么意思,也可以根据上下文语境弄清它们之间的关系,运用逻辑推理的方法作出正确的答案。其次,还可以分析选项,进行对比,往往会发现选项中通常会出现两个意思相反的选项,此时再仔细重读原文就可以排除错误选项了。

托福阅读提升攻略五 代入法解决词汇题

几乎每段中都会有词汇题,有些词考生一看就认识,这样的题目就很容易了,但是也不能粗心大意,如果时间充足或者把握不大,可以把选项带入文章中检查一遍。对于那些不认识的词汇,也是有许多技巧的。首先是分析词性,采用排除法排除词性不一致的选项。其次是用代入法。选项中给出的词意一般就是考生认识的,将选项带入,分析一下是否能够保证原文合情合理,通顺。

上文中为大家介绍了托福阅读提升备考效率需要把握的几个方面,分别是熟悉题型和背景知识,懂得如何分析错题,遇到生词根据文章去解读,词汇题巧用代入法解决,希望大家能在备考中多多注意。

托福阅读背景材料:笑声能开启一段新的关系

A great way to get to know someone better is to say something that makes them laugh.

想要更好地了解别人,一个好办法就是说些能让他们发笑的事。

Sharing a few good giggles and chuckles makes people more willing to tell others something personal about themselves, without even necessarily being aware that they are doing so, suggests new research.

新研究显示,分享一些好笑的事会让人更乐意告诉别人自己的私事,甚至当他们这样做的时候,也根本不会意识到这一点。

Alan Gray of University College London discovered the tidbit in a new study recently published in the journal Human Nature.

英国伦敦大学学院(University College London)的艾伦•格雷(Alan Gray)在研究中发现了这一有趣的现象。最近,他的这项研究成果发表在了《人类天性》(Human Nature)杂志上。

According to Gray, the act of verbally opening up to someone is a crucial building block that helps to form new relationships and intensify social bonds.

格雷认为,用言语向他人敞开心扉的行为是帮助人们建立新关系,增强人与人之间社会联系的重要基本要素。

Such self-disclosure can be of a highly sensitive nature — like sharing one’s religious convictions or personal fears — or a superficial tidbit such as one’s favorite type of food.

自我表露的过程具有高度敏感性——好比分享宗教信仰或者害怕之物——或者只是一个流于表面的趣闻,比如最爱的食物类型。

To investigate the role and influence of laughter in this disclosure process, Gray and his colleagues gathered 112 students from Oxford University in England, into groups of four.

为了调查笑声在自我表露过程中扮演的角色和产生的影响,格雷和他的同事从英国牛津大学(Oxford University)召集了112个学生,并把他们分为四组。

The students did not know one another. The groups watched a 10-minute video together, without chatting to one another.

学生们彼此都不认识。每组会坐在一起看一个10分钟的视频,期间并无交谈。

The videos differed in the amount of laughter they invoked, and the amount of positive feelings or emotions they elicited.

视频的区别在于,引人发笑的频率和传达积极情绪或情感的效力各有不同。

One featured a stand-up comedy routine by Michael McIntyre, another a straightforward golf instruction video, and the third a pleasant nature excerpt from the “Jungles” episode of the BBC’s Planet Earth series.

一个视频是迈克尔•麦金太尔(Michael McIntyre)的单人喜剧秀,一个是简短的高尔夫教学片,第三个是从《BBC行星地球系列》(BBC’s Planet Earth series)“丛林”(Jungles)一集里节选的一个令人愉悦的自然片段。

The levels of laughter and the participants’ emotional state after watching the video was then measured. Each group member also had to write a message to another participant to help them get to know each other better.

在看完视频之后,研究人员会测算参与者的情绪状态和笑声等级。每个小组成员还需给另一名参与者写下一条消息,以便更好地相互了解。

The participants who had a good laugh together shared significantly more intimate information than the groups who did not watch the comedy routine.

比起那些没有观看喜剧的组别,一起欢笑过的参与者们向彼此分享了更多的亲密信息。

Gray suggests this is not merely because it is a positive experience, but because of the physiology behind a good laugh. It actually triggers the release of the so-called “happy hormone” endorphin.

格雷认为,究其原因,不仅在于欢笑是一种积极的体验,还因为欢笑的背后隐藏着的心理学。实际上,正是这种心理学的作用引发了所谓的“快乐荷尔蒙”——内啡肽(endorphin)的释放。

The findings support the idea that laughter encourages people to make more intimate disclosures to strangers. Furthermore, researchers discovered the sharing of the information occurred so spontaneously, the person who disclosed information was seldom aware that he or she had done so.

这项研究证实,笑声能促使人们对陌生人透露更多隐私。此外,研究人员还发现,信息的分享就这样自然而然地发生了。那些透露信息的人很少会意识到自己正在这么做。

It was only the listener who realized that it had happened.

只有倾听者才会发现这一行为。

Vocabulary

tidbit:趣闻

stand-up comedy:单人脱口秀,单口相声

托福阅读素材:中英文的有趣差别

语言是相通的,但往往学得好中文的人,英语却不见得好。相比中文,英语逻辑几乎是“理科”式的。中文强调意合,也就是意思上的连接,在写作时可以天马行空;而英文强调形合,也就是形式上首先遵循严格的规范,句子和句子要有严密的逻辑联系。所以,中国人学英文需兼顾其理科、文科属性;充分理解语法规则,大量阅读,两者缺一不可。

在教学中我曾发现一个很有意思的规律:那些中文写作 (尤其是抒情类散文) 好的学生,往往在英文写作中犯逻辑不清的错误。他们写的文章常常句和句之间缺乏清晰的逻辑和连接,文章的汉语化思维痕迹非常明显。

另外,我发现自己很多时候更乐于阅读英文和用英文写作,尤其是在理解具有复杂逻辑关系的问题时。相信这样的感觉很多英语熟练到一定程度的国人也有。上述的现象,反映出本文想讨论的第一个论点:相对中文,英文算是一门理科。

所谓理科,我们指某门学科内部存在自洽周全的逻辑体系。对于一门语言来说,这个逻辑体系首先是语法。就语法体系而言,这个世界上恐怕没有什么语言比中文与英文更不同的。

一个很有意思的证据是,李光耀先生在新加坡努力推行了中英文双语教育后发出慨叹:要把中英文都学到母语的程度几乎是不可能的。这一点在海外华人家庭里也很常见:美籍华人家庭的第二代孩子中,很少有能同时以母语的熟练程度掌握中英文的书面语言。

但同样有意思的是,一些来自欧洲的移民家庭,例如父亲是德国人,母亲是法国人,孩子出生并成长在美国,这样的孩子往往能以母语的熟练程度掌握英语、法语和德语这三种不同的书面语言。这期间的原因值得玩味。

仔细思考中文的表述习惯,你会发现中文和英语有很大的差异。我们以前曾谈过英文中有动词时态和单复数的概念,名词有性的概念。但这实际上还不是中英语法最核心的差异。

中英文在语法上最大的差距在于:中文强调意合,也就是意思上的连接,而不强调形式的连接,因此在写作时可以天马行空,肆意挥洒;而英文强调形合,也就是形式上首先遵循严格的规范,句子和句子要有严密的逻辑联系。我们试举一例来说明中文和英文在表述意群时的差异。

“只有四婶,因为后来雇佣的女工,大抵非懒即馋,或者懒而馋,左右不如意,所以也还提起祥林嫂。”(摘自鲁迅《祝福》)

原文只有一句话,但有两层意思,而且两层意思之间是因果关系。译者将原文拆成两句话,“四婶是唯一还提起祥林嫂的人, 是因为…”, 所以翻译成下文。

“My aunt was the only one who still spoke of Xianglin’s wife, because most of the maids hired afterwards turned out either lazy or greedy and none of them amounted to satisfaction.”

但翻译成这样,我们便会发现这个逻辑其实有问题:为什么其他的女工懒惰了就一定会导致只有四婶才会提到祥林嫂呢 ?是不是说其他的女工懒到不愿意提祥林嫂? 如果是那样,那馋嘴又是什么逻辑呢?

