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考研一族英语阅读模拟练习之一
阅读模拟练习之一
Text 1
Each year, 1,400 high-school students from more than 40 countries are invited to compete in the prestigious Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (Intel ISEF), the world’s largest precollege science contest. The select group of young scientists is chosen from the several million students who compete in local and regional science fairs throughout the year. Participants compete for $3 million in scholarships and prizes, presenting projects in 15 categories like medicine, biochemistry, computer science and zoology. Earning top honors isn’t the only goal for contestants. Nineteen percent (or 274) of the finalists at the competition held last month have already begun the process to patent their projects.
Ammem Abdulrasool, a senior at the Illinois Junior Academy of Science, won top honors at this year’s Intel ISEF for his project, “Prototype for Autonomy: Pathway for the Blind.” He walked away with $70,000 in prize money and a free trip to October’s Nobel Prize ceremony. Abdulrasool developed technology that allows visually impaired individuals to navigate themselves from one location to another by using the Global Positioning System. Individuals wear a half-kilo Walkman-size device, a bracelet on each arm and a pair of earphones. After entering a starting and ending location into a personal digital assistant (PDA), they are guided with verbal commands that tell them when and in what direction to turn. Simultaneously, a bracelet vibrates signaling the correct direction. To test his device, Abdulrasool recruited 36 blind adults and asked them to visit five landmarks in his neighborhood. The navigational tool saved people an average of 26 minutes in travel time and reduced the number of errors (wrong turns and missed locations). “Looking at how hard it was for them to travel and how they were dependent on everyone else motivated me to do something,” he said. Abdulrasool hopes are applying for a patent and then plan to market the product commercially.
In the fair’s 56-year history, a number of projects have been implemented for commercial use. Michael Nyberg, a competitor, hoped to reduce the number of West Nile virus infections through acoustics. With a bucket of mosquito larvae and a sound generator, Nyberg discovered that a 24 kHz frequency resonated with the natural frequency of mosquitoes’ internal organs: larvae that absorbed the acoustic energy would explode. His sound-emitting device, Larvasonic, is now sold online (www.larvasonic.com). Tiffany Clark, a competitor, found evidence that bacteria produced the methane gas found inside coal seams in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. This suggested that injecting nutrients into coal seams might provide an unlimited supply of natural gas. A Denver-based technology firm is now continuing Clark’s high-school research. And someday soon, blind people around the world may be wearing bracelets that issue GPS commands.
21. How are young people selected to participate in Intel ISEF?
［A］ They are pre-university students.
［B］ They must win science competitions in their home countries.
［C］ They must patent or be about to patent an invention.
［D］ They are chosen from young people who take part in science competitions.
22. Which of these is NOT mentioned as an advantage of Abdulrasool’s device?
［A］ It enables blind people to get from A to B faster.
［B］ It helps them avoid obstacles.
［C］ It gives information to blind people in more than one way.
［D］ It is extremely light.
23. How are Abdulrasool’s invention and those of Michael Nyberg and Tiffany Clark similar?
［A］ Their inventions all have organic components.
［B］ They all won the Intel ISEF competition, though in different years.
［C］ They all have, or could have, profitable applications.
［D］ None of them have patents yet.
24. How does Tiffany Clark’s idea work?
［A］ She feeds underground bacteria and they produce natural gas.
［B］ Bacteria eat coal and produce natural gas.
［C］ Bacteria are injected with coal molecules and produce natural gas.
［D］ Bacteria extract natural gas from coal and are then harvested.
25. Which of the following statements about the Intel ISEF competition is true?
［A］ It began in the 1960’s.
［B］ The biggest prize this year was $3 million.
［C］ There are 15 prizes in a variety of categories.
［D］ Many participants have patented ideas and inventions.
