下面就是小编整理的雅思英语听力与阅读中的高频考词(共含9篇),希望大家喜欢。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“离我远点”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
inside adj. 里面的 adv. 在里面 n. 内部 prep. 在...里面
exam n. =examination 考试
animal n.动物,兽,牲畜; <俚>家畜,牲口; <俚>畜生(一般的人); 兽性 adj.动物的; 肉体的; 肉欲的
he pron. 他
angel n. 天使,天使般的人
bowel n. 肠
pack n. 包裹,一群,一副,一帮,一群 vt. 包装,捆扎,塞满, 收拾行李, 佩戴 vi. 包装,(用某物)保存,保藏 ,塞进
passenger n. 乘客,旅客
tired adj. 疲劳的,累的,厌烦的
leaf n. 树叶,页,活动桌板,花瓣 vt. 翻页 vi. 长叶子,翻页浏览
episode n. 插曲,插话,(作品的一段)情节,有趣的事件
item n. 项目,条款, 一件商品(或物品) adv. 也
derive v. 得自, 起源, 引申于
tile n. 砖瓦 vt. 铺以瓦,铺以瓷砖
arithmetic n. 算术
shoot n. 射击,芽,发射 vt. 射击,发出,发芽 vi. 飞驰
faculty n.能力,才能; 全体教职员; <英>(大学的)专科,系; 特权,特许
musical adj. 音乐的 n. 音乐片
force n. 力量,武力,暴力,影响力 vt. 施暴,强迫,强夺,加压力 [计算机] 强制
lantern n. 灯笼, [建筑学]天窗, 屋顶气窗
pin n. 大头针,针,拴,(有别针的)徽章,小东西,(复数)腿 vt. 将...用针别住,钉住,压住 adj. 别针的
coordinate n. 同等的人物; (色调, 图案, 样式等)配套服装 adj. 同等的, 等位的; (大学)男女分院制的 v. 协调, 整合; 使一致 [计算机] 坐标
theft n. 偷窃
number n. 号码,数字 v. 编号,加号码,总计 vi. 总计 vt. 编号
displace v. 移置, 替换
rid vt. 免除,清除,使...获自由
parameter n. 参数,参量,决定因素
merchant n. 商人,店主,专家 adj. 商业的
bin n. 箱柜 vt. 放入箱内 [计算机] DOS文件名: 二进制目标文件
juice n. 细胞液,内在本质,汽油,果汁,唾液, 体液 vt. 加液体,榨出...的汁液
irrespective adj. 不顾的, 无关的, 没关系的
league n. 联盟,社团
rank n. 队列,排名,等级,军衔,阶级 adj. 繁茂的,恶臭的,讨厌的 vt. 排列,归类于
burden n. 负担, 重载 v. 使负重, 装载, 烦扰
prototype n. 原型,雏形
shower n. 阵雨,淋浴 vi. 倾盆而下,淋浴 vt. 淋湿,下骤雨,使(大量东西)落在某人身上
sane adj. 心智健全的, 理智的
entrepreneur n. 企业家
green adj.绿色的; 未熟的,青春的; 未成熟的; 主张保护环境的 n.绿色蔬菜; 绿色的衣服; 植物 vi.绿化,使重视环境保护问题
studio n. 工作场所,画室,照相室,制片厂
cow n. 母牛, 母兽 vt.恐吓
internal adj. 国内的, 内在的,身体内部的
female adj. 雌的,女(性)的 n. 雌性的动植物,女子
stone n.石头; 宝石; 矿石; (膀胱或肾脏中的)结石 vt.向扔石块; 用石头铺; 以石掷向; 除(水果的)硬核 adj.石制的; 石头似的; [S-]石器时代的; 粗陶制的 adv.石一般的
competition n. 比赛,竞争
soak n. 浸,湿透,喝醉 vt. 使…湿透,浸泡在液体中,浸洗,吸入,使某人喝醉,向某人敲竹杠 vi. 浸入液体,渗透,感化(某人),无节制地喝酒
charter n. 特许(状),执照,宪章,契据 vt. 特许,发特许执照 adj. 特许的
plateau n. 高原;平稳;稳定状态 vi. 到达平稳阶段
chamber n. 房间,会所,室 vt. 装入室中(枪膛) adj. 室内演奏的
odd adj. 奇数的,古怪的,剩余的 . 奇数
marvelous adj. 令人惊异的,了不起的,不平常的
commit v. 委托(托付), 犯罪, 作...事, 承诺 [计算机] 委托
shed n. 车棚,小屋,脱落物 vt. 使...流出,散发,脱落,除掉
military adj.军事的;军用的;讨厌的;好战的 n.军人;军队;武装力量
delete vt. 删除
appeal n. 恳求, 上诉, 吸引力 n. 诉诸裁决 v. 求助, 诉请, 呼吁; 有吸引力
onto prep. 到...上
belt n. 带(状物),腰带 vi. 飞奔,大声唱 vt. 系上腰带,环绕,击打,大声唱
variable adj. 可变的,易变的 n. 变量, 易变的东西
disable v. 使...失去能力
ornament n. 装饰,装饰物 vt. 装饰
pencil n. 铅笔 v. 用铅笔写
reassure v. 使...安心, 再保证
holiday n. 假期,假日 vi. 度假
fireplace n. 壁炉
radius n. 半径,桡骨,半径范围,辐射区
stream n. (人,车,气)流,水流,组 vt. 流出,飘动 vi. 流动,飘动,接踵而来
burst n. 破裂,阵,爆发 vt.&vi. 爆裂,突发
segregate adj. 分离的, 被隔离的 v. 分离, 隔离, 分凝
liner n. 班机, 班轮
spell v. 拼写,缓慢地或吃力地读 n. 魅力,符咒 vt. 用符咒镇住(某人) n. 一段时间,轮班 v. 轮班,休息
plan n. 计划,策略,方法 vt. 计划,设计,打算 vi. 打算
population n. 人口
forgive vt. &vi. 原谅,饶恕,宽恕
someone pron. 某人, 有人
fever n. 发烧,狂热 vt. 激怒 vi. 发烧
correspondence n. 通信;一致;相当
renew vt. 使更新,复始,使恢复,补充 vi. 更新,重新开始
example n. 榜样,例子 vt. 把...作为例子
executive n.总经理; 行政部门; [计算机]执行指令 adj.执行的; 管理的; 政府部门的
integrity n. 诚实, 正直, 完整, 完善
oppose vt. 反对,以...对抗,抗争
excellent adj. 极好的,优秀的
dismay n. 沮丧, 绝望 vt. 使...灰心,使...惊愕
burglar n. 窃贼
heroin n. 海洛因
outskirts n. 郊区 名词outskirt的复数形式
organism n. 生物体, 有机体
console vt. 安慰,慰藉 n. 仪表盘,操控台,(游戏)平台
sheet n. 床单,张,片 vt. 盖上被单,遍布, 使成片状 vi. 成片落下或流动 adj. 片状的
discrepancy n. 相差,差异,差别
offer n. 出价, 提议 vt. 提供, 出价; 贡献, 奉献 vi. 提议; 出现; 求婚
mind n. 思想, 主意, 心意, 记忆, vt. 留心, 注意, 介意, 照顾 vi. 留心, 关心
mode n. 方式,样式,模式,风格,时兴 [音乐] 调式
powder n. 粉,粉末,细雪,火药 vt. 洒粉于,使变成粉,重击 vi. 变成粉,涂粉
swift adj. 快的,迅速的 adv. 快速地 n. 雨燕,线轴
grip n. 紧握,了解,手柄,手提包 vt. 紧抓,吸引
clock n. 时钟, 计时器
field n. 领域;牧场;旷野;战场;运动场 vi. 担任场外队员 adj. 扫描场;田赛的;野生的 vt. 把暴晒于场上;使上场;(通常成功地)回答,处理(问题)
boss n. 老板, 上司 v. 指挥, 控制
雅思判断题的考点大致可以分为四类:
第一类:比较考点。
也就是考查单个事物或者多个事物就某一方面特性的比较。
通常来说特征词有如下一些:横向比较:better similar another the other relative most;纵向比较:future next second latter。对于这类考点,考点词就是比较部分的关键词。例如:10-1-3 39.It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.
很显然,按照我们刚才定位词的原则来看,smaller companies应该是这句话实际的主语,因此我们可以用它来做定位词。至于考点词,因为此句刚好是比较考点,因此考点词就是easier。
第二类:数字考点。
顾名思义,只要是题干出现的数字、百分比、年份、时间区间等等,我们都可以称之为数字考点。
数字考点考察的内容,通常来说就两类,第一,数字的准确性;第二,百分比后的主题,或者说范围的准确性。例如:
10-1-2 25. The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.
定位词:Gothenburg European Council
考点词:30 years ago
第三类:绝.对考点。
标志词:any never always impossible immediately most every none all fully correctly absolutely等。
只要出现了绝.对的副词、形容词,那么我们的关注重点就应该是此类词语在原文原句中有没有相应的表达。
仍然以10-1-1 Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world.
刚才我们已经判断出定位词是ancient stepwells, 而考点词现在来看就非常清楚了,就是all。
第四类:是非考点。
此类考点多半是陈述句,没有比较级的词语,没有数字,也没有绝.对的形容词或者副词。这类考点反而是雅思考试中占比重比较大的一类考点。因为变化或者考察的点比较分散,所以在这里不展开来讲。通常来说,是非考点的陈述句谓语部分是考点。
例如,10-2-3 37. The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
记住:主语是定位词,谓语是考点词。这样的话:art historians 就是定位词,而conflict 就是考点词了。 如果文章说到冲突就对,说到一致就是错。
雅思阅读材料大集合:美国人整形为了自拍?