这样的文章,虽然是文学巨匠鲁迅所写,但给西方人看,他们必然会提出这样的疑问来。说实话,我也有同样的疑问。

再举一例,“他不干,我干”,就这没么一句话,至少可以有四种理解:

1、假设关系:(如果)他不干,(那么)我(来)干。

2、因果关系:(因为)他不干,(所以)我(才)干。

3、转折关系:他不干,(但是)我干。

4、让步关系:(即使)他不干,我(也)干。

在此我们大抵可以看得出,中文的表述隐去了许多逻辑关系,而且这些隐去的逻辑关系其实不太经得起推敲。上述两例都还是现代汉语。

要知道,现代汉语还是五四运动时一些接受了西学影响的先驱们将汉语进行了现代化并融入了西洋语系的很多特征后形成的语言。

所以,我们能想象我们祖先使用的古汉语,没有标点,不拘泥于有主谓,更别提连词,那种肆意挥洒、飘逸灵动的感觉了。

例如,《诗经·郑风·子衿》里说“青青子衿,悠悠我心”,咱们先不说这个意境英文可否表述,这其中的逻辑关系已经完全是超出英语语法的能力范畴了,因为这两句话中间压根就没啥明确的逻辑关联。

所以,我一直以为,中文是一门相当写意的语言。说得好听点,诗意、飘逸、灵动。说得难听点,随意、混乱,不够严谨。

例如,有这样一篇心灵鸡汤式文章:“教育走得太快,灵魂跟不上”,标题就是中文的拿手好戏。其中有句话“教育非他,乃心灵的转向”,我对此琢磨了许久也没有弄明白转向的意思是什么。是从愚昧向启蒙转向?还是从功利向淡泊转向?从文章的内容看似乎都不是。

对于中西语言的差异,著名语言学家王力先生曾经说:

“西洋语的结构好像连环,虽则环与环都联络起来,毕竟有联络的痕迹;中国语结构好像无缝天衣,只是一块一块的拼凑,凑起来还不让它有痕迹;西洋语法有很多呆板的要求,如每一个clause里必须有一个主语,而中国语法只以达意为主,如初系的目的语可兼次席的主语,又如相关的两件事可以硬凑在一起,不用任何的connective word。”

这样的评价,其中有没有民族主义意味和夜郎自大的心态,各位自行判断。

语言是一个民族最重要的文化标记,是文化的载体。语言的发展和演化是一个民族的思维方式的结果,但又反过来影响这个民族的思维方式。中文的特点反映了华人几千年的重意、重神、重风骨、重玄虚的传统哲学和美学思想影响,而英语的特点则反映出西方人重视逻辑,重实证的思维方式。

也许,这样的差异能否解释东西方文明在进入文艺复兴后南辕北辙的发展方向呢?

洋洋千言,旨在把中文和英文在行文组织这个最底层上的差异讲清讲透。在这一点上,中英文的差距是如此之大,以致于学好英语必须要彻底抛弃汉语思维才可以。

但这一点对于德国人学法语和英语就不适用。因为整个西方语言都遵循大致相同的语法规则。这样,也许我们更容易理解为什么马克思能学好那么多们语言了。对西洋人而言,学习一门外语无需太多思维的转换,因而难度也低了许多。

所以,我们中国人在学习英语时,一定注意英语相对于汉语的数学属性。弄通弄透其中的语法规是必须的,死记硬背是没有用的。记住,对于母语是中文的英语学习者而言,英语有些类似计算机编程C语言:他们都遵循严格的形式逻辑。

那么,英语就等同于数学吗?当然不是。它还是一门语言。凡是语言都有约定俗成的灵活性,都遵循熟能生巧的规律。

所以,当我们开始学习英语时,我们需要借助理性来搞清某个语法或文法,但在熟练以后我们的人脑就自然具备了一种近似于直觉的处理能力去轻松应对这些规则。

就像我们的人脑可以迅速地判断某一张脸型是美还是丑,而不用去分析计算眼睛的间距和嘴巴大小之间的比例等问题。

从这个层面上说,语言相对于数学而言又是一门文科。学好它需要经历一个大量的操练应用并内化的过程。而完成这个过程最好的办法就是大量的阅读。在阅读中,英文的语法和组织方式被反复地呈现和被解析,久而久之,这些规律就逐渐融入了我们的直觉中了。

所以,中国人要学好英文,必须要兼顾其理科属性和文科属性。充分理解语法规则,大量阅读,两者缺一不可。至于他们之间的先后顺序,我们的经验是:因人而异。

但有一点肯定的:没有语法基础的大量阅读难以施行,基本无效。而这个语法体系如何建立呢?我们的经验是,按照中国学校教科书的语法体系无法做到高屋建瓴式的领悟,学生们往往是只能建立一些支离破碎的块状知识,并且常常只见树木,不见森林。

托福阅读素材:伊斯兰国的古董交易

A “terrorist startup with a clearly defined business model” is how religious historian Karen Armstrong describes Islamic State. The radical Islamist group is the world’s richest terrorist organisation – those who have seen the group’s grotesque propaganda videos may notice fleets of brand-new 4x4s its members drive.

But where does the money come from? Analysis suggests donations, smuggled oil (up to $1.645m a day), kidnapping (at least $20m last year), people trafficking, extortion, robbery and last – but not least – the sale of antiquities. It’s a lucrative source of income – for example, the sale of looted items from al-Nabuk, west of Damascus, is reported to have earned IS $36m.

IS operates in the richest archaeological arena in the world, the cradle of civilisation. While ancient sites at Nimrud, Nineveh and Hatra are being destroyed, a stream of artefacts suspected to come from such places has appeared on the black market. IS either uses so-called ‘bulldozer archaeology’ (unearthing sites using any equipment available which is extraordinarily destructive), or employs locals to dig up sites and tombs. The group then takes a tax, approved by Sharia law, based on the value of any treasure taken. No-one knows what has come out of the ground and such loot is impossible to identify later.

Do not be fooled by the video of IS in Mosul Museum smashing ancient Assyrian statues which it claimed were “worthless idols”. IS may have defaced important monuments, which it cannot sell, but evidence suggests it is trading in moveable objects, which it can. In any case, the statues in the museum were plaster copies. “None of the artefacts is an original,” says the head of Iraq's national antiquities department Fawzye al-Mahdi.

”They were copies of the originals in Baghdad Museum made when Iraq was building regional museums“, says Dr Mark Altaweel, of the Institute of Archaeology at University College London. But large-scale looting has been taking place in Mosul for at least 25 years, with Western demand very high, he adds.

The smaller, the better

Arthur Brand, of Amsterdam-based Artiaz, one of a growing number of firms which tries to locate stolen art, has dubbed the illicit trade ”blood antiques“. While antiques are usually less transportable than blood diamonds, they are potentially far more valuable.

There are numerous reports of antiques from Syria and Iraq circulating in the European black market. Reportedly, Scotland Yard has four investigations in progress related to Syrian antiques – but without much greater financial help, closing down the networks that move the loot around the world seems an impossible task.

”The looters tap into well-established old networks using smuggling routes that often go through Turkey and Lebanon,“ says Dr Altaweel.

Among items in demand are ancient cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, jars, coins, glass and particularly mosaics, which can be easily broken up and transported. The smaller and easier to conceal and transport an object is, the more valuable it could be.

Christopher Marinello, a spokesman for London-based Art Recovery Group, which advises buyers on due diligence, says there has been intense speculation about the value of looted art. ”There are a lot of figures floating around”, he says. “Theoretically, tainted objects are worth a fraction of their true value but it all depends on practicality. A large object that is not legitimate may be worth only 10-15% of its true value in the black market but smaller, more easily transported pieces can be worth a much greater percentage.”

Smaller, more easily transported pieces can fetch much more on the black market than large artefacts (Credit: Getty)

IS is not the first terrorist organisation to use blood antiques for funding. In 1974, the IRA stole old master paintings, including Vermeer's Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid, from a house in County Wicklow. The works were then valued at $12m.

Smash and grab

Very few of the thousands of artefacts looted in Syria and Iraq will ever see the light of day. They will disappear into private collections and vaults largely in Europe and America – where there is specific demand for pre-Islamic items – and in Japan and Australia. If items are recovered it usually takes years for investigators to secure convictions.

Last month, the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) displayed some 60 artefacts that had been recovered, including a magnificent head of the Assyrian King Sargon II, valued at $1.2m. Operation Lost Treasure (a name suggestive of a Hollywood film) dates back to when word came of Dubai-based antiques dealer Hassan Fazeli shipping illegal goods to the US.