Text 2
Ten years ago, Pierre Omidyar, a software engineer working in California’s Silicon Valley, began thinking about how to use the internet for a trading system in which buyers and sellers could establish a genuine market price. Over a long holiday weekend he wrote the computer code. At first, a trickle of users arrived at his website―including his girlfriend, who traded PEZ candy dispensers. By the end of 1995, several thousand auctions had been completed and interest in eBay was growing. And it grew and grew. From this modest beginning, eBay has become a global giant, with around 150m registered users worldwide who are set to buy and sell goods worth more than $40 billion this year.
考研一族英语阅读模拟练习之二
阅读模拟练习之二
Text 3
Being the founder of the Internet’s largest encyclopedia means Jimmy Wales gets a lot of bizarre e-mail. There are the correspondents who assume he wrote Wikipedia himself and is therefore an expert on everything―like the guy who found vials of mercury in his late grandfather’s attic and wanted Wales, a former options trader, to tell him what to do with them. But the e-mails that make him laugh out loud come from concerned newcomers who have just discovered they have total freedom to edit just about any Wikipedia entry at the click of a button. Oh my God, they write, you’ve got a major security flaw!
As the old techie saying goes, it’s not a bug, it’s a feature. Wikipedia is a free open-source encyclopedia, which basically means that anyone can log on and add to or edit it. And they do. It has a stunning 1.5 million entries in 76 languages-and counting. Academics are upset by what they see as info anarchy. Loyal Wikipedians argue that collaboration improves articles over time, just as free open-source software like Linux and Firefox is more robust than for-profit competitors because thousands of amateur programmers get to look at the code and suggest changes. It’s the same principle that New Yorker writer James Surowiecki asserted in his best seller The Wisdom of Crowds: large groups of people are inherently smarter than an élite few.
Wikipedia is in the vanguard of a whole wave of wikis built on that idea. A wiki is a deceptively simple piece of software (little more than five lines of computer code) that you can download for free and use to make a website that can be edited by anyone you like. Need to solve a thorny business problem overnight and all members of your team are in different time zones? Start a wiki. In Silicon Valley, at least, wiki culture has already taken root.
Inspired by Wikipedia, a Silicon Valley start-up called Socialtext has helped set up wikis at a hundred companies, including Nokia and Kodak. Business wikis are being used for project management, mission statements and cross-company collaborations. Instead of e-mailing a vital Word document to your co-workers―and creating confusion about which version is the most up-to-date―you can now literally all be on the same page: as a wiki Web page, the document automatically reflects all changes by team members. Socialtext CEO Ross Mayfield claims that accelerates project cycles 25%. “A lot of people are afraid because they have to give up control over information,” he says. “But in the end, wikis foster trust.”
31. Why do many people think that Wikipedia has a “major security flaw”?
［A］ It has lots of bugs.
［B］ Because they don’t understand the concept of a wiki.
［C］ Because Jimmy Wales is not a computer expert.
［D］ Because a wiki is a simple computer code.
32. Why are many academics unhappy with the idea of a Wikipedia?
［A］ Because they don’t trust online encyclopaedias.
［B］ Because all information in Wikipedia is inherently unreliable.
［C］ Because they believe that certain information should not be available on the internet.
［D］ Because anyone can add or change the information in it.
33. Which of the following is NOT given as an advantage of a wiki?
［A］ You can choose who edits it.
［B］ Wiki software is free.
［C］ Any bugs in the code can be changed easily.
［D］ It’s easy to use.
34. Why do “wikis foster trust”?
［A］ Because the people who use it need to trust the information other users post on it.
［B］ Because they are used in business contexts.
［C］ Because they can be used in a wide variety of situations.
［D］ Because only trustworthy people use them.
35. What kind of reader is the article aimed at?
［A］ Computer specialists.
［B］ Academics who don’t like wikis.
［C］ Computer science students.
［D］ The general reader with an interest in computing.
Text 4
“How do I get into journalism?” is a question that almost anyone who works in this trade will have been asked by friends, godchildren, passing students and, in some cases, their parents. The answer, of course, is: “with difficulty”.