Plastic surgeons say they're seeing more patients who want facial surgery, and they attribute the rise to social media and the growing “selfie” trend.
据CNET报道,整形外科医务人员表示现在越来越多的病人想要进行面部整形,他们认为之所以会出现这种现象,是因为受到当下社交媒体和愈演愈烈的全民自拍风潮的影响。
In response to a survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, one in three plastic surgeons reported seeing an increase in requests for facial procedures by patients who wanted to look better online. The doctors reported that between and , they saw a 10 percent rise in nose jobs, a 7 percent rise in hair transplants, and a 6 percent rise in eyelid surgery.
据美国科学院外科整形和再造外科学会发表的报道:接受采访的整形外科医院中,有三分之一的整形医师认为,越来越多的人想要进行整形手术,因为这些人都想在网络上看起来更美丽更英俊。医生表示,2012至间,隆鼻顾客多出10%,头发移植多出7%,双眼皮手术多出6%。
“Social platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, and the iPhone app Selfie.im, which are solely image based, force patients to hold a microscope up to their own image and often look at it with a more self-critical eye than ever before,” Dr. Edward Farrior, president of the academy, said in a news release. “These images are often the first impressions young people put out there to prospective friends, romantic interests, and employers, and our patients want to put their best face forward.”
“Instagram, Snapchat,还有iPhone应用Selfie.im等社交平台,均为图片社交,人们被迫仔细端摩自己的照片,用前所未有的自我批判视角对自己进行审视,”该学会主席爱德华?法里奥博士说道。“年轻人在网络上发布这些照片是为了结识新朋友,寻找艳遇,同事也能看到,所以前来整容的顾客都希望自己可以更上相。”
In part because of social media, surgeons reported that plastic-surgery patients are getting younger.
据报道,整形外科手术顾客呈低龄化趋势,而这或多或少和社交媒体都有些关系。
The annual poll queries a select group of the organization's 2,700 members to get a sense of the latest trends in facial plastic surgery. This year, 58 percent of the doctors surveyed said they saw an increase in patients under 30 coming in for plastic surgery and injections in the last year.
这项年度调查询问了这个学会的2700名成员,询问他们对于近来面部整容手术风潮的相关看法。今年有58%的医生表示,去年一年,越来越多的三十岁以下年轻女性前来接受面部整形手术和面部注射整容。
The study found that bullying is also a factor in young people deciding to get surgery, “but most surgeons surveyed report children and teens are undergoing plastic surgery as a result of being bullied (69 percent) rather than to prevent being bullied (31 percent).”
研究发现,受到欺侮也是年轻人决定整容的一个原因,“医患调查结果表明:青少年儿童整容病例中,69%是受到欺凌的结果,预防欺凌占31%。”
Women are still plastic surgery's primary customers, accounting for 81 percent of all procedures and injections, but men are increasingly becoming more interested in plastic surgery. Whereas women more often ask for facelifts and eye lifts, men are more interested in keeping their hair and combating wrinkles.
当今,女性仍为整容手术的主要消费群体,在所有疗程、注射等整容项目中占有81%,但男性对整容也越发感兴趣了。女性整容项目通常为拉皮,割双眼皮,而男性整容项目通常是生发和抗皱。
Meanwhile, in the under-35 category, the nose job remained the most popular elective surgical procedure for both genders, accounting for 90 percent of procedures in women and 86 percent in men.
与此同时,35岁以下的整容者不论男女都很中意美鼻,此项目占女性整容病例的90%,男性整容病例的86%。
Have your selfies ever made you feel self-conscious about the way you look?
你的自拍照是否曾经也让你对自己的容貌有所思考呢?
雅思阅读材料大集合:EQ高也是一把双刃剑
如同其他能力一样,情商也是一把双刃剑,既能作为成功的垫脚石,又能成为危害他人和社会的利器。下面就和我们一同来揭开高情商的阴暗面。
Emotional intelligence, or EQ, is the ability to read and understand emotions in ourselves and others. It is said that emotional intelligence accounts for 80 percent of one’s success.
情商也称EQ,是一种读懂自身和他人情绪的能力。据说一个人的成功80%取决于情商的高低。
That’s almost certainly an exaggeration. But ever since the 1995 publication of US psychologist and science writer Daniel Goleman’s best-seller, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ, EQ has been seen by leaders and educators as the solution to many social problems. In some Western countries such as the US, emotional intelligence is now taught widely in secondary, business and medical schools.
这一说法虽然略显夸张。但是自从1995年美国心理学家兼科学作家丹尼尔?戈尔曼的畅销书《情商:它为什么比智商更重要》出版以来,很多领导者和教育家都将情商视为解决诸多社会问题的关键。如今,在美国等西方国家,在中学、商学院和医学院中情商教学随处可见。
Anti-social behavior
反社会行为
EQ is important. But our enthusiasm for it has obscured a dark side, says a recent article in The Atlantic.
美国《大西洋月刊》近日刊登文章称,情商固然重要,但是人们的趋之若鹜却掩盖了它的黑暗面。
Weapon of mass emotion
操纵大众情绪的武器
Recent research and studies show that as people improve their emotional skills, they become better at manipulating others. When someone knows what others are feeling, they can tug at their heartstrings and motivate them to act against their own best interests.
最新研究表明,随着人们情商能力的提高,他们会更擅长操纵他人。当一个人能了解别人的感受时,他就可以撩动他们的心弦,促使他们做出违背自身最大利益的行为。
Does this remind you of those “managers” at pyramid scheme companies? Hundreds of thousands of otherwise cautious and rational people have been brainwashed by their impassioned speeches and become bankrupt as a result.
这是否会令你联想到那些非法传销公司的“经理”们?无数处事理智而谨慎的人被他们激情澎湃的演讲洗脑,最后却落得个倾家荡产的下场。
Social scientists have begun to document this dark side of emotional intelligence. A study by the University of Cambridge found that when a leader gave an inspiring speech filled with emotion, the audience was less likely to scrutinize the message and remembered less of the content.
社会科学家已经开始研究情商的黑暗面。剑桥大学一项研究发现,当一名领导人充满激情地演讲时,听众不会太注意其传达的信息,并且记住的内容也很少。
Researchers call this the “awestruck effect”, but it may just as easily be described as the dumbstruck effect, says The Atlantic article. Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacity to reason. If they have self-serving motives, or their values are out of step with our own, emotional intelligence becomes a weapon of manipulation and the results can be devastating.
据《大西洋月刊》报道,研咳嗽苯涑莆熬次沸вΑ保埠苋菀妆幻枋龀伞熬判вΑ薄I朴谡瓶厍樾鞯牧斓颊呋崛梦颐巧ナП姹鹗欠堑哪芰Α5彼遣彼嚼亩蛘咚堑募壑倒塾胛颐堑牟缓吓氖保樯叹突岜涑刹倏厮饲樾鞯奈淦鳎浜蠊豢吧柘搿
Hidden agenda
隐藏的动机
This is consistent with another recent study from Kyoto University. According to The Huffington Post, the study shows that “people with high interpersonal EQ influence others’ emotions based on their own goals”.
该观点与日本京都大学的一项研究成果不谋而合。据《赫芬顿邮报》报道,该研究表明:“高情商者会根据自己的目标去干扰他人情绪”。
A research team led by University College London professor Martin Kilduff shed more light on this dark side of emotional intelligence. According to them, emotional intelligence helps people disguise one set of emotions while expressing another for personal gain. Emotionally intelligent people “intentionally shape their emotions to fabricate favorable impressions of themselves”, Kilduff’s team writes in the journal Research in Organizational Behavior. “The strategic disguise of one’s own emotions and the manipulation of others’ emotions for strategic ends are behaviors evident not only on Shakespeare’s stage but also in the offices and corridors where power and influence are traded.”
伦敦大学学院的马丁?吉尔达夫教授带领一支研究小组揭开了情商的黑暗面。该小组称,人们为了谋取私利,会掩饰情绪,当面一套背后一套。情商高的人“会故意给人留下对自己有利的印象”。吉尔达夫率领的研究小组在《组织行为研究》期刊中写道:“采取策略来伪装个人情绪,同时为了达到战略目的而操控他人情绪,这些行为不仅出现在莎翁的戏剧中,在交易权力和影响力的场所也十分常见。”
It seems that to better understand the dark side of EQ, we need look no further than Shakespeare’s Macbeth or its modern adaption on TV: House of Cards.
看来,要想更好地了解情商的黑暗面,我们只需看看莎翁名著《麦克白》或者它的现代电视剧版——《纸牌屋》就够了
雅思阅读材料大集合:小睡一个小时的作用有多大?
The average Briton gets six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, according to the Sleep Council. Michael Mosley took part in an unusual experiment to see if this is enough.
It has been known for some time that the amount of sleep people get has, on average, declined over the years.
This has happened for a whole range of reasons, not least because we live in a culture where people are encouraged to think of sleep as a luxury - something you can easily cut back on. After all, that's what caffeine is for - to jolt you back into life. But while the average amount of sleep we are getting has fallen, rates of obesity and diabetes have soared. Could the two be connected?
We wanted to see what the effect would be of increasing average sleep by just one hour. So we asked seven volunteers, who normally sleep anywhere between six and nine hours, to be studied at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Centre.