Turkey was listed as the country of origin and documents declared the value of the Sargon II head as $6,500. Other smuggled items included an Egyptian funerary boat valued at $57,000. Some shipments were directly linked to major museums, galleries and art houses in New York. The investigation was unique in bringing money laundering charges which allowed agents to seize bank accounts containing the proceeds.

However, the items recovered by ICE date back to the Iraq war. Knowing that the war would inflict terrible damage, archaeologists, museum directors and other members of the art world met with Pentagon officials in to convince them to protect the archeological sites. The initiative failed. Instead, US forces notoriously turned Babylon into what was dubbed 'the Hanging Gardens of Halliburton', building a camp on the precious archaeological site.

This ancient Sumerian statue is among thousands of ancient looted treasures stolen from the National Museum in Baghdad in 2003 (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)

The Pentagon meeting also failed to prevent the looting of the National Museum in Baghdad. On the contrary, looting was encouraged under the logic that the collections would be safer elsewhere. As Ashton Hawkings of the American Council for Cultural Property said: “the legitimate dispersal of cultural material through the market” was the best way to protect treasures.

It was effectively an invitation to loot. More than 15,000 objects, including jewellery, ceramics, and sculptures, were stolen from the museum. The most famous pieces stolen were the 5,000-year-old Warka vase (later recovered in 14 pieces) and the Lyre of Ur, the world's most ancient musical instrument, likewise found badly damaged.

Hundreds have never been found and five centuries of Ottoman records were lost, as well as works by Picasso and Miró, which were destroyed by fire. One estimate of the loss attributable to art theft in Iraq is $10bn.

The sliced head of a bull stolen from an archaeological site in Nineva, Iraq came the National Museum in Baghdad after it was confiscated from thieves (Credit: AFP/Getty Images)

Looted artefacts pass through many hands before emerging in on the market and may not appear for decades. Lynda Albertson, president of the Association for Research of Crimes against Art, says it is impossible to quantify how much money IS makes on the black market because it may take years for a looted item to appear there. For example, Cambodian antiquities from Angkor Wat turned up at auction 40 years after the end of the civil war.

Collectors willing to buy art without a clear provenance bear a huge responsibility for the destruction of heritage sites across the world, but it has become a very dangerous game. The well-known Turkish and Beirut smugglers who probably moved the Sargon II head have gone further underground and are extremely suspicious of buyers. Not only could they face exposure and loss, if objects are known to have been obtained from IS, they could even be charged with aiding terrorism – arguably the most powerful deterrent yet.

参考译文

宗教历史学家 凯伦·阿姆斯特朗 这样描述伊斯兰国:一个靠商业成长起来的恐怖组织。这个激进的伊斯兰团队是全球最富有的恐怖组织,那些看过这个组织诡异的宣传视频的人可能会注意到它的成员们所驾驶的全新的4X4编队。

但是他们的钱从哪里来呢?有分析认为资金来源于捐赠,偷运石油(每天可收获164.5万),绑架(去年至少收获2千万),非法交易,敲诈,抢劫,最后还有一个很重要的经济来源——古董交易。这是非常丰厚的经济来源,比如,从大马士革西部al-Nabuk抢来的东西据称是卖到了三千六百万。

伊斯兰国活动在世界上考古资源最为丰富的地区,这些地区是文明的摇篮。当尼姆伍德,尼尼微和哈特拉的古代遗址都被毁坏的时候,黑市里随即出现了一批文物,人们怀疑这些物品就是来自上述遗址中。伊斯兰国要么使用所谓的“推土考古”(用有巨大破坏力的设备来发掘遗址),要么雇用当地人来挖遗址或陵墓。然后这个组织开始了被伊斯兰教法所认同的征税,税收依宝物的价值来定。没有人知道从地里挖出来的是什么,这些赃物以后也不可能被鉴别出来。

别被伊斯兰国在摩苏尔博物馆毁坏古代亚述王国雕像的视频所迷惑,认为这些雕塑是没用的神像。伊斯兰国可能已损坏了有重要意义的纪念碑的外观,这些东西太重无法出售。但是有证据显示,他们在售卖易于搬动的物品。但不管怎么说,这些在博物馆的雕像是石灰复制品。“所有这些东西都不是真的,”伊拉克国家文物局的局长说到。

当伊拉克在建造地区的博物馆时,他们把巴格达博物馆的物品复制了过来“,来自伦敦大学考古系的马克·奥特韦尔博士说。但是在摩苏尔的大规模抢夺已有25年,在欧洲很有市场。

越小,越好

越来越多的公司试图寻找被偷走的艺术品,来自阿姆斯特丹的亚瑟·布兰德就是其中一个,他把这场违法的交易称作”血腥古董“。古董相比血钻(非洲钻石交易残忍血腥,所以被称作血钻)来说,不易运输,所以他们更加值钱。

有大量报道称来自叙利亚和伊拉克的古董在欧洲黑市上流通。据报道,苏格兰法庭有四场正在进行中的调查,都和叙利亚古董藏品有关,但是没有更多的经济支援,想要关闭脏品交易网络是不可能的。

抢夺者可以轻松地进入发展成熟的交易网络,偷运路线通常是穿过土耳其和黎巴嫩。奥特韦尔博士说。

这些物品有古代楔形文字板,滚筒印,罐子,钱币,玻璃制品,还有很火的马赛克镶嵌工艺,他们都很容易被损坏,却也很容易运输。越小,越容易隐藏和运输的东西就越值钱。

来自伦敦的文物追寻小组主张买家多多调查价格,他们的发言人 克里斯托佛·马里内略 说到,市场对于掠夺品的价值有激烈的争辩。”这价格是漂浮不定的“,他说,”理论上来讲,有污点的东西只值它真正价值的一小部分,但这些都要看实际情况。非法的大件物品在黑市上可能只值它真正价值的10-15%,但是更小的,跟容易运输的可以值更多。

伊斯兰国不是第一个用血腥古董来支撑他们的恐怖组织,在1974年,爱尔兰共和军偷走大师级作品,包括维米尔的油画作品写信的夫人和她的女仆,这件作品的估价为1200万美元。

毁坏、掠夺

在叙利亚和伊拉克抢夺的文物中,几乎很少会重见天日。他们会消失,大部分会在欧洲,美洲这些对前伊斯兰时代有特殊癖好的地方成为私人藏品,或储存在地下室中,还有些会流入日本和澳洲。如果藏品被重新找回,调查员会花上好几年的时间才有确定的定罪。

上个月,美国移民和海关执法局(ICE)重新找到了大约60件文物,包括制作精美的亚述王 萨尔贡二世的头像,估价值120万美元。这使失落的宝藏(让人想起一部好莱坞电影)调查追溯到了,当时有消息称迪拜的文物贸易商 哈桑 运输非法货物前往美国。

然而,这些被ICE重新找到的文物要追溯到伊拉克战争时期。考虑到战争会对文物造成严重的损坏,考古学家,博物馆馆长和藏品界其他人士在与五角大楼的官员会晤,想要说服他们保护这些考古遗址。但谈判工作失败了。美国武装竟无耻地在珍贵的考古遗址上建造了一个营地,并把它称作 哈里伯顿的空中花园。

五角大楼没能成功阻止巴格达国家博物馆被掠夺,相反的是,他们还鼓励这种行为,认为这些文物在其他地方会更加安全。正如来自美国文化产权理事会的 阿什顿·霍金斯说:“文物在市场的合法流通是保护这些文物的最好方法。”

这对洗劫敞开了大门,超过15000件东西从博物馆被偷走,其中最出名的是有50历史的乌鲁克祭祀瓶(后来被发现时是14块碎片),还有乌尔琴,世界上最古老的乐器,同样,被发现时,损坏严重。

其余上百件再也没被找到过,还有记载奥斯曼帝国五百年历史的资料丢失了,也有毕加索和米罗的作品被毁于火灾。由这些伊拉克强盗所造成的损失估计达到一百亿。

这些文物辗转多次后才出现在市场上,可能会花上数十年时间。文物犯罪调查协会的主席 琳达·艾伯森说伊斯兰国在黑市上造成的经济活动难以估量,因为让这些文物重新出现在公众的视野中会花上好几年的时间。比如,柬埔寨吴哥窟的文物在国家内战结束40年之后才出现在拍卖会上。