A breezily written new book by the writer, broadcaster and former editor of the Independent on Sunday, Kim Fletcher, recognises this. Its purpose, broadly, is to answer the question posed above, and to offer some tips on how to stay in journalism once you get there. Tenacity matters above all; and there’s a reason to be tenacious. Journalists now are arguably more professional, and certainly more sober, than in the hot metal days of old Fleet Street, but being a hack is still more fun than a barrel of monkeys. You get to have adventures and then write about them. As Fletcher says: “You would do it even if they didn’t pay you.”
Landing that job is a cat that can be skinned in dozens of ways. In the old days, you’d learn the trade as an indentured apprentice on a regional newspaper―working your way through the newsroom covering jam-making competitions and parish council meetings and, occasionally, bracing yourself for the grim task of the “death-knock”, where you interview the grieving parents of that week’s Tragic Tot, and trouser as many of their family photographs as you can. And thence, in some cases, to Fleet Street―though as Mr. Fletcher points out, nationals are not the be-all and end-all of journalism, and many extremely good hacks prefer to remain on local papers, or ply their trade happily in magazines.
考研英语阅读模拟练习题一：
When Ellen M. Roche， 24， volunteered for the asthma experiment， she didn't expect to benefit from it――except for the $365 she'd be paid. Unlike clinical trials， in which most patients hope that an experimental therapy will help them， this study was designed just to answer a basic question： how does the way a normal lung reacts to irritants shed light on how an asthmatic lung responds? To find out， scientists led by Dr. Alkis Togias of Johns Hopkins University had Roche and other healthy volunteers inhale a drug called hexamethonium. Almost immediately Roche began to cough and feel short of breath. Within weeks her lungs failed and her kidneys shut down. On June 2 Roche died――a death made more tragic by the possibility that it was preventable. Last week the federal Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) ruled that Hopkins's system for protecting human subjects is so flawed that virtually all its U.S.-supported research had to stop.
The worst part is that Hopkins， one of the nation's premier medical institutions， is not alone. Two years ago the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services warned that the system safeguarding human subjects is in danger of a meltdown. The boards that review proposed studies are overburdened， understaffed and shot through with conflicts of interest. Oversight is so porous that no one knows how many people volunteer to be human guinea pigs (21 million a year is an educated guess)， how many are hurt or how many die. “Thousands of deaths are never reported， and adverse events in the tens of thousands are not reported，” says Adil Shamoo， a member of the National Human Research Protections Advisory Committee and professor at the University of Maryland. Greg Koski， head of OHRP， has called the clinical-trials system “dysfunctional.”
The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating. After a three-day inspection last week， OHRP concluded that the Hopkins scientists failed to get information on the link between hexamethonium and lung toxicity， even though data were available via “routine” Internet searches and in textbooks. The drug is not approved for use in humans; the hexa-methonium Togias used was labeled [F]OR LABORATORY USE ONLY. The review board， OHRP charges， never asked for data on the safety of inhaled hexamethonium in people. The consent form that Roche signed states nowhere that hexamethonium is not approved by the FDA (the form describes it as a “medication”) and didn't warn about possible lung toxicity.
Hopkins itself concluded that the review board did not do all it could to protect the volunteers， and suspended all 10 of Togias's studies. Still， the university――whose $301 million in federal grants for 2，000 human studies made it the largest recipient of government research money last year――is seething. “Hopkins has had over 100 years of doing clinical trials，” says Dr. Edward Miller， CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine. “We have had one death in all of those years. We would have done anything in the world to prevent that death， but [suspending the studies] seems out of proportion.” Hopkins calls the shutdown of its experiments “unwarranted， unnecessary， paralyzing and precipitous.” OHRP is letting trials continue “where it is in the best interests” of subjects. The rest of the studies can resume once Hopkins submits a plan to restructure its system for protecting research subjects. How quickly that happens， says a government spokesman， depends on Hopkins.
注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 7/30/， p36;
注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象真题Text 1;
1. In the opening paragraph， the author introduces his topic by
[A]explaining a phenomenon
[B]justifying an assumption
[C]stating an incident
[D]making a comparison
2. The statement “The OHRP findings on Hopkins are nothing short of devastating.”(Line 1， Paragraph 3) implies that
[A]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too impressive.