The volunteers were randomly allocated to two groups. One group was asked to sleep for six-and-a-half hours a night, the other got seven-and-a-half hours. After a week the researchers took blood tests and the volunteers were asked to switch sleep patterns. The group that had been sleeping six-and-a-half hours got an extra hour, the other group slept an hour less.
While we were waiting to see what effect this would have, I went to the John Radcliffe hospital in Oxford to learn more about what actually happens when we sleep.
In the Sleep Centre, they fitted me up with a portable electro-encephalograph, a device that measures brain wave activity. Then, feeling slightly ridiculous, I went home and had my seven-and-a-half hours of sleep.
The following day I went to discuss what had happened inside my head during the night with Dr Katharina Wulff.
The first thing she pointed out was that I had very rapidly fallen into a state of deep sleep. Deep sleep sounds restful, but during it our brains are actually working hard. One of the main things the brain is doing is moving memories from short-term storage into long-term storage, allowing us more short-term memory space for the next day. If you don't get adequate deep sleep then these memories will be lost.
You might think: “I'll cut back during the week and then make up for it at the weekend.” Unfortunately it doesn't work like that, because memories need to be consolidated within 24 hours of being formed.
Since deep sleep is so important for consolidating memories it is a good idea if you are revising or perhaps taking an exam to make sure that you're getting a reasonable night's sleep. In one study, people who failed to do so did 40% worse than their contemporaries.
Deep sleep only lasts for a few hours. My electrode results showed that during the night my brain went through multiple phases of another kind of activity, called REM sleep.
“This is the phase when you are usually paralysed - so you can't move,” Wulff explained. But the eye muscles are not paralysed, and that's why it's called rapid eye movement sleep.“
During REM sleep an extraordinary thing happens. One of the stress-related chemicals in the brain, noradrenalin, is switched off. It's the only time, day or night, this happens. It allows us to remain calm while our brains reprocess all the experiences of the day, helping us come to terms with particularly emotional events.
We get more REM sleep in the last half of the night. Which means that if you are woken unexpectedly, your brain may not have dealt with all your emotions - which could leave you stressed and anxious. Drinking alcohol late at night is not a good idea as it reduces your REM sleep while it's being processed in your body.
Back at the University of Surrey our sleep volunteers had finished their second week of the experiment. What we wanted to see was the effect switching from six-and-a-half hours to seven-and-a-half hours, or vice versa, would have on our volunteers.
Computer tests revealed that most of them struggled with mental agility tasks when they had less sleep, but the most interesting results came from the blood tests that were run.
Dr Simon Archer and his team at Surrey University were particularly interested in looking at the genes that were switched on or off in our volunteers by changes in the amount that we had made them sleep.
”We found that overall there were around 500 genes that were affected,“ Archer explained. ”Some which were going up, and some which were going down.“
What they discovered is that when the volunteers cut back from seven-and-a-half to six-and-a-half hours' sleep a night, genes that are associated with processes like inflammation, immune response and response to stress became more active. The team also saw increases in the activity of genes associated with diabetes and risk of cancer. The reverse happened when the volunteers added an hour of sleep.
So the clear message from this experiment was that if you are getting less than seven hours' sleep a night and can alter your sleep habits, even just a little bit, it could make you healthier. ”Have a lie-in, it will do you good“ - that's the kind of health message that doesn't come along very often.
据英国睡眠委员会(Sleep Council)调查显示,英国人平均每天只睡6.5小时。为了验证这样的睡眠是否足够,迈克尔·莫斯利医生(Michael Mosley)参加了一项不寻常的实验。
近些年来,人们已经认识到了这样的事实:我们的平均睡眠时间正在逐渐减少。
这一现象的原因是多方面的,其中之一便是我们所处的文化让我们觉得睡觉是件奢侈的事情,可以轻而易举地缩减。毕竟,咖啡因的功能就在这儿了:把你唤回清醒的状态。然而,随着睡眠量的不断下降,肥胖和糖尿病的发病率却在大幅升高——二者之间会不会有一定关系呢?
我们想看看把平均睡眠时间增加一小时会有什么效果,于是邀请了7位志愿者参加我们的实验。这7个人平日的睡眠在6—9个小时之间。实验由萨里大学(University of Surrey)的睡眠研究中心负责主持。
我们将志愿者随机分为两组,一组每晚睡6.5小时,另一组睡7.5小时。一周之后研究者对两组人的血液进行检测,并调换两组的睡眠量,原来睡6.5小时的一组多睡一小时,另一组则少睡一小时。
就在我们等待实验结果的过程中,我来到位于牛津的约翰·拉德克里夫医院(John Radcliffe hospital),看看我们睡觉时究竟发生了什么。
在该院的睡眠中心里,工作人员为我戴上一台便携式脑电图仪。就这样,我戴着仪器半觉好笑地回到家,睡了7.5个小时。
第二天,我来到医院,向卡塔琳娜·伍尔夫医生询问了我的情况。
首先,她指出我很快就进入了深睡眠。虽然听上去挺安详,大脑在深睡眠时其实在积极地工作,其中一件重要的事情便是将短期记忆转存到长期记忆中,从而为第二天的短期记忆腾出空间。如果睡得不够,一些短期记忆便会丢失。
你也许会想:“我在工作日里缩减睡眠,到周末再补上不就行了吗?” 遗憾的是,大脑的运行机制并非如此,因为记忆需要在最初形成的24小时内得到强化。
由于深睡眠对于强化记忆十分重要,复习和考试前睡够觉就很有必要。在一项研究中,那些在复习和考试前没能睡够觉的学生比同龄人表现差了40%。
深睡眠只能持续几个小时。我的脑电图显示,大脑在夜里经历了几个称为快速动眼睡眠(REM)的阶段。
“人处于这一阶段时通常是麻痹的,所以动不了。”伍尔夫解释道。但由于这时的眼部肌肉并未麻痹,因此这一阶段的睡眠称作“快速动眼睡眠”。
快速动眼睡眠时,我们的体内会发生一种奇特的变化:脑内的去甲肾上腺素(一种与压力有关的化学物质)会大量消失,使得我们能够在平静中对白天的经历进行再加工,从而更好地应对某些事件对我们造成的情绪影响。然而,无论黑夜还是白天,去甲肾上腺素只有在快速动眼睡眠中才能大量消失。
由于快速动眼睡眠更多地分布于后半夜,如果你在夜里突然醒来,大脑这时很有可能还没完全处理掉你的情绪,从而导致压力感和焦虑的产生。深夜饮酒可不是什么好事情,因为代谢酒精会缩短快速动眼睡眠的时间。
两周后,我们的睡眠志愿者们结束了实验。我们想看看,人在少睡一小时和多睡一小时时会有哪些变化。
计算机测试结果表明,少睡一个小时时,多数人在完成思维敏捷性的任务时显得力不从心。不过更有趣的还是血液的检测结果。
萨里大学的西蒙·阿彻博士和他的团队发现,睡眠时间的变化会影响基因的活跃程度。
“我们发现一共约有500个基因受到影响。”阿彻说。“有些变得更加活跃,有些则相反。”
他们发现,当志愿者的睡眠从7.5小时减少到6.5小时时,体内与炎症、免疫和应对压力相关的基因变得更加活跃,与糖尿病和癌症相关的基因也是如此。而当受试者的睡眠时间增加后,这些基因的活跃程度便减弱了。
因此,实验清楚地表明,对于那些睡不够7个小时的人而言,如果他们能够改变睡眠习惯,哪怕只是做出一点点改变,他们的身体都会变得更健康。“多睡会吧,对你有好处。”遗憾的是,这样的建议我们听到的太少了。
ceiling n. 天花板,上限
hatrack n.帽架
infrastructure n. 下部构造, 下部组织, 基础结构, 基础设施