买下这些来源不明的文物的收藏家对破坏世界文化遗产都应承担巨大责任,但是这已经成为了一种非常危险的游戏。土耳其和贝鲁特出名的偷运者(可能是他们偷运了萨尔贡二世的头像)行踪已经非常隐秘了,他们对买家也极其不信任。如果这些文物是从伊斯兰国手中拿到的,他们不仅会被揭发和蒙受损失,还会面临支援恐怖主义的指控,这可以说是对文物非法交易的最有力的打击。

篇4:如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力

如何全方位提升你的托福阅读能力

一、要有一定的词汇量和语法知识

词汇量是学英语以来的一个积累,如果真正要考好托福阅读,词汇量最好能达到8000以上,但是现在参加托福考试的考生趋于低龄化,越来越多的高中生考生,或者是大学低年级的学生,所以这个词汇量的要求是很难达到的。但其实只要有高中阶段学习的英语词汇量,还有比较扎实的掌握高中阶段学习的基本语法,就具备了在平时提高托福阅读能力的基本要素。当然并不是说这些词汇量就已经够了,而是说你已经具备了一定的猜词能力,可以从阅读文章的上下文及语法结构上去猜测和学习新的单词,而且对于一些相对难的句子可以进行结构分析。因为托福阅读文章题材的特性,一定会有比较多的专业性生词出现,所以考生必须要有面对这些生词的心理准备,不要看到不认识的词就放弃继续阅读理解。

二、要挑选出合适的阅读材料

考生是准备托福的阅读考试,所以最好能接触一些原汁原味的英语文章。这是因为托福阅读文章,不论是A类还是G类,都和英语国家的生活和学习内容息息相关。例如G类的托福阅读中前两部分通常是实用性强的功能性短文,如菜单、产品说明、通知、住宿安排和广告等,非常贴近西方的实际生活,而A类托福阅读主要是关于社会科学和自然科学等,包括历史中的重要人物、事件和发明,生物学,科学现象、学科最新动向、地理现象以及社会发展、经济状况等。其中大部分文章选自国外人文类、经济类和科学类的知名报纸、杂志或各国际组织的研究报告。而这些内容对于我们国内绝大多数考生而言都比较陌生,如果要阅读到一定量的原版英文报刊书籍杂志也不是一件很容易做到的事,但是我们不要忘了我们手边其实有非常好的一个工具,那就是网络,在网络上我们可以跨越时间和空间的距离,找到我们需要的内容。

基本上所有国外的报刊杂志都会有一个专属的网站,这就给考生提够了很好的机会在平时接触到比较原汁原味的英语,阅读到很多专业性的科普文章。在这里给大家提供一些对于托福阅读能力有提升的网站:

1、BBC的中文网

里面的内容非常丰富,有简单的生活类的英语阅读文章,也有和英国日常生活和风俗习惯有关的文章,介绍留学生活的内容等,并配备了互动性的一些游戏。

2、国家地理杂志

这个网站里包括了很多丰富多彩的人文历史,生物学知识和地理知识等,而且有很多漂亮的照片和讲解知识的视频,不会让人觉得无聊。

3、卫报

它提供的新闻覆盖英国及国际经济、政治、文化、教 育及其他领域。

4、新科学家杂志

顾名思义,就知道其内容主要是包括科学上的新发现新发明的。

5、金融时报

为一家重要国际英语商报。它致力于为读者提供最好的商务信息来源、有关分析和评论。

给大家推荐了网站,但是还有同学会问,该如何将这些网站物尽其用呢?下面,我们就来看一些具体的实例,告诉大家该如何如何利用网站的内容以及多媒体功能,更好地在寓教于乐中提高自己的阅读能力。

BBC也许是看到了中国留学市场的巨大潜力,所以专门针对中国的英语学习者提供了中文的网站,而且里面的内容非常丰富,有简单的生活类的英语阅读文章,也有和日常生活风俗习惯有关的文章,介绍留学生活的内容等,同时非常好的利用了网络媒体的互动性和多样性,从看听读几个方面来让学生学习英语。

在这个网站中,有两个专栏是我要建议考生能好好利用起来的,一个是英语教学栏目中的TAKE AWAY ENGLISH——随身英语,另一个是MEDIA ENGLISH——媒体英语。这两个专栏里的文章都不是很长,大约150-300字不等,但是都有原文朗读下载和词汇表,尤其是随身英语这块内容还配备了一些题目给学生作为阅读后理解能力和单词认知方面的考察。一边听纯正的英式发音朗读,一边阅读并辨认生词,多听几遍后就能不知不觉地扩大自己的词汇量了,同时还能掌握到最地道的一些英语使用方法。

从题材上来看,随身英语的题材相对来说更具趣味性和娱乐性,而媒体英语的文章则更偏向于社会类和科学类,所以从备考托福考试这个角度出发,媒体英语的文章可能作为背景阅读更为有利。我们可以来看一下这个专栏列出来的一些文章:

Ancient Amphitheatre Discovered 发现一古代圆形剧场

Ancient Treasure Find 发现了古代珍宝

Pigeon Power Beats Internet 鸽子力量大于互联网

The Meaning of Sleep 睡眠的意义

A New Foot for an Elephant 大象的新脚

Rowing Across An Ocean 划船横越印度洋

这些内容涉及到人文历史,考古学,生物学和科学研究等等,而这些题材也是托福阅读考试中的常考话题,前几个月的考试中就有一篇阅读文章是涉及到大象的内容。

例如:其中有一篇《睡眠的意义》,这篇主要是介绍睡眠研究的新发现是睡眠的主要作用在于让各种动物更好地适应生存环境,文章很短,只有164个单词,但文中标注出的生词如predator(捕食其他动物的动物), migrating birds(迁移的鸟类),evolved(进化演变),detected(发现、发觉),vital function(主要的功能),conserve energy(保存能量),limited resources(有限的资源),accounts for(占……的比例)等这些单词或词组都是在托福阅读当中经常出现的必备词汇。

所以只要把这段小文章内的标注出来的词汇记熟,以后碰到类似题材的阅读也就不会不知所措了。因为网页上每个单词都有发音,所以可以仔细听并模仿,对于听力也会有很大的提高。所以考生大可以充分利用这个现成的资源,先听完整的原文,然后看着阅读材料再听一遍,之后再将重点词汇记下来,最后再听一遍,最好能够跟着读。这样就不是只有阅读能力提高,听力和口语甚至写作也会有一定的提高。因此BBC中国的网站内容是比较适合精读以及提高基本词汇量的。

那如果是一些基础比较好的考生,这些短文对于他们来说已经略显简单了,那么就可以去选择另外两个网站,new scientist新科学家杂志网站和economist经济学家网站。这两个网站的文章内容和行文风格与托福阅读考试的文章更加接近,有的文章可能就是考试文章的本源,而且文章通常会比较长,那么我建议考生可以利用这两个网站的内容做泛读练习。

泛读练习可以先从快速阅读入手。考生选择一篇文章后,先把文章的第一段看一下,找出第一段内容的中心词,一般也就是整篇文章的中心词了,接下来就是规定自己在1-2分钟的时间内,快速浏览文章,看看整篇文章这个中心词出现了几次。这是一个快速定位能力的培养,能让考生培养起在长篇文章中快速找到相关内容的锻炼。快速阅读结束后就可以大致的浏览整篇文章,重点看文章每段的第一句话和最后一句话,如果遇到生词不要停下来就查字典,应该先猜,因为这一遍是浏览,所以目的是掌握文章的大意,细节内容可以先省略,如果这个生词出现次数比较多,就先记下来,等看完全文后再去查。泛读的最后一遍是全部内容都读一下,可以打开金山词霸的自动取词功能,有些很难懂的句子可以不用理会,只要不影响理解大意,但是希望考生的重点放在句子与句子之间的起承转合的部分,也就是一些逻辑关系和连接词上,从整体上去把握文章的行文思路,对托福阅读的heading题和matching题的解答都会有帮助。

其实我们身边可利用的材料是非常多的,要在平时提高托福阅读能力,最好能多利用一下这些非常高品质而且还完全免费的材料。考生可以根据自己的时间情况,选择任何一个网站,持之以恒,每天花半小时到1个小时的时间去做,托福英语阅读能力自然会慢慢提高。而且英语能力的提高并不是割裂的,而是全方位的提高,其他三门能力也会在阅读能力提高的同时有一定的进步,相信如果考生能在平时多看多想多学,一定能在托福考试中取得好成绩的。

托福阅读长难句:动物群统治地位

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and when, after over 200 million years, the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end about 65 million years ago, mammals began to flourish, evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species, including bats and whales, that we know today. (TPO33,58)

dramatic /dr?'m?t?k/ adj. 戏剧的;激动人心的,给人深刻印象的

flourish v. /'fl?r??/ 昌盛,旺盛,兴旺;健康成长,茂盛

terrestrial /t?'restr??l/ adj. 陆地的,陆生的;地球的

myriad /'m?r??d/ n. 无数,极大数量

大家自己先读,不回读,看一遍是否能理解

However, no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and (when, (after over 200 million years), the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end) (about 65 million years ago), mammals began to flourish, (evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species), (including bats and whales), (that we know today).