[B]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too shocking.
[C]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too convincing.
[D]The OHRP findings on Hopkins are much too striking.
3. The main reasons for Roche‘s death are as following， except that _______.
[A]the protecting system hasn‘t been set up
[B]the review board has neglected their duty
[C]the research team was not responsible enough for its volunteers
[D]the possibility of lung toxicity was overlooked
4. The OHRP has found that
[A]Hopkins has loose control over the experiment.
[B]the volunteers knew nothing about the experiment.
[C]there is something wrong with every aspect of the experiment.
[D]there exist many hidden troubles in human subjects safeguarding system.
5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A]Hopkins had no fault in this accident.
[B]Hopkins seemed not to quite agree with The OHRP
[C]Togias's studies shouldn‘t be suspended.
[D]Hopkins wanted to begin their experiments as soon as possible.
答案：CBACB
练习题一：
Proponents of different jazz styles have always argued that their predecessor’s musical style did not include essential characteristics that define jazz as jazz. Thus, 1940''s swing was belittled by beboppers of the 1950''s who were themselves attacked by free jazzes of the 1960''s. The neoboppers of the 1980''s and 1990''s attacked almost everybody else. The titanic figure of Black saxophonist John Coltrane has complicated the arguments made by proponents of styles from bebop through neobop because in his own musical journey he drew from all those styles. His influence on all types of jazz was immeasurable. At the height of his popularity, Coltrane largely abandoned playing bebop, the style that had brought him fame, to explore the outer reaches of jazz.
Coltrane himself probably believed that the only essential characteristic of jazz was improvisation, the one constant in his journey from bebop to open-ended improvisations on modal, Indian, and African melodies. On the other hand, this dogged student and prodigious technician? D who insisted on spending hours each day practicing scales from theory books? D was never able to jettison completely the influence of bebop, with its fast and elaborate chains of notes and ornaments on melody.
Two stylistic characteristics shaped the way Coltrane played the tenor saxophone: he favored playing fast runs of notes built on a melody and depended on heavy, regularly accented beats. The first led Coltrane to sheets of sound” where he raced faster and faster, pile-driving notes into each other to suggest stacked harmonies. The second meant that his sense of rhythm was almost as close to rock as to bebop.
Three recordings illustrate Coltrane’s energizing explorations. Recording Kind of Blue with Miles Davis, Coltrane found himself outside bop, exploring modal melodies. Here he played surging, lengthy solos built largely around repeated motifs; an organizing principle unlike that of free jazz saxophone player Ornette Coleman, who modulated or altered melodies in his solos. On Giant Steps, Coltrane debuted as leader, introducing his own compositions. Here the sheets of sound, downbeat accents, repetitions, and great speed are part of each solo, and the variety of the shapes of his phrases is unique. Coltrane’s searching explorations produced solid achievement. My Favorite Things was another kind of watershed. Here Coltrane played the soprano saxophone, an instrument seldom used by jazz musicians. Musically, the results were astounding. With the soprano’s piping sound, ideas that had sounded dark and brooding acquired a feeling of giddy fantasy.
When Coltrane began recording for the Impulse! Label, he was still searching. His music became raucous, physical. His influence on rockers was enormous, including Jimi Hendrix, the rock guitarist, who, following Coltrane, raised the extended guitar solo using repeated motifs to a kind of rock art form.
The primary purpose of the text is to
[A] Discuss the place of Coltrane in the world of jazz and describe his musical explorations.
[B] Examine the nature of bebop and contrast it with improvisational jazz.
[C] Analyze the musical sources of Coltrane’s style and their influence on his work.
[D] Acknowledge the influence of Coltrane’s music on rock music and rock musicians.
Which of the following best describes the organization of the fourth paragraph?
[A] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned and illustrated with three specific examples.
[B] A thesis is stated and three examples are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the text.
[C] A thesis referred to earlier in the text is mentioned, and three examples are presented and ranked in order of their support of the thesis.