bring to justice 把 ... 交付审判,绳之以法
portable adj. 轻便的,手提式的 n. 手提打字机
gentle rolling hills 起伏的山丘
wander vt. 闲逛走过 vi. 游荡,漫步,流浪,蜿蜒曲折,离群失散,走神 n. 游荡,闲逛,流浪,离群失散
keeper n. 看守人,饲养员,保管人
evergreen trees
rewarding adj. 有报酬的, 有益的
traffic jam n. 交通阻塞
elegant adj. 优雅的, 精美的, 俊美的
cheek n.脸颊,脸蛋; 无礼而放肆的行为,厚颜; 半边屁股; 两侧相对的物体 vt.对…无礼地说话
author n. 作者,创造者 vt. 创造,写作
come into bloom 开花
ring n. 环, 戒指, 铃声, 圈 vt. 包围, 挂铃铛 vi. 鸣响, 回响, 在空气中螺旋上扬, 形成圈
gifted adj. 有天赋的, 有才华的
award vt.授予,奖给,判给; 判归,判定 n.奖品; (仲裁人、公断人的)裁定; (、法官的)判决; 裁定书
restrain from doing something 克制自己不去做某事
floral adj. 花似的, 花的, 植物的 n. 以花占主要的图片或设计
ceiling n. 天花板,上限
hatrack n.帽架
infrastructure n. 下部构造, 下部组织, 基础结构, 基础设施
bring to justice 把 ... 交付审判,绳之以法
portable adj. 轻便的,手提式的 n. 手提打字机
gentle rolling hills 起伏的山丘
wander vt. 闲逛走过 vi. 游荡,漫步,流浪,蜿蜒曲折,离群失散,走神 n. 游荡,闲逛,流浪,离群失散
keeper n. 看守人,饲养员,保管人
evergreen trees
rewarding adj. 有报酬的, 有益的
traffic jam n. 交通阻塞
elegant adj. 优雅的, 精美的, 俊美的
cheek n.脸颊,脸蛋; 无礼而放肆的行为,厚颜; 半边屁股; 两侧相对的物体 vt.对…无礼地说话
author n. 作者,创造者 vt. 创造,写作
come into bloom 开花
ring n. 环, 戒指, 铃声, 圈 vt. 包围, 挂铃铛 vi. 鸣响, 回响, 在空气中螺旋上扬, 形成圈
gifted adj. 有天赋的, 有才华的
award vt.授予,奖给,判给; 判归,判定 n.奖品; (仲裁人、公断人的)裁定; (、法官的)判决; 裁定书
restrain from doing something 克制自己不去做某事
floral adj. 花似的, 花的, 植物的 n. 以花占主要的图片或设计
beat up 痛打, 毒打
make it 及时到达; <非正>成功; 约定时间
the construction industry 建筑行业
statue n. 塑像,雕像
fascinate vt. 使...入迷,吸引住 vi. 有吸引力
light and airy 阳光充足而且通风良好的
be a blot on the landscape (丑陋的建筑)破坏市容
Pilate n. [圣]比拉多(Pontius, 钉死耶稣的古代罗马的犹太总督)
in a row 成一排, 连续
gigantic adj. 巨大的
break the mould 打破程式,打破常规模式
bamboo adj. 用竹子制的 n. 竹
legend n. 传说,传奇人物,铭文
deteriorate vt. (使)恶化 vi. (使)恶化, 瓦解, 衰退
specifically adv. 特定地,明确地
natural resources 自然资源
frank adj. 坦白的,直率的,无误的 vt. 免费邮寄,使自由出入 n. 免费邮寄
trendy n. 新潮人物, 穿着时髦的人 adj. 流行的
column n.纵队,列; 圆柱; 专栏
hunt n. 狩猎, 追捕, 搜寻 v. 狩猎, 打猎, 搜索
ferocious adj. 残忍的, 凶猛的,极度的,十分强烈的
at a distance 隔开一段距离,在远处
let someone's hair down (在party等公共场合)彻底地放松
role model 榜样
cultural diversity 文化多样性
work schedule
lift vt. 举起;提升;鼓舞;空运;抄袭 vi. 消散;升起;耸立 n. 电梯;举起;起重机;搭车
fortune n. 财产,命运,运气
bench n. 长凳,工作台,梯田 vt. 坐在长凳上,放置长凳,在展览会上展览 vi. 形成梯田
primary n. 最主要者 adj. 主要的, 初期的, 根本的
prince n. 王子, 亲王, 佼佼者
place a high priority on 对某人或事物高度重视
scissors n. 剪刀
the lesser of two evils 两个负面的事物中坏处较小的一个
awesome adj. 令人惊叹的,难得吓人的,很好的
scream n. 尖叫声 v. 尖叫, 大笑
drown vt. 淹死,沉浸于, vi. 淹死
occasion n. 场合,机会,理由 vt. 致使,惹起,引起
trombone n. 长号,伸缩喇叭
make ends meet vi. 量入为出(使...收支相抵,靠微薄收入为主)
雅思阅读 如何应对生僻词
举例1:Husband:it's really cold out tonight.Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是”冻僵的,冻得麻木的“。
在猜测词义过程中,除了使用上面提到的一些雅思阅读技巧,参加雅思考试的学生还可以依靠构词方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如:
Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词,但是分析该词结构后,就能推测出其含义。它是由high(高的,强的)和light(光线)两部分组成,合在一起便是”以强光照射,使突出“的意思。
Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。
“雅思阅读生僻词技巧”
2.根据前缀猜测词义例如:
He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes。根据词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我们便可猜出semiconscious 词义”半清醒的,半昏迷的“。
I'm illiterate about such things。词根literate意为”有文化修养的,通晓的“,前缀il表示否定,因此illiterate指”一窍不通,不知道的“。
3.根据后缀猜测词义例如:
Insecticide is applied where it is needed。后缀cide表示”杀者,杀灭剂“,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出insecticide意为”杀虫剂“。
语言环境对于记单词是一个非常重要的因素,只有通过一定的语言环境,去理解词的内涵,甚至是其表达方式的文化背景。雅思考试中如果遇到生僻词不要紧张重要的是你平时的积累以及掌握能力,任何一门知识只有真正被吸收了才是真正的获得。
雅思阅读长难句破jie方法:找出骨架 层层分析
在雅思阅读考试中,有些考生一看到长句子就很头疼。其实不管再长的句子,只要你能够找出骨架,层层分析,也没那么可怕。
英文中的基本句型是由主语、谓语和宾语构成的,也就是所谓的“核心意群”core meaning,突破长难句最有效的方法就是“拎出主谓宾,之后定状补”。
我们来看一个长难句:
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greatly intellectual development.
这个句子看起来非常复杂,但不难辨认出整个句子的主语是Behaviorists (行为学者),谓语是紧跟在后面的动词suggest, 宾语是一个较长的宾语从句。
在这个宾语从句中,不难发现主语就是the child,接着出现了三个代词———who. where 和 which,这些是非常明显的定语从句的关系代词,所以这里可以判断出连着出现了三个定语从句,一个套着一个,修饰了三个名词成分。而在这三个定语从句后面出现的唯一一个动词无疑就是整个宾语从句的谓语了,也就是will experience,当然后面接的development也就是宾语从句中的宾语了。
到这里,这个较长的由三个定语从句构成的宾语从句的意思已基本分析出来。
这里,提醒考生,平时备考时要多进行长难句的分析锻炼,克服对长难句的恐惧心理。
突破雅思阅读单词记忆的方法介绍
怎样提升一篇雅思阅读考试的成绩?词和句是非常重要的,如果整篇雅思阅读的句型和用词运用太过简单,或者太过单一的话,是不可能获得雅思阅读高分的,同学们在平时备考的过程中就要注意多积累不同的雅思阅读词汇和句,同时要灵活运用,这样才能在雅思阅读考试中才有可能获得高分。
雅思阅读单词记忆——单词准备单词卡片,循环背诵
一般IELTS阅读中涉及词汇量比较大,但考生具备4000左右即可应考。单词贫乏的考生,一定要及时补充词汇,打下扎实的基础。在考试时很容易遗忘或混淆单词的意义,为了避免类似情况发生,一定要加强单词意义的理解。对此,考生可以制作单词卡片,正反面各写英文和中文解释。制订计划每天背一定量的生词,循环背诵并不断补充。当然,最有效的是阅读文章时记忆单词。
雅思阅读单词记忆——句子参考上下文,分析主谓结构
在句子理解方面,考生最容易犯的错误就是根据自己已有经验片面理解。IELTS阅读中有的题目考的是对于文章中某一句子的理解,要参考上下文客观地看问题。考生应对一些复合句,尤其是双重否定句、比较句、指代句等有较深了解。特别在遇到复杂句时,应静心思考,从把握句子主干一一主谓结构着手来分析解剖句子结构。
雅思阅读单词记忆——阅读扫描全文,做出标记
雅思阅读追求速度(speed)与准确度(accuracy)的完美结合。快而不准或准而太慢都会影响考分。考生在勤奋练习的时候掌握一些阅读技巧将达到事半功倍的效果。快速阅读最关键的是在扫描全文的时候把握每段的主旨,并做出标记,在看完全文后对文章的结构主题有大致的了解。此外,考生以单词为单位看文章,遇生词就停顿等坏习惯都要极力避免。
总之,考生平时多看、多读、多听、多说、多写,多接触英文(much exposure to English)再运用一些阅读技巧,拿下雅思阅读并非一件难事。以上就是天道小编整理的雅思阅读考试的词汇句型技巧,很多句子在实际考试中都可以灵活的运用,同学们在备考雅思阅读句型的过程中要学会避免重复使用某一个句型或者词汇,只有这样才可能获得高分。
雅思阅读填空题的解题步骤讲解
一、仔细阅读指令
填空题的指令 (Instruction) 往往包括以下几个部分:
1、题目所在文章中的范围
只有极个别题目会直接说明问题所在段落,另有部分题目是通过内容提要的方式,透露文章的内容,以方便考生到相应的段落 去找寻答案。而更多的题目是没有这部分的提示的。
例如,剑 4 Test 3 Passage 3 的 Summary 的指令:
Complete the summary of paragraph G below.
大量的课堂实例表明,如果不进行特别提示,很多考生将忽略了这一重要信息,往往倾向于从文章的一开始去找答案,结果根 本找不到答案所在位置。
再比如,剑 5 Test 2 Passage 2 的 Diagram labelling 的指令:
The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.
命题者虽然对于该题所在段落只字未提,但是却通过了告知题目的大意暗示了所在范围,考生只需要通过 Skim 的方式对每段 的首句进行阅读,便很容易定位出该题应出自第 44 页的第二段。
2、字数限制
读指令的时候,要特别留意以上两点,这样可以避免对文章的盲目的阅读和答案的误写。
二、精读题目,划出定位词
从出题特点中,我们已经了解,填空题都是对原文的一句话或者几句话进行的同义改写。但是这样的改写,并不是对原文彻底 的替换,一些词仍然会保留它的原形,因此这种词可以帮助我们到原文中寻找题目所在的原句,因此被称为 “ 定位词 ” 。 定位词一般是名词,包括专有名词、大写字母缩写、数字、斜体字等。
但并不是每道题目都有明确的定位词,个别题目的定位词很不明显。在这种情况下,考生应当先做临近的题目,再根据顺序原则进行顺推或逆推,把相关的句子找出来。
三、确定所填词的词性
对所填词的词性进行预判断,有助于提高考生对正确答案的敏感性,帮助考生精确锁定答案,个别词性的判断甚至能直接帮助 我们找到答案。比较极端的例子便是不定冠词 a 和 an 。如果空格前面有冠词 a 或 an,往往意味着空格应当填一个可数名 词的单数形式,而不定冠词极难被同义转换,因此原文中的词很可能也是带有 a/ an 的。
我们以剑 5 Test 1 Q7 为例,来看一下这种定位方法的便利性:
Q: As a reward for his hard work, he was granted a 7________ by the king.