分析:

这个句子主干:

no group or species can maintain its dominance indefinitely, and mammals began to flourish

修饰一: (after over 200 million years),介词短语

中文:在二亿年后

修饰二:(when the age of dinosaurs came to a dramatic end),从句

中文:当恐龙时代突然结束

修饰三:(about 65 million years ago),介词短语

中文:大约在六千五百万年前

修饰四:(evolving from relatively few types of small terrestrial animals into the myriad of diverse species),非谓语动词

中文:从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种

修饰五:(including bats and whales),插入语

中文:包括蝙蝠和鲸鱼

修饰六:(that we know today),从句

中文:我们现在所知道的

参考翻译:

然而,没有哪类动物群或物种能够一直保持统治地位。在二亿年后,当恐龙时代大约在六千五百万年前突然结束,哺乳动物便开始繁盛,从少数几种小型陆生动物逐渐发展到无数的各类物种,包括我们现在所知道的蝙蝠和鲸鱼。

托福阅读:分配时间技巧

1 即先阅读文章的首段前4行,注意这里不是前2行,因为现在很多文章首句通常是由专业名词组成或者是一些习语组成,大多数中国学生只知道看完首句,然后他们就崩溃了,因为专业词汇和习惯用语一次性将他们打懵。因此这里建议首先读完前4行来了解文章主题方向。

2 直接做题,然后在题中找关键词回到原文进行点查。不过这里点查也是有技巧的。第一题通常是文章的主题题,跳过不做,放到最后来做,其他的很多试题都是标记了行号或者可以通过特殊字符来辨认,比如数字,大写字母,拼写十分怪异的单词等等,当一道题没有这些标示的时候要通过邻近的其他试题来定位本题在原文中的位置。

篇5:通过刻意练习提升托福阅读能力

通过“刻意练习”提升托福阅读能力

但仅仅依靠足够的阅读量积累就能让你达到接近母语的阅读水平吗?答案并不是。因为如果真是这样的话,那么假以时日,每个人都能成为阅读大神了。实际上,有些人虽然在国外生活学习了很多年,英文阅读量也不低,但还是没能达到流畅阅读英文材料的程度。为什么?

回答这个问题之前我们要了解一个概念,它叫“刻意练习”(Deliberate Practice)

“刻意练习”这个概念最早由心理学家 K.Anders Ericsson 提出(同时他也是“10000小时定律”的作者)。“刻意练习”的核心假设是,专家级水平是逐渐地练出来的,而有效进步的关键在于找到一系列的小任务让受训者按顺序完成。这些小任务必须是受训者正好不会做,但是又正好可以学习掌握的。完成这种练习要求受训者思想高度集中,这就与那些例行公事或者带娱乐色彩的练习完全不同。

“刻意练习”的概念在日常生活中其实有很多应用。拿体育运动来说,研究人员考察花样滑冰运动员的训练时发现,在同样的练习时间内,普通的运动员更喜欢练自己早已掌握了的动作,而顶尖运动员则更多地练习各种高难度的自己并不习惯的动作。普通的爱好者打高尔夫球纯粹是为了享受打球的过程,而职业的高尔夫选手则需要不断练习在各种极端不舒服的位置打不好打的球。

而刻意练习的程度是决定一个人能否成为顶级高手的关键。用这个理论可以很好地解释,为什么英语爱好者那么多,但真正能成为英语高手的却凤毛麟角?

普通的英语爱好者享受的是英语带来乐趣的过程,比如闲暇时看看美剧,读一读原版书娱乐一下,没事跟老外吹吹水,浏览一下英语新闻,整个过程轻松愉快。但顶级高手的训练过程却毫无乐趣可言,他们会针对一个个点进行大量有挑战性的训练,比如为了练发音练到嘴巴疼,一篇议论文会针对不同论点反反复复练习修改上好几遍,做那些夹杂着各种口音且语速超快的听力训练——相信我,这个过程会让你吃不好饭睡不好觉,一点也不好玩。但它却是决定你能否取得有效进步的关键。

回到阅读能力的话题上来,由这个理论得到启发,我们会发现除了阅读量之外,制约阅读能力提升的另外一个重要因素是:刻意阅读训练的程度。

打个比方,假如你现在的水平可以看懂各种简单的原版书,为了提升阅读能力,你应该选择那些对你而言有挑战性的读物,比如难度大一点的外刊,这样阅读能力才能不断提升,而不能仅仅停留在现有的水平。事实上,从小学到大学,我们接触到的阅读材料难度也一直在不断提升,从小学的句子短文到高中大学复杂的文学作品,而这也是刻意阅读练习的一个体现。

怎样进行刻意阅读练习?

进行刻意阅读练习有两个关键,一个是阅读材料的选取,另外一个是阅读理解技能的培养。

先说阅读材料。

心理学家把人的知识和技能分为三个圆形区域:最内一层是“舒适区”,里面是我们已经熟练掌握的各种技能,长期待在这个区域很难取得进步;最外一层是“恐慌区”,这个区域里面的技能难度远超我们现有能力,会让人产生挫折,焦虑等情绪,也会对进步产生阻碍。最中间的则是“学习区”,只有在学习区里面练习,一个人才可能进步。

关于阅读材料的选取我们可以参考“学习区”的概念:即:选取那些对你有难度但又可以通过一定练习驾驭的材料。比如你觉得雅思的阅读有挑战性,那么可以去找雅思阅读的题源文章作为训练材料,等到能够驾驭雅思阅读文章,再去找难度更高的文章进行训练。

对于不同的人来说,适合自己的“学习区”材料并不相同,这个需要学习者本身去尝试挑选。但有一个基本的建议是:阅读训练材料以新闻报刊为主。为什么?因为报刊文章篇幅较短,而且信息量大,逻辑性强,非常有利于培养理解能力。而理解能力的培养,至关重要。

你可能会注意到,试卷上的阅读板块叫“阅读理解”(reading comprehension),而不叫“阅读”,这其实揭示了一个道理:阅读过程是由两个部分组成的,一个叫“阅读(信息输入)”,一个叫“理解(信息处理)”。而很多人往往只注意到了“阅读”,并没有去训练“理解”能力。

网上关于快速阅读的技巧多如牛毛,人们发明了各种各样稀奇古怪的技巧来让你“读”得更快,比如阅读时控制光线和环境,用手指或者笔辅助视线定位。但相信我,这些并没有什么用,它们关注的只是“信息输入速度”的问题,而“理解过程”如果跟不上,读得再快也毫无用处。最关键的,是要提高“信息处理”的能力。

决定阅读能力的,并不是“读得多快”,而是“理解得多快”。

所以刻意阅读练习的关键其实是培养理解能力。一般来说,制约阅读理解能力主要有以下几个因素:

1.词汇量

2.语法句法基础

3.背景知识

词汇量是阅读理解的基石。请不要相信那些“几千词汇量就够用”的鬼话,那是欧美国家文盲水平,读不懂外刊和原版书的。受过良好教育的英文母语人士词汇量一般都在0以上,如果你要像他们一样流畅读懂各种外刊,词汇量最好也不要低于这个值。关于词汇量提升,最好的方法还是通过阅读。

语法句法基础对阅读理解的准确率也有很大影响,最常见的是各种长难句,如果你句法基础不好的话,理解起来会非常吃力。解决的方法也很简单,哪里基础不好就补哪里——语法句法知识也就那么多,一本教材认真看完也就几个星期的事情,但对理解能力的提升却是显而易见的。

背景知识这一点经常被人忽略,但它对理解文章起到举足轻重的作用。举个例子,如果你对英国的政党制度没有一定的了解,那么经济学人上的这篇文章关于英国工党选举的那些事估计会看不懂,尽管你知道每一个单词每一个短语的意思。

对于背景知识,建议在读文章的时候慢慢积累,不懂的就上网查,多读读像《经济学人》这些的外刊,文章信息量非常大,往往涉及到很多背景知识,如果能坚持读下来并弄懂每一篇文章,你的收获将会非常大。

托福阅读背景素材之世界杯的历史文化

A group of visionary French football administrators, led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet, are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions. The original gold trophy bore Jules Rimet's name and was contested three times in the 1930s, before the Second World War put a 12-year stop to the competition.