从题目中我们马上就能判断,空格应当填一个可数名词的单数形式,且前面有 a 。这道题目唯一的定位词便是 king 。由于 第 6 题的答案在倒数第二段最后一句话,那么根据顺序原则,这道题目唯一的可能性便在最后一段。放眼望去,最后一段只 有一个 a ,即最后一句话 … were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension 。这里唯一的可能便 是 pension 这个词了。
当然,在答案填完之后也要把文章再和题目对照阅读一下是否存在同义转换关系,否则在个别情况下就有可能做错,比如剑 4 Test 3 的 Q38 ,原文中的句子有两个 a ,但只有后面一个 a 与题目出现同义转换关系,故答案只能填第二个 a 后面的内 容 , 即 particular linguistic feature 。
四、识别语间关系
语间关系,即所填词与题目中其它词之间的关系。掌握了语间关系,有助于我们借助其它的词找到应填的词,而不被其它干扰 项所干扰。在雅思考试中,常见的语间关系有:
1、等义关系
等义关系就是所填词等价于句子中的其它词,即所填词是原词的一种同义转换。常见的等义关系的结构有: A, B (同位语) ,如果所需填的词是 B ,那么只要借助 A ,就能把词找到。
我们以剑 5 Test 2 流程图 Q4 为例,来看一下等义关系的妙用。
Q: stage one resin, called 4________.
很显然,这道题目是一个等义关系。定位词应当是 resin 。结果在全文的第五段第三行定位到原句: the result was a resin known as Novalak,…。根据 known as 这个等义结构,很容易得出这道题目的答案 Novalak.
2、上下义关系
上下义关系是语言学上的术语,在雅思阅读里把它可以简单地理解为一种举例关系。常见的表示上下义关系的结构有: A, such as B; A, for example, B; A, like B 等。其中, A 为上义词, B 为下义词。只要在题目中定位出上义词或下义词, 便可借助举例信号词来把答案找出来。我们以剑 5 Test 2 流程图 Q5 为例:
Q: _________________
(e.g. cotton, asbestos)
显然,这里需要的是 cotton 和 asbestos 这两个下义词所对应的上义词。我们定位到原为第五段的第六行,往前找到举例信 号词 such as ,答案自然就是举例信号词前面的上义词 fillers 了。
3、并列关系
并列关系是填空类题目出得最多的语间关系。常见的并列关系结构有: A and B, A or B, A as well as B, not only A but (also) B 等等。只要找到其中一个定位词,另外一个自然就是与其并列的词了。
我们以剑 4 Test 1 表格题 Q19 为例:
Q: exceptional in 19____________ and good in air-water interface
首先,空格处应填一个名词。因为前面都有介词 in ,再根据 and 并列规则,知道前后意思应该相当,所填的词与 air- water interface (水与空气的交界面)应该形成并列关系,即一个表示地点的词。回到原文找到第 24 页第 2 段第 6-7 行 : it can apparently see fairly well through the air-water interface as well. 原文有一个很明显的并列词 as well ,意味着前面应当有一个并列成分。然后往前看一句,就找到了原句 The bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. 这里 water 正好在 in 后面,又正好表示一个地点,完全符合我们的要求,故选出答案。
除了以上三种语间关系之外,雅思阅读里还出现过从属关系、因果关系等多种语间关系,限于篇幅,不能在这里一一赘述了。
五、誊写答案
这是最后的一步,但这一步很重要,一旦答案填写失误,就会导致前功尽弃。誊写答案时,应当遵循以下原则:
1、在字数允许的情况下,尽可能把相关的词填进去,但是特别注意,如果题目中已经包含了该词的相关意思,则不能填。
2、修饰性的词填可以省略,但限定性的词不能省略。
例1原文: Desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs.
问题: Desert annuals respond to 38_________ as a signal for reproduction.( 剑 5 Test 4 Q38 ,句子填空)
这道题目可以填 suitable rainfall ,也可以填 rainfall, 因为 suitable 是一个修饰性的成分。
例2原文: Although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.
问题:nerves linked to their 15 ________ are underdeveloped. (剑 4 Test 1 Q15 ,表格题)
很多同学填了 buds ,但是这个词单独使用表示 “ 花蕾 ” 的意思,与 taste buds 相差甚远。所以这里的 taste 是一个 限定性的成分,不能省略。
雅思阅读信号词怎么找
一、顺接和递进
例词:also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…
考点:And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom… (C6, P28, Q31找标题)
解析:And在这句话开头,有一定的递进含义,this wisdom则是指代了前面一句话出现的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因纽特人传统的知识),所以这两句话有紧密的联系,同学们在读题的时候要通过发现信号词,然后发散地看它的前后句,最后把考点考察的 意思补充完整。
二、对比和转折
例词:however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison, while
考点:But such projects must be built to higher specifications and with more accountability to local people and their environment than in the past. (C7 P24 Q20)
解题:此题是段落大意配对题,在确定H段段落大意时,段落中间but之后出现的那句话就是解题的关键,根据句子中出现的两个比较级,可以确定答案应该为X The need to raise standards.
考点:While suggestopedia has gained some notoriety through success in the teaching of modern languages, few teachers are able to emulate the spectacular results of Lozanove and his associates. (C7 P27 倒数第二段 Q39, 40)
解析:段首句用while引起注意,我们可以根据success, 和后半句中的few teachers, spectacular results, 搞定最后两个填空题。
三、相似
例词:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way, as …
考点: Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.(C4, P28, Q40)
解析:题目考的是对文章的总结。因此解题时重点看文章中表示结论的句子,thus这个单词给了我们提示,而句子中的as...do表达的是一个相似的逻辑,因此答案可以确定为B。
四、排列次序
例词:firstly, second, another, the second, the most, the best, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考点:First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world i an objective and impersonal way,... (C5, P49, Q30-31)
解析:题目30-31考的是并列和否定的逻辑关系,原文中的first, second, 对应的就是题目中的neither...nor...这个并列关系,这两题的答案就迎刃而解了。
考点:First mechanism, then mass use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering – the onward marching of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last hal- century, as the yields of produce have soared. (C7, P44, Q15)
解析:段首句连用表示次序的信号词,first, then, then… and now, 体现发展的不同阶段。(the stages of development of farming industry C7 P77 选择配对)
五、强调作用
例词:in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…
考点:This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates… (C5, P21, Q18 信息包含题)
解析:信息包含题考察细节是在哪个段落出现,在做此类题目时,要注意信号词与考点的密切相关性,从而迅速找准答案。这里出现了in essence(实质上),起了一定的强调作用,迅速扫读后,发现同时出现了题目关键词sociobiology, 破折号后面的介词to表目的,与题目中的the general aim of一致对应。
六、最高级、比较级
例词:–est, most, best, more, better, superior, inferior, preferable, exclusively, extremely...
考点:Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. (C5, P44, Q24)
解析:题目中出现了最高级the most difficult tasks, 因此在原文中也应该相应的出现最高级。除了明显的the most, -est, 还有些单词本身也含有最高级的含义,比如extremely, exclusively, superficially, 文中的这个extremely demanding对应的就是题目中的最高级,所以答案也确定。
七、因果关系
例词:as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of…
考点:Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.(C6, P94, Q33)
解题:题目问的是学校否认问题反应了什么,就是这个现象的根本原因。因此原文中consequence就给解题提供了信息,根据consequence之前的一句话就可以将答案找到。
八、举例子和说明
例词:for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including…
考点:Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton… (C5, P39, Q5 流程图)
解析:我们看到such as后面是举例子,such as后面的例子可以作为定位词,woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一种。Fillers在这里就是一个概括性的词语,常常是考点。
雅思阅读考试小范围预测:Passage One
Passage 1
Title: 一个人对 Sacks 的书“Musicophilia”的书评
单选 4题
Question types: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN 6题
Sentence completion 3题
文章内容回顾 一个人对 Sacks 写的 music 与 brain 的 book 的评价。
题型难度分析 还是以选择和是非无判断题为主。
剑桥
推荐原文练习:剑5-3-1、剑6-1-1、剑7-2-1
雅思阅读考试小范围预测:Passage Two
Passage 2
Title: Storytelling
Which paragraph contains the following information? 无 NB 5题人名理论配
Question types: 对 4题
填空 4题(集中在一个区域)
属于旧题,但是在
回忆中出现较少。
文章内容回顾
于 storytelling, 有亚里士多德,荷马。
这篇文章应该算是本次考试中难度较大的一个,信息段落配对题,乱序的。
题型难度分析:题中,会占据考生大量的时间。人名理论会给学生审题造成压力,致使本文在做题中时间耗费太长。细节配对是雅思考试中比较难的题型,我们来分析一下这类题目的做题技巧:
首先,让我们来了解一下这种题目的出题特点。
1. 彻底同义转换
和其它题型不同的是,这种题型是对原文一句话或者一段话进行的彻底同义转换,
个别甚至是高度概括,因此几乎不存在任何定位词,因此不能根据定位词到原文
中定位答案。考生必须具备非常强的语言理解能力,才能快速识别出文章信息和
段落信息的相似之处,从而找到答案。
2. 完全乱序
题型技巧分析
由于这种题型是要求把细节信息与所在的段落进行配对,因此是绝对打乱顺
雅思阅读精读每日一练:圣诞节如何变成购物节?
THERE were no neatly wrapped presents. Nor were there tinseled trees or Santa Claus. Christmas in preindustrial Europe and America looked very different from today’s iteration. Drunks, cross-dressers and rowdy carolers roamed the streets. The tavern, rather than the home or the church, was the place to celebrate. “Men dishonor Christ more in the twelve days of Christmas, than in all the twelve months besides,”—so despaired Hugh Latimer, chaplain to King Edward VI, in the mid-1500s. Some 200 years later, across the Atlantic, a Puritan minister decried the “lewd gaming” and “rude reveling” of Christmas time in the colonies. Those concerns seem irrelevant now. By the end of the 19th century, a rambunctious, freewheeling holiday had turned into the peaceable, family-centred one we know today. How?
没有包装整洁的礼品,没有俗丽的圣诞树,也没有圣诞老人。工业化前的欧洲和美洲的圣诞节和他们现在每年过的,看起来很不一样。人们在大街上痛饮、异装秀、欢唱。酒馆才是庆祝圣诞节的地方,家里或教堂不是。在15,爱德华六世的牧师Hugh Latimer悲叹道“人们在圣诞节12天里对上帝的不敬,比在其它12个月里加起来都多”。大概200年后,一个新教的牧师谴责了北美殖民地里圣诞节期间人们进行的下流游戏和放纵的狂欢。但是,这些景象,和现在似乎已经不相关。到了19世纪末,圣诞节这个粗暴放纵的狂欢节,已经变成了我们如今所见的平和的,以家庭为中心的节日,这种转变怎么发生的?
Men dishonor Christ more in the twelve days of Christmas, than in all the twelve months besides。
人们在圣诞节12天里对上帝的不敬,比在其它12个月里加起来都多
In early modern Europe, between about 1500 and 1800, the Christmas season meant a lull in agricultural labor and a chance to indulge. The harvest had been gathered and the animals slaughtered (the cold weather meant they would not spoil). The celebration involved heavy eating, drinking and wassailing, in which peasants would arrive at the houses of the neighboring gentry and demand to be fed. One drinking song captured the mood: “And if you don’t open up your door, / We will lay you flat upon the floor.” Mostly this was tolerated in good humor—a kind of ritualized disorder, when the social hierarchy was temporarily inverted. Some were less tolerant. In colonial Massachusetts, between 1659 and1681, Puritans banned Christmas. They expunged the day from their almanacs, and offending revelers risked a five-shilling fine. The ban did not last, so efforts to tame the holiday picked up instead. Moderation was advised. One almanac-writer cautioned in 1761 that “The temperate man enjoys the most delight, / For riot dulls and palls the appetite.” Still, Christmas was a public ritual, enacted in the tavern or street and often fuelled by alcohol.
在近现代早期的欧洲,也就是公元1500年至1800年,圣诞季意味着农业劳动的停息和放纵的机会。农田的收成在库,牲畜已经宰杀(天冷让宰杀后动物的肉不容易腐败)。庆祝活动涉及大吃大喝,期间农民们会去临近的乡绅家里要求接受款待。一首歌反应了当时的心情“如果你不开门,我们就让你从竖着走的人变成横着躺的人”。大部分时候,农民们的行为会被善意的容忍,这是一种仪式化的失序,社会阶层短暂的发生倒置。
That soon changed. Cities had expanded at the turn of the 19th century to absorb the growing number of factory workers. Vagrancy and urban poverty were by now common. Rowdiness at Christmas could turn violent, with bands of drunken men roaming the streets. It’s little surprise that members of the upper classes saw a threat in the festivity. In his study of the holiday, Stephen Nissenbaum, a historian, credits a group of patrician writers and editorialists in America with recasting it as a domestic event. They refashioned European traditions, like Christmas trees from Germany and Christmas boxes from England, in which the wealthy would present cash or leftovers to their servants. St Nicholas, or Santa Claus, whose December name day coincided with the Christmas season, became the holiday’s mascot. Clement Clarke Moore’s poem “A Visit from St Nicholas”, first publized in 1823, helped popularize his image. In it, a jolly Santa descends via reindeer-pulled sleigh to surprise children with presents on Christmas Eve. Newspapers also played their part. “Let all avoid taverns and grog shops for a few dazays,” advised the New York Herald in 1839. Better to focus on “the domestic hearth, the virtuous wife, the innocent, smiling, merry-hearted children.”
情况很快就变了。城市在19世纪末吸收了更多的工厂工人。流浪和城市贫困至今都普遍,在当时更是严重的问题。一群醉汉在圣诞期间的大街上游荡可能会引发暴力。所以上层社会的人把这个节日视为威胁毫不奇怪。历史学家Stephen Nissenbaum把圣诞节被驯化为家庭内部节日归功于上层社会的作家和编辑们。他们复兴了欧洲的传统,如来自德国传统的圣诞树,圣诞礼品盒本来是英国的富人用来给佣人们装剩菜或钱等礼物的。
It was a triumph of middle-class values, and a coup for shop-owners. “Christmas is the merchant’s harvest time,” one industry magazine enthused in 1908. “It is up to him to garner in as big a crop of dollars as he can.” Soon this new Christmas would become a target of criticism in its own right: as commercialized and superficial. Nevertheless it lives on.
这是中产阶级价值观的胜利,也是零售店主们的出乎意料的好运。“圣诞节是商人们收获的季节”,一份工业杂志在19兴奋的表示。“只要他能,想挣多少钱就能挣到多少钱”。没多少时间,这种新的庆祝圣诞节的方式本身就成为批评的目标:因为过于的商业化和肤浅。但是,我们仍然这么过。
雅思阅读经济类高频词汇
enthuse:热心
garner: 获得,储存
tinseled:亮闪闪的,俗丽的
iteration:重复,迭代
tavern:酒馆
chaplain:牧师
lewd:下流的
revel:狂欢
decry:谴责
rambunctious:粗暴的
wassailing:痛饮
almanac:年历
expunge:擦除
Rowdiness:吵闹
Vagrancy:流浪
It’s little surprise 毫不奇怪
patrician:上层社会的
virtuous :善良的
grog shop:小酒馆
enthuse:热心
garner: 获得,储存
序出题的。
例词:similarly, in other words, that is, put another way, as …
考点: Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.(C4, P28, Q40)
解析:题目考的是对文章的总结。因此解题时重点看文章中表示结论的句子,thus这个单词给了我们提示,而句子中的as.。.do表达的是一个相似的逻辑,因此答案可以确定为B。
雅思阅读信号词之四、排列次序
例词:firstly, second, another, the second, the most, the best, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考点:First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world i an objective and impersonal way,。。. (C5, P49, Q30-31)
解析:题目30-31考的是并列和否定的逻辑关系,原文中的first, second, 对应的就是题目中的neither.。.nor.。。这个并列关系,这两题的答案就迎刃而解了。
考点:First mechanism, then mass use of chemical fertiliser and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering – the onward marching of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last hal- century, as the yields of produce have soared. (C7, P44, Q15)
解析:段首句连用表示次序的信号词,first, then, then… and now, 体现发展的不同阶段。(the stages of development of farming industry C7 P77 选择配对)
例词:in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…
考点:This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates… (C5, P21, Q18 信息包含题)
解析:信息包含题考察细节是在哪个段落出现,在做此类题目时,要注意信号词与考点的密切相关性,从而迅速找准答案。这里出现了in essence(实质上),起了一定的强调作用,迅速扫读后,发现同时出现了题目关键词sociobiology, 破折号后面的介词to表目的,与题目中的the general aim of一致对应。
雅思阅读信号词之六、最高级、比较级
例词:–est, most, best, more, better, superior, inferior, preferable, exclusively, extremely.。。
考点:Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. (C5, P44, Q24)
解析:题目中出现了最高级the most difficult tasks, 因此在原文中也应该相应的出现最高级。除了明显的the most, -est, 还有些单词本身也含有最高级的含义,比如extremely, exclusively, superficially, 文中的这个extremely demanding对应的就是题目中的最高级,所以答案也确定。
雅思阅读信号词之七、因果关系
例词:as, because, since, lead to, as a result, result in, consequently, therefore, thus, the caused of…
考点:Until recently, not much was known about the topic, and little help was available to teachers to deal with bullying. Perhaps as a consequence, schools would often deny the problem.(C6, P94, Q33)
解题:题目问的是学校否认问题反应了什么,就是这个现象的根本原因。因此原文中consequence就给解题提供了信息,根据consequence之前的一句话就可以将答案找到。
雅思阅读信号词八、举例子和说明
例词:for example, for instance, that is to say, i.e., such as, including…
考点:Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton… (C5, P39, Q5 流程图)