When it resumed, the FIFA World Cup rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas, the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the edition.

Since 1930, the 16 tournaments have seen only seven different winners. However, the FIFA World Cup has also been punctuated by dramatic upsets that have helped create footballing history - the United States defeating England in 1950, North Korea's defeat of Italy in 1966, Cameroon's emergence in the 1980s and their opening match defeat of the Argentinean cup-holders in 1990....

Today, the FIFA World Cup holds the entire global public under its spell. An accumulated audience of over 37 billion people watched the France 98 tournament, including approximately 1.3 billion for the final alone, while over 2.7 million people flocked to watch the 64 matches in the French stadium.

After all these years and so many changes, however, the main focus of the FIFA World Cup remains the same - the glistening golden trophy, which is the embodiment of every footballer's ambition.

托福阅读真题原题+题目

The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail. In this way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but also were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics. Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.

Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back each year.

Most birds also have very strong legs, which allow them to run or walk on the ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained by any other vertebrate.

1. According to the author, all of the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT

(A) nesting materials

(B) four skeletons in good condition

(C) two fragmented skeletons

(D) a single feather

2. The word preserved in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) confused with others

(B) gradually weakened

(C) protected from destruction

(D) lost permanently

3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis

of

(A) imprints of bones

(B) imprints of feathers

(C) the neck structure

(D) skeletons

4. The word they in line 10 refers to

(A) indications

(B) fossils

(C) dinosaurs

(D) characteristics

5. Why does the author mention a crow in line 11?

(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx

(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils

(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx

(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx

6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were

(A) dinosaurs

(B) birds

(C) Archaeopteryx

(D) crows

7. The word constant in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) comfortable

(B) combined

(C) consistent

(D) complementary

8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by

birds EXCEPT

(A) migrating

(B) nesting

(C) singing

(D) running

9. The word attained in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) required

(B) achieved

(C) observed

(D) merited

PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDB

英语阅读

篇6:托福阅读如何利用原著提升英文阅读能力

托福阅读提升技巧篇 如何利用原著提升英文阅读能力?

读原著提升托福阅读之 如何找资源

要屯书必须先了解云盘,现在个人可以轻易弄到几万G的免费云盘空间,搜集到的图书、电影、音乐都可以存在里面,建立个人图书资料库。至于怎么找电子书,只要搜索“如何查找电子书”,就可看到牛人写的指南。

这里特别推荐三个网站:mLook, kindleren, KickassTorrents, 试试用这三个网站找“亚马逊年度最佳图书榜(英文)”上的图书,你就知道它们有多牛。当然最简单的方法是认识一些资源帝,比如Mr. 原子弹T,他把自己的几万本英文原版书从云盘里好友分享给你,你只要转存一下就OK了。

有了几万本英语原版书后,接下来的问题就是如何找出适合自己阅读的书。中学生可以先读读优秀的儿童文学,比如:纽约公共图书馆民意投票选出的“世界100本最棒儿童小说”、历年纽伯瑞儿童大奖(Newbery)获奖作品。不要小看这些儿童文学,高中生未必能完全读懂。有一定水平的可以找《纽约时报》畅销书,或者根据各大网站的年度推荐书单找自己感兴趣的书读。

读原著提升托福阅读之 如何读

要读电子书必须有好的阅读器,kindle、电脑、手机是必备的工具,善用它们可以让你事半功倍。

兵器谱上排第一的当然就是kindle,不知道什么是kindle的自觉面壁2小时再搜索去。kindle的好处是:墨水屏不伤眼,携带方便,单词解释即点即现。 用电脑读电子书推荐安装calibre和有道词典,calibre可以读出mobi和epub格式的电子书,有道词典可以在calibre里面划词即查,联网的电脑可以在网络上帮你查出生僻的词和短语。 手机安装了“静读天下”和“深蓝词典”基本就可当kindle用(只是没有墨水屏),深蓝词典安装后,在网上搜“深蓝词典常用词库”,下载需要的词典放入到深蓝的Dicts文件夹中。

读原著提升托福阅读之 如何记

开始读英语原版书后,每天都会接触海量的生词,以一天300计算,一年会碰到10万左右的单词,如果你的记忆力强悍无比,一年后你脑里就有10万个单词在叮当作响。

可是大多数人没有超人的记忆力,遗忘是逃不了的宿命,是我们学英文最大的敌人。如何战胜这个敌人是一个很深的课题,这一年我用自己做了实验。小黑板、口袋记忆本、有道根据遗忘曲线设定复习提醒的电子单词本是我的三大法宝。一句话归纳,其实记单词和泡妞一样,就是要创造条件让自己经常地看到它(她)。

读原著提升托福阅读之 题外话

越早养成英语阅读的习惯,你的英语能力就越高。所谓养成英语阅读的习惯就是每天都会抽时间读英语原版书,不读不爽啊。 但是,我们读英语原版书不是为了应试,而是为了把我们自己和Loser们区别开来,让自己玉树临风,有形而上的视野、开阔的胸襟和高蹈的生命质量。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life.

The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the uppers of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful shoe boss and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.

For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers.

1. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America

(B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers

(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America

(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods

2. The word boosted in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) ensured

(B) raised

(C) arranged

(D) discouraged

3. The word scope in line 9 is closest in meaning to

(A) value

(B) popularity

(C) extent

(D) diversity

4. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how

(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system

(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output

(C) rural workers responded to shoe bosses

(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes

5. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's

and 1830's EXCEPT

(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs

(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers

(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production

(D) a decrease in the price of shoes

6. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT

(A) It involved stages of production.

(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.

(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.

(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.

7. The word prolific in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) efficient

(B) productive

(C) self-employed

(D) progressive

8. According to the passage , how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by

Oliver Evans?

(A) They were located away from large cities.

(B) They used new technology to produce power.

(C) They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.

(D) They combined technology with the outwork system.

9. The word it in line 25 refers to

(A) water power

(B) machinery

(C) grain

(D) mill

10. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory

machinery?

(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.

(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.

(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.

(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.

11. The word eager in line 30 is closest in meaning to

(A) wealthy

(B) knowledgeable

(C) regular

(D) enthusiastic

PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D

托福阅读真题原题+题目

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of natural leaders. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to get things done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group's goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The problems faced by leaders

(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups

(C) How social groups determine who will lead them

(D) The role of leaders in social groups

2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT

(A) recruitment

(B) formal election process

(C) specific leadership training

(D) traditional cultural patterns

3. In mentioning natural leaders in line 9, the author is making the point that

(A) few people qualify as natural leaders

(B) there is no proof that natural leaders exist

(C) natural leaders' are easily accepted by the members of a social group

(D) natural leaders share a similar set of characteristics

4. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?

(A) A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in

another group.

(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

(C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.

(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.