解析:我们看到such as后面是举例子,such as后面的例子可以作为定位词,woodflour, asbestos, cotton就是fillers的其中一种。Fillers在这里就是一个概括性的词语,常常是考点。
攻克雅思考试学术类阅读方法
一、雅思学术阅读理解准备步骤:
一般来说有五个步骤:快速阅读、断句、词汇记忆、模拟练习和总结技巧。
1、快速阅读:平时进行大量的快速阅读。可选的阅读材料有:TIME, NEWSWEEK, THE ECONOMIST, CHINADAILY, 21st CENTURY等。因为雅思考试与时代紧密相连,具有一定的时效性,所以报刊文章为泛读的首选。阅读报刊文章应选择一般性的题材,如科普,社会问题,学术观点性的文章,而政治,军事,尖端科技的文章可以略过。采取的阅读方式为快速阅读。
2、难句突破:在精读和雅思考试中,将复杂的难句提取出来,然后分析句子结构,彻底消化难点。虽然在雅思阅读中不可能再现原句,但难句的结构基本没有变化。
3、词汇:词汇量不够,应该是一个词汇惊喜。雅思词汇量约为6000至8000个单词。词汇量少也是导致阅读理解缓慢的一个重要因素。
4、模拟练习:下一步将做雅思模拟考试,进一步熟悉考试类型。熟练阅读问题。有两点需要特别注意:第一,雅思阅读中必须熟悉各种题型,雅思考试报名,雅思报名尤其是主观题,如简答题、填空、小结等。第二,看题目,因为雅思阅读题比较灵活,可以对/错/没有给出答案,所以先看你想做什么,然后开始,不要做“没用的”。
5、总结技巧:注意分析日常阅读理解,总结解决问题的技巧。如果个人复习情况不好,可以根据自己的实际情况选择合适的补习班。
经过全面的复习,我们将进入考场。在考场上,考生需要掌握以下实用技能,才能发挥出水平:
首先,考生应该明确雅思是一种现实生活中的语言应用,所以雅思阅读要遵循现实生活中的阅读习惯——检索信息。考生应牢记雅思阅读原则:阅读不是为了阅读,而是为了解决问题。当你做题的时候,你应该先看题目,然后带着问题到课文中去寻找、检索和定位信息,而不是试图理解每一个句子。不要贪心读书,到目前为止,雅思考试没有拿到满分,所以我们要保持冷静的心态。提出一些问题是很正常的。不要因为某个问题造成更多的损失,考生应该充分意识到放弃意味着什么。
其次,是在试卷上作记号。一方面做记号帮助集中注意力,不受外界干扰,尽快进入做题状态。另一方面,在看不懂的地方做记号,提高阅读速度。考生们阅读速度的一大障碍就是在难点处反复回视。实际上,一个句子回头看两遍还不至所云,就应在旁边打一个问号,跳过。如果问号的地方涉及考题,再回过头细读。IELTS与TOEFL不同,大家不仅可以在考卷上作记号,还要在平时训练中养成做记号的快速阅读习惯。
第三,考试时一定要把握好时间的节奏。先快速浏览这三篇文章,然后从你认为哪个更容易开始。学术阅读理解文章数量为3篇,时间为60分钟。每篇文章平均分配20分钟。不要在一篇文章上花太多时间。
考生只要掌握如何应对考试,明确生活中的阅读习惯,综合实战技能,就完全能够在阅读理解中取得理想的成绩。
雅思阅读分类词汇:环境类
conservation 保护,保存 ( conserve)v.s. conversation
environmentalist = conservationist
acid 酸 酸的 (alkali)acid rain
carbon 碳 (C) v.s. charcoal (炭)carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide
fume exhaust fumesv.s. smoke, fog, smog
petroleum 石油à petrol (BE) = gasoline/gas (AE)à unleaded petrol/gas
ozone 臭氧 (o + zone)ozone layer
ooze 渗出 渗出物
radiation 辐射ultraviolet(UV) radiation~ radioactive
greenhouse 温室greenhouse effect/gases
solar 太阳的 (solar energy)^ lunar (lunar calendar)
phenomenon 现象
catastrophe = disaster, cataclysm
deterioration 恶化 ( deteriorate)
extinction 灭绝 ( extinct)
species endangered species
drought 干旱 (^ “找它”)>>>famine v.s. flooding
recurrent 反复发生的re + (oc)cur + rentv.s. concurrent
inundate 淹没 ^ “淹掉它”
embankment 筑堤 (em + bank + ment)
sediment 沉积(物)= deposit
delta 三角洲the Pearl River Delta
alluvial 冲积的
desertification desert (v.s. dessert)
dust-storm 沙尘暴^ thunderstorm, brainstorm
barren 贫瘠的,不育的,无效的
dune sand dunethe game “DUNE”!
attributable 归因于be attributable to…
deforestation 滥砍滥伐(森林)de + forest + ation afforestation/reforestation
log 原木,日志 伐木v.s. logo
vegetation 植物,植被v.s. vegetable, vegetarian
habitat 栖息地 habit (Habit is the second nature.)
ecosystem 生态系统 (eco + system)~ ecolog
雅思词汇速记方法盘点:大浪淘沙法
浪淘沙法:
如果你的目标是一天记住100个单词,那么所需背诵的单词数量要达到500个。因为人的记忆力是有限的,所以不要指望只背20个单词,就能记住全部并且永远不会忘记。将每天背诵的数量定在500个,虽然你实际记住的也许只有100个,但是这100个一定是你记得最牢的。
把没有记住的单词继续放到第二天的计划中,这样天天坚持,就会看到成效。这个方法好比用筛子过滤沙砾,虽然漏掉的是大多数,但剩下的却是精华。要在短时间内背出大量的单词,必须“以量取胜”,持之以恒。
雅思阅读高频隐性定位词
一、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Proportion=%.
通常,在我们审题的时候,会发现每个问题的选项都有特定的信号词出现,例如下面的问题中,我们可以明显看到问题6中出现的proportion,因此我们在选择相对的答案的时候,可以找找文中有没有相对应百分比的对照。然后首先看看这些百分比内容的匹配性,因此像这种隐形定位词能够有效提高我们做题的速度。
Question 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-l.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
6. The estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problems
对应原文:
The Impact of Hearing Loss on Young Children
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to lean at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.
因此第6题选A
二、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Payment,通常可以用货币符号表示。
在下面的例子中,我们可以从问题中找到关于payment这个隐性定位词。从字面可以知道payment是账单的意思,就是关于金钱,或者货币符号的形式出现。所以考生可以根据相关线索优先分析这类选项。
Question 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-J3 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE:If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE:If the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN:If there is no information on this
12. Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
对应原文:
Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid? 1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his 'dictionary workshop'. James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.
原文说的是分期in installments,而题干说的是only...completion,因此是False。
三、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Earlier=time.
如果出现这种描述时间的隐性信号词,那么选项若出现时间的形式可以优先查看。例如下文出现earlier,字面意思表示很早,表时间的,那么选项看看有没有表时间的。这样能大大提高做题速度。
Question 27-29
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27. Mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon
对应原文:
D.The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sculpture or hydrogen supplied aerosols so that sculpture dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃.Scientists have also scrutinized whether it's possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.
原文出现时间的地方描述historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines,such as举例子,historic volcanic explosions对应natural phenomenon,因此选D.
四、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Refer to as= proper nouns.
当我们遇到像refer to as,这种表示要解释一个现象,一个单词意思的隐性信号词的时候。在选看选项的时候可以优先看那些专有名词的选项,换句话说就是选项有某个单词不熟悉,然后出现频率高的名词。通过下面的例子,我们可以看出:
Question 34-40
Complete the sentences.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
35. Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as.
对应原文:
For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodic occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
回原文寻读,找到day-neutral plants是以斜体形式出现,且前面有限定are known as,可以确定是专有名词,do not respond to light levels对应regardless ofphotoperiod,所以填day-neutral plants.
'雅思阅读材料:英国超辣汉堡致5人住院
Diners are being asked to sign a waiver before eating a fiery chilli burger - after it put five people in hospital.
英国一餐厅推出的热辣汉堡已导致5人住院,现在再想吃这款“变态辣”汉堡要先签署免责声明。
The X.X.X Hot Chilli Burger - dubbed the hottest dish in Britain - is served to over 18s only at Burger Off in Sussex.
这款被称为英国最辣的热辣汉堡,是苏塞克斯郡汉堡店Burger Off 的料理,仅卖给18岁以上的成年人。
It is topped with chilli sauce worth a staggering 9.2million on the Scoville scale - a measure of the 'hotness' of foods. In contrast, the average chilli pepper comes in at just 500 Scoville Heat Units.
热辣汉堡涂有“史高维尔辣度指标”920万的辣椒酱。“史高维尔辣度指标”是测量食物辣度的指标,普通辣椒指数仅500。
One diner was taken to hospital with a suspected perforated bowel after eating the spicy dish, while four others were admitted for treatment on the same night for suspected anaphylactic shock.
一位顾客在吃了这款热辣汉堡后疑似因肠穿孔被送往医院救治,当晚还有4位顾客疑似过敏休克入院。
Now, restaurant owner Nick Gambardella is asking customers to sign a legal disclaimer that prevents them from suing him if they fall victim to the red-hot burger.
汉堡店老板尼克·甘巴德拉为避免顾客用餐后出现不良反应起诉自己,要求顾客只有在签署了法律免责声明后方可尝试此热辣汉堡。
The document reads: 'I the undersigned accept all responsibility for any effects incured due to the consumtion of the above mentioned X.X.X Hot Chilli Burger and release Burger Off, its owner and staff from any liability.'
声明中写道:“我签署同意,在Burger Off食用热辣汉堡所带来的一切后果责任由我个人承担,餐厅和餐厅老板、服务员免责。”
Mr Gambardella, 55, said he was 'amazed' that he was allowed to sell such a spicy burger - adding: 'It has been a massive hit with the customers'.