5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on

(A) ensuring harmonious relationships

(B) sharing responsibility with group members

(C) identifying new leaders

(D) achieving a goal

6. The word collective in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) necessary

(B) typical

(C) group

(D) particular

7. The word them in line 19 refers to

(A) expressive leaders

(B) goals of the group

(C) group members

(D) tension and conflict

8. A secondary relationship mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group

could best be characterized as

(A) distant

(B) enthusiastic

(C) unreliable

(D) personal

9. The word resolve in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) avoid repeating

(B) talk about

(C) avoid thinking about

(D) find a solution for

10. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of

(A) examples that illustrate a problem

(B) cause and effect analysis

(C) narration of events

(D) comparison and contrast

PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD

篇7:5个方法教你提升托福阅读能力

5个方法教你提升托福阅读能力

1. 略读,速度是关键

略读时抓出文章的主题、时间、任务等重要信息,能够迅速掌握文章的大意和段落大意。然后再阅读问题,根据问题迅速定位答案所在段落进行精读。

快速阅读每篇文章,理解文章的主题和结构。重点读第一段的前两三句及其他段的第一句。注意篇中经常出现的关键词和词组。

快速解答问题,如果无法即刻选出正确答案,使用排除法排除你认为错误的答案。排除法可大大提高你答对的机会。新托福考试对于错误答案不倒扣分。

考试中要仔细监测计算机屏幕上的所剩时间,不要在一个问题上花很长时间。阅读考试在规定的时间内允许你返回前一个问题进行修改。

此外,考前要通过模拟考试来熟悉鼠标的点击和拖拽功能以及新托福的机考屏幕, 要学会对 Next, Back及Review等这些操作词的熟练运用。

2. 阅读时随手记笔记

阅读时将每一段文章大意用1-3个词标记出来。对于长篇幅的文章就可以在略读一遍之后迅速掌握文章整体大意,实际上这也是构建基本大纲的过程。这个过程对于提高做题速度和正确率都有很大帮助。

3. 充分利用上下文语境

在考试过程中,我们通常不会也不可能认识所有的单词或看懂所有的句子,遇到这种情况,不要惊慌,学会从上下文已知信息中构建完整的文章结构,对句意进行合理推测。

4. 学会猜题

对于托福考试而言,错题也是不扣分的,考试的时候留白也是很不明智的。

5. 大量阅读报刊文章,扩大词汇量

大量阅读是准备托福考试最简单最有效的方式。无论是什么主题、什么题材都可以作为补充的阅读素材。多多阅读书、报纸、杂志、网站文章可以提高阅读能力、扩充知识面。

3月9日托福听力考试真题及答案

Conversation

1. 一个男生去问老师project的主题,他修了两门,想用一篇文章。他的电脑编程能力很强,还卖钱了,最后老师同意了。

2. 女生错过音乐会的班车,因为去错误的地方等车。

3. 有关音乐,男生爸爸妈妈都是学音乐的,妈妈跟他说了件事,教授是认同的。

4. 学生问自己没有收到邮件是不是没被在canteen的暑假工作录取(这时候老师赶着回家避免晚高峰所以很急(后面有问老师刚开始的态度) 然后提出能不能换一种工作方式? 老师说那这样别的正式录取的人会怎么想呢 最后建议他外面找工作 可以列一个可以去申请的list申请可以写她的名字。

5. 女孩想卖她的作品,但是学校的贩卖不对学生开放,之后professor建议2种方式:

(1)是寄卖还是什么那个缺点是有手续费什么的,得到的钱太少,必须出高价;

(2)是到市场上,问题是太远,解决方案professor说是有学校bus在那,而且可以获得全部的钱。

6. 女生选了建筑专业,因为一个老师讲的很好,讨论一个她发现的特别的建筑,类似于装配式建筑,好处很多:1省钱,省空间;2对于投资者来说减少交税;3 air beam的作用,提到floating building。可以用到自己的prioject里面。

7. 女生选的夏季课不上了,以为会自动退费,结果没有,于是去找工作人员。然后女生又说想要找个兼职,想做assistant,但工作人员已经满了,结束工作在那可以提供的只有ssa,女生觉得太低级,不愿意做。

Lecture

1. 天文课,关于Vesta.

2. 有关简奥斯汀,他没有傲慢与偏见的作者出名,因为她翻印了两版,给了四次钱,但是她一生都没有靠书挣钱。

3. 有关婴儿辩色和认大小的,用婴儿的目光停留在事物上的时间判断他们是否有辨别的能力。当然,婴儿的学习是没有目的性的,不像成人。

4. 有关气候。

5. 讲到ITCZ的移动和Titan,讲了水循环就是液化然后形成气体再降雨。一个证据是卫星发现了有黑的spot,而且消失的速度和云消失的速度差不多。第二是ITCZ的位移。重复10月31日

6. 生物节律。

7. 迪士尼早期电影艺术。

203月9日托福口语考试真题及答案

Task 1

期末给老师教学评价的优缺点

Task2

是否更喜欢保留老物品

Task3

学校办就业会,给毕业生更多建议。女生很同意,并提出由于时代发展,也需要更多比较符合潮流的建议

Task4

Sympatric specificaion

Task5

要不要接受一所不熟悉的学校的offer,一是去实地考察,二是网络上搜寻信息

Task6

厂商如何留住回头客,一是给更多优惠,二是开发相关产品

年3月9日托福阅读考试真题及答案

Passage One

学科分类:气象类

题目:Early life forms and Earth's atmosphere

内容回忆: 早期细菌进化,为后面地球的发展和复杂有机体的发展奠定了基础。地球早期没有氧气,有 Methane 和 carbon dioxide,帮助地球 keep warm,那会太阳没有提供足够的热量。对比现在地球的各种气体成分。提到早期动物 confined to ocean 的原因,没有protective layer against UV radiation,海洋中的水可以提供保护。

1.鸟鸣的种类,鸟唱歌的目的什么的,对研究人类的启示

2.欧洲纺织工业的联合兴起

pool

en cloth生产以及对应的三个阶级,暗示工人阶级生活状况差

5.久远时期,人对动植物的驯化

推荐阅读:

如何调整托福口语语音语调

托福听力考试生词破解指南

如何提升托福阅读考试的速度

篇8:托福阅读能力是否能在短期内得到提升

托福阅读能力是否能在短期内得到提升?掌握正确方法事半功倍

一. 哪些人能够快速提升托福阅读能力?

我们在前面也提到过,托福阅读是重基础的一科,所以快速提升只适合基础较好但是阅读练习不多的同学。对于英语水平较为一般的学生来说,小站君还是建议大家,最少的准备时间是3-4个月。同时,一本词汇书在几个月内是必不可少的。大家在选择词汇书,大可不必在意,市面上的各类词汇书究竟改选那一本,重要的还是在词汇背诵词汇的坚持。同时,也要对每天做的真题好复习和总结,对于其中的生词做好整理和背诵,为托福阅读打好基础。

二.如何快速提升托福阅读能力

1.全面了解托福阅读题型,掌握做题技巧

托福阅读一共有十种题型,除小结题外基本都属于考查细节的题目。根据题干中的关键词定位是至关重要的一步,然后就是理解。

有考生担心如果词汇量不够应该怎么办,在平时就应该多留心,根据文章记忆单词,并不是每个生词都要去熟悉,比如一些繁琐的专有名词跳过即可。主要记忆的当然是一些动词、名词及形容词,尤其是出现在句子主干中,与解题有关的词汇。其实做阅读最最关键的就是找句子主干,考查的信息基本都在主干中体现了,所以只要弄清楚主干,扫描段落有无连词、信号词等,并浏览每段的主题句。

新托福阅读主旨题又该如何把握呢?主旨题与细节无关,考查的是我们把握全文结构的能力。做题之前需要浏览文章的标题及每段首句,尤其是总分结构的文章。文章的每段会对应出2-3道题,那么题目中对应的部分基本都是段落的核心所在,从这两点就可以很快了解文章的主要内容。所以备考的时候做题少不了,但还要多加注意如何练习快速阅读的能力。

2.快速积累托福阅读文章的背景知识

托福阅读的文章所述内容如果太过陌生,相信你一定会觉得读起来很困难,但如果你对其略知一二,那就一定会有所不同。假如平时看过的某些内容刚好考到相关的,阅读的时候可以半读半猜,也就能理解的八九不离十了。

所以强烈建议大家如果备考时间充足,多扩充自己的知识背景是非常有好处的,这是新托福阅读技巧的一项必杀技。

3.多刷题多练习

作为新托福考试阅读特训,快速突破并不意味着有捷径可以走,要想提高自己的阅读水平,大家一定不能忘记多做题才是最核心的方法,因为无论解题方法多么巧妙,离开了大量的练习就是纸上谈兵。

实例解析托福阅读如何巧猜词义

托福阅读中遇到生词是在所难免的,如果不影响对文章的理解大可不予理会,若在平时练习中也大可查阅字典理解文章并且扩充我们的词汇量,但若在考场我们就需要用猜词的方法,下面为大家介绍几种准确性高的,并且适用于托福阅读考试的方法。

一、利用上下文线索猜测词义

1、根据同义、反义关系猜词

Today' s teenagers seem to be more liberal in their ideas than their _______ grandparents.

A. freethinking B. traditional C. old D. happy

traditional与liberal意思相反,故选B。

2、根据句意或段落文章的上、下文猜测词义

Klebold and Harris felt _______ and wanted to revenge against those who disliked playing

together with them or laughed at them.

A. discouraged B. ashamed C. tired D. separated

根据下文的disliked playing together with them判断此处应为“感到孤立”,故选D。

二、利用构词法猜测词义(利用前、后缀及合成词猜词义)

1、用前、后缀猜测词义

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多,且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义,把握住这一点,可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last.

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成,over有“超过、过于”之意,overwork意思是“工作过多,劳累过度”。再如,overburden负担过重,overcharge要价过高,overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有:

mis-错,误:misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央:midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于:underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对:antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词:

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality.(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志,再如realize, modernize)

2、利用合成词猜测词义。

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun.

根据短语构成及上下文意思看,此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发),set out-outset(名词起始),come in-income(名词收入) 。

托福阅读中的9个高难度句子解读

托福阅读中也会出现一些考研大家的托福阅读难句,遇到这些句子的时候,要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累,觉得用得到的要记下来,以下总结的托福阅读中的9个高难度句,希望对大家的托福阅读考试有帮助。

1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛装的人们,经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵,并且作为一个扮演者所能做的,就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临,阳光的重现的结果。

2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题,就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步,包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量,最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效果-的乐器。

4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的,但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中,通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。

6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更进一步,他们是由一个顶层是毛纺或光滑的精纺羊毛织物制作,包含光滑,紧凑的纱线来自长羊毛的纤维染成兰黑色、绿色、或褐色底层含有粗糙天然的和暗黄色的毛纺材料。

托福阅读背景资料 美国情侣为何不结婚

托幅阅读资料之双语阅读。为了方便广大考生更好的复习,小编整理了一些双语阅读资料,希望对同学们的托福 阅读有所帮助。下面一起来看看:

Fear of the trauma of divorce is stopping many young couples from walking down the aisle, a university report has found.

一项大学研究发现,许多美国年轻情侣不结婚是因为怕遭受离婚的创伤。

With the share of married adults at an all-time low in the United States, the latest research by demographers at Cornell University and the University of Central Oklahoma unveils clues why couples don‘t get married - they fear divorce.

眼下美国已婚人士的比例降到了史上最低点,康奈尔大学和中央俄克拉荷马大学的人口统计学家做的最新研究揭示了为什么美国情侣们不结婚——他们怕离婚。

Among cohabitating couples, more than two-thirds of the study’s respondents admitted to concerns about dealing with the social, legal, emotional and economic consequences of a possible divorce.

接受调查的同居情侣有超过三分之二的人承认自己担心如果离婚将要应对社会、法律、情感和经济等一系列后果。

The study, “The Specter of Divorce: Views from Working and Middle-Class Cohabitors,” is published in the journal Family Relations and is co-authored by Sharon Sassler, Cornell professor of policy analysis and management, and Dela Kusi-Appouh, a Cornell doctoral student in the field of development sociology.

这一研究名为《离婚的阴霾:工人阶层和中产阶层同居者看婚姻》,发表在《家庭关系》杂志上,由康奈尔大学的政策分析与管理学教授莎伦 萨斯勒和发展社会学方向的博士生德拉 库西-阿坡共同撰写。

Roughly two out of three - 67 percent -of the study‘s respondents shared their worries about divorce.

约三分之二(67%)的被调查者吐露了他们对于离婚的担忧。

Despite the concerns, middle-class subjects spoke more favorably about tying the knot and viewed cohabitation as a natural stepping stone to marriage compared to their working-class counterparts.

尽管年轻人怕离婚,但中产阶层的年轻人相对于工人阶层的年轻人还是比较赞成结婚的,他们把同居视为自然地走向婚姻的垫脚石。

Lower-income women, in particular, disproportionately expressed doubts about the “trap” of marriage, fearing that it could be hard to exit if things go wrong or it would lead to additional domestic responsibilities but few benefits.

担忧婚姻会成为“牢笼”的低收入女性比重尤为突出,她们害怕如果婚姻不如意将难以持续,或认为结婚会带来额外的家庭负担而却没多少好处。

The study also found working-class cohabitating couples were more apt to view marriage as “just a piece of paper,” nearly identical to their existing relationship.

研究还发现,工人阶层的同居情侣更倾向于认为婚姻“只是一张纸”,和他们现有的关系几乎没什么两样。

They were twice as likely to admit fears about being stuck in marriage with no way out once they were relying on their partners’ share of income to get by.

他们承认自己害怕一旦要依靠另一半的收入过日子便无法从婚姻牢笼中逃脱,有这种想法的工人阶层年轻人是中产阶层年轻人的两倍。

The authors hope that their findings could help premarital counselors to better tailor their lessons to assuage widespread fears of divorce and to target the specific needs of various socioeconomic classes.

篇9:提升托福阅读能力加快做题速度

托福阅读提高方法:提升阅读能力加快做题速度!

一. 提高托福阅读能力:跳读和扫读法

很多同学都习惯于先看题,然后根据题目找答案,即便如此我们要也要提高阅读能力,否则无法在有限时间内找到正确答案。而提升阅读能力的两种方法则是跳读和扫读。练就这样的快速阅读方法可以帮助我们快读定位信息。比如,阅读中前三个题是根据阅读文章第一段出的,我们可以利用跳读法迅速把握整体段意,然后根据每道题使用扫读法去定位段落中题目对应的信息,这样才能快速做对题。

这两种阅读方法需要大家在平时多加练习,练习跳读法的时候,建议找一篇文章,限定时间快读读文章,将注意力集中在每段的首句和末句,快读把握段落主旨大意,计时结束后,在纸上写下你所理解的文章大意,然后等到文章读完以后再做对比。扫读法可以通过做题来练习,看到一道题目后找到题目的关键信息(比如时间,人名或地点),然后快速扫读文章段落,找到对应信息,再在你定位的区域寻找题目答案。

二. 托福阅读快速做题法

1. 先易后难

托福阅读和其他版块不同,做完题目以后仍然可以返回修改,所以做题的时候挑拣容易的题做,比如,你的词汇题做的很好,那就先做词汇题再做其他题目。容易的题目做完以后,再用剩余的时间去研究难题,此时相对来说做题时间已经比较宽裕。

2. 实在不会的题不用纠结太久

很多同学在做阅读题目的时候容易被一道题卡住,不停地在文章中找答案,不知不觉几分钟就过去了,结果浪费了很多时间到导致后面的题没有时间做……每一篇阅读只有20分钟,所以每道题做题时间建议保持不超过2分钟。如果平时做题总容易忽略时间,建议大家在考试的时候注意屏幕上的倒计时,如果花了一分钟仍然没有弄懂问题,那就直接蒙一个或者先空着去做其他的题。如果后面题目做的顺利,我们会有时间回头来做这道题,如果后面题目不顺利,那说明我们也不应该在这道题上浪费很多时间。

托福阅读真题原题+题目

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

1. The word standard in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) practical

(B) customary

(C) possible

(D) unusual

2. The King's 24 Violins is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate

(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument

(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras

(C) the superiority of French violins

(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty

3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?

(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.

(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

world.

(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.

(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.

4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music

(A) inspired more people to play the violin

(B) had to be adapted to the violin

(C) demanded more sophisticated violins

(D) could be played only by their students

5. The word they in line 22 refers to

(A) Civaldi and Tartini

(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension

(C) small changes

(D) internal structure and fingerboard

6. The word strain in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) struggle

(B) strength

(C) strategy

(D) stress

7. The word Accordingly in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) However

(B) Consequently

(C) Nevertheless

(D) Ultimately

8. According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins

(A) were heavier

(B) broke down more easily

(C) produced softer tones

(D) were easier to play

9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced

by a violin?

(A) A long fingerboard

(B) A small body

(C) High string tension

(D) Thick strings

10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) resonator (line 2)

(B) solo (line 7)

(C) left-hand technique (line 25)

(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)

11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern

violin music EXCEPT

(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand

(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes

(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck

(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS

PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C

托福口语提升速记能力从哪里开始

能力提升计划书

能力提升计划

提升数学能力

下属能力提升计划书

大学生能力提升计划

班组长能力提升计划

专业能力提升计划

部门经理能力提升计划

托福听力提升难点解析

想要提升托福阅读能力先要把握好这三个方面(通用9篇)

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