55岁的甘巴德拉说自己也很吃惊,居然得到了销售此款热辣汉堡的许可证,他补充道:“这在顾客中反响很大”。
'I have to admit I’ve not dared to try one of these burgers myself as they are so spicy,' he said. 'One guy came in and he was just a little bit cocky and when he left he was admitted to hospital because prior to eating the burger he had a stomach ulcerand we believe it perforated his bowel. He wasn’t in a good way but he pulled through.
“不得不承认,连我自己都不敢尝试这款热辣汉堡,因为它真的太辣了。”他说,“有位客人进店的时候还自以为是,但是离开的时候就直接入院了。在吃热辣汉堡之前这家伙就有胃溃疡,我们觉得在吃了汉堡之后他可能肠穿孔了。他还没有完全康复,但目前已经度过了危险期。”
The burger, which is on sale for only £3.90, features sauce based on a Piri Piri chilli concentrate, created through steaming and later infused with carbon dioxide.
这款热辣汉堡售价仅3.9英镑(约合人民币39元),其特色在于添加其中的皮尔皮尔辣椒酱,这种辣椒酱的制作方法是先气蒸后注入二氧化碳。
So far, only 59 out of 3,000 challengers have succeeded in eating the entire dish. Many of the burger's conquerors have taken to Twitter and The Burger Off Facebook page to spread the word of their victory.
截至目前,3000名挑战者仅有59位成功吃完整个汉堡。许多挑战成功者在推特和Burger Off餐厅的脸书页面上炫耀自己的胜利。
Mr Gambardella said the burger had caused customers to adopt a number of undignified coping mechanisms, including stripping naked, begging for mercy, punching windows and vomiting.
甘巴德拉说,顾客在吃热辣汉堡时言行举止十分不雅,有的大脱衣服、有的跪地求饶、还有的捶窗呕吐。
It has also left many diners suffering from anaphylactic shock - a severe allergic reaction that can cause swelling, rashes and difficulty breathing.
大量顾客吃了热辣汉堡后过敏性休克,这种严重的过敏反应会导致肿胀、发疹和呼吸困难。
'The burgers are cooked properly - it’s the sauce that is maybe too hot to handle,' said Mr Gambardella.
甘巴德拉说:“其实汉堡烹饪是合理的。热辣汉堡这么辣,都是辣酱惹的祸。”
学术类雅思阅读题目的黄金法则
雅思学术类阅读虽然有十种题型(八种主要题型),但在解题过程中有一条贯穿始终的黄金法则,那就是学术类阅读的基本解题思路。
STEP ONE:分析文章后的题目
拿到一篇阅读文章,考生应该首先细读题目要求,确定哪些是关于文章结构的题目,哪些是关于文章细节的题目,同时找出题目中的中心词。
STEP TWO:带着问题扫描文章
1. 扫描标题
考生拿到一篇雅思学术类阅读文章,首先应该看一下文章的标题,而迄今为止,雅思学术类阅读理解考试中大致出现过下列三种题目类型:第一种是正规标题,始可用来判断文章大意、类型、而得知文章结构;第二种是主标题加副标题,副标题有时承担揭示文章结构的重任;第三种是无标题,这种考试形式自99 年开在中国考区出现,一般文章较长而且难,但仍然可以在文章第一段发现揭示文章主题的主旨句。考生应注意:描述性标题应该予以忽略;如果文章分几个SECTION 论述,则SECTION 的标题也应该加以注意
2.扫描全文的分段情况及其他信息
考生应注意数字、百分比、分数、时间或货币符号出现较多的段落;引号、大写专有名词、括号及破折号出现较多的段落;斜体字、黑体字、下划线出现较多的
段落
3.扫描每个段落的首末句,把握文章主题:
主题句提示文章每段的主题含意,进而合成整个文章的大意。因此,一定要找出主题句,从而找出这一段的主题。主题句通常是一段文章的首句(当然并非永远如此),寻找主题句的方法可按下列顺序:
首句 --→ 第二句 --→中间句--→ 末句
注意:如果首句是描述性语句则应该予以忽略,通过段落首末句判断段落主题的关键是找准中心词(KEY WORD)中心词最可能是表示主要概念的名词,一般是句子的主语和宾语;表明状态的动词;表示程度高低、范围大小、肯定或否定的副词;中心词会在题目及原文中以同义词形式大量出现。比如:famous - prestigious;restructure delayer.
4. 扫描连接上下文的信号词
5. 扫描文章文章中是否有图表或示意图
这些图表一般包含了一些有关回答问题的信息,因此可以先对这些图表做一扫描,了解其内容从而加快答题速度,不然的话,就可能陷在文章中四处找寻答案而乱无头绪。但应注意,一般照片、地图、漫画可以予以忽略。
STEP THREE:
以问题为中心,通过上述扫描工作,找出文章中对应的中心词,从而定位正确答案。
雅思阅读
雅思阅读如何应对生僻词
举例1:Husband:it's really cold out tonight.Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb.How about lighting the furnace?
根据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手肯定是”冻僵的,冻得麻木的“。
在猜测词义过程中,除了使用上面提到的一些雅思阅读技巧,参加雅思考试的学生还可以依靠构词方面的知识,从生词本身猜测词义。
1.根据复合词的各部分猜测词义例如:
Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.Hightlight或许是一个生词,但是分析该词结构后,就能推测出其含义。它是由high(高的,强的)和light(光线)两部分组成,合在一起便是”以强光照射,使突出“的意思。
Bullfight is very popular in Spain.Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一起,指一种在西班牙颇为流行的体育运动---斗牛。
“雅思阅读生僻词技巧”
2.根据前缀猜测词义例如:
He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes。根据词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀semi(半,部分的,不完全的),我们便可猜出semiconscious 词义”半清醒的,半昏迷的“。
I'm illiterate about such things。词根literate意为”有文化修养的,通晓的“,前缀il表示否定,因此illiterate指”一窍不通,不知道的“。
3.根据后缀猜测词义例如:
Insecticide is applied where it is needed。后缀cide表示”杀者,杀灭剂“,结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出insecticide意为”杀虫剂“。
语言环境对于记单词是一个非常重要的因素,只有通过一定的语言环境,去理解词的内涵,甚至是其表达方式的文化背景。雅思考试中如果遇到生僻词不要紧张重要的是你平时的积累以及掌握能力,任何一门知识只有真正被吸收了才是真正的获得。
雅思阅读材料:韩国平均每天有40人自杀!
South Korea has appointed a team of people to scan the internet for suicide-related material as part of a move to cut suicide rates.
The 100-strong group of watchdogs is made up of a cross-section of society, including students, housewives and mental health specialists.
South Korea has one of the highest suicide rates in the world, with 40 people taking their own lives each day.
The government says a rise in harmful web material is a contributing factor.
The watchdogs will monitor blogs and social media sites for any material that helps or encourages people to plan their own deaths.
It is thought young people often trawl the internet for companions with whom to make pacts.
A Seoul city government spokesman told the South Korean news agency Yonhap that suicide ”is no longer an individual problem but rather a social issue that we must all take part in to resolve".
There are five times as many suicides in South Korea as there were a generation ago, according to the government.
Many blame the rise on the country's high-pressure education system, as many of those who commit suicide are students, says the BBC's Lucy Williamson in Seoul.
Others believe the rise is a result of the country's rapid economic growth, which has led to some of the longest working hours in the developed world, she says.
Over the last year, various schemes have been introduced to try to reduce the figures.
Phones linked to emergency helplines have been installed on Seoul's major bridges, and a team of rescue workers patrol the Han River.
韩国已指派一组人员在网络中搜查与自杀相关的材料,这是为降低自杀率而采取的行动之一。
这个由100人组成的监察小组来自社会各界,包括学生、家庭主妇和心理健康专家。
韩国是全世界自杀率的国家之一,平均每天有40人自杀。
韩国政府认为,网络有害内容增多导致了自杀率的上升。
监察小组将监视博客和社交网站,搜寻那些帮助或鼓励人们策划自杀的内容。
据认为,年轻人经常在网上寻找同伴相约一起自杀。
首尔市政府的一名发言人告诉韩国联合通讯社说,自杀“不再是一种个人问题,而成了我们都必须参与进来共同解决的社会问题”。
根据政府数据,韩国现在的自杀率是二三十年前的五倍。
住在首尔的英国广播公司的露西?威廉森说,许多人将自杀率上升归咎于韩国高压的教育制度,因为许多自杀者都是学生。
她说,还有许多人认为自杀率上升是韩国经济快速增长的结果,经济发展导致韩国成为发达国家中工作时间最长的国家之一。
去年韩国推行了各种方案,以试图减少自杀人数。
首尔主要的大桥上都安装了紧急呼救电话,汉江上也有一队救援人员在巡逻。
雅思阅读材料:上厕所不要太“努力”
A woman in Canada called the emergency services after mistaking her neighbor’s noisy toilet efforts for a violent disturbance.
加拿大的一名女子误将邻居上厕所时因“努力”方便而发出的噪音当成了一场暴力袭击事件,并打电话向紧急援助中心求助。
The woman was worried her neighbour was in trouble after hearing loud yelling and shouting at 5am.
这名女子在早上五点的时候听到邻居大声喊叫,因此担心她的邻居惹上了麻烦。
Police officers rushed to the scene and found the man had only been on the toilet.
警方很快赶到了现场,却发现邻居的男子只不过是在上厕所罢了。
The officers asked him to keep the noise down for his future endeavors.
警方建议这名男子在今后上厕所“努力”方便时尽量将音量降低。
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