[D] A thesis is stated, three seemingly opposing examples are presented, and their underlying correspondence is explained.
练习题二：
Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science, but their form and function, their dimensions and appearance, were determined by technologists, artisans, designers, inventors, and engineers ?D using nonscientific modes of thought. Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in the mind by a visual, nonverbal process. In the development of Western technology, it has been nonverbal thinking, by and large, that has fixed the outlines and filled in the details of our material surroundings. Pyramids, cathedrals, and rockets exist not because of geometry or thermodynamics, but because they were first a picture in the minds of those who built them.
The creative shaping process of a technologist’s mind can be seen in nearly every artifact that exists. For example, in designing a diesel engine, a technologist might impress individual ways of nonverbal thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive sense of rightness and fitness. What would be the shape of the combustion chamber? Where should be valves be placed? Should it have a long or short piston? Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience, by physical requirements, by limitations of available space, and not least by a sense of form. Some decisions such as wall thickness and pin diameter may depend on scientific calculations, but the nonscientific component of design remains primary.
Design courses, then, should be an essential element in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thinking, a central mechanism in engineering design, involves perceptions, the stock-in-trade of the artist, not the scientist. Because perceptive processes are not assumed to entail hard thinking， nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal or mathematical thought. But it is paradoxical that when the staff of the Historic American Engineering Record wished to have drawings made of machines and isometric views of industrial processes for its historical record of American engineering, the only college students with the requisite abilities were not engineering students, but rather students attending architectural schools.
If courses in design, which in a strongly analytical engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving, are not provided, we can expect to encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems. For example, early models of high-speed railroad cars loaded with sophisticated controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because a fan sucked snow into the electrical system. Absurd random failures that plague automatic control systems are not merely trivial aberrations; they are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
1.In the text, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] Identifying the kinds of thinking that is used by technologists.
[B] Stressing the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design.
[C] Proposing a new role for nonscientific thinking in the development of technology.
[D] Contrasting the goals of engineers with those of technologists.
2. It can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are
[A] Strengthened when they include courses in design.
[B] Weakened by the substitution of physical science courses for courses designed to develop mathematical skills.
[C] Strong because nonverbal thinking is still emphasized by most of the courses.
[D] Strong despite the errors those graduates of such curricula have made in the development of automatic control systems.
3.Which of the following statements best illustrates the main point of the first two paragraphs of the text?
[A] When a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions, it is the technologist who is best equipped to repair it.
练习题三：
As Gilbert White，Darwin， and others observed long ago， all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult： some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly， with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainly correlated with the weather， and in other cases not.
To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns， one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is， rates of birth， death， and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters， with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.
This dichotomy has its uses， but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing， no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth， death， and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages， if there were no density-dependent effects， the population would， in the long run， either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。 Put another way， it may be that on average 99 percent of all deaths in a population arise from density-independent causes， and only one percent from factors varying with density. The factors making up the one percent may seem unimportant， and their cause may be correspondingly hard to determine. Yet， whether recognized or not， they will usually determine the long-term average population density.
In order to understand the nature of the ecologist''s investigation， we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the signal ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret， one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones， while the density-independent effects act to produce noise in the population dynamics. For populations that remain relatively constant， or that oscillate around repeated cycles， the signal can be fairly easily characterized and its effects described， even though the causative biological mechanism may remain unknown. For irregularly fluctuating populations， we are likely to have too few observations to have any hope of extracting the signal from the overwhelming noise. But it now seems clear that all populations are regulated by a mixture of density-dependent and density-independent effects in varying proportions.
1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with
[A] Discussing two categories of factors that control population growth and assessing their relative importance.
[B] Describing how growth rates in natural populations fluctuate over time and explaining why these changes occur.
[C] Proposing a hypothesis concerning population size and suggesting ways to test it.
[D] Posing a fundamental question about environmental factors in population growth and presenting some currently accepted answer.
2. It can be inferred from the text that the author considers the dichotomy discussed to be
[A] Applicable only to erratically fluctuating populations.
[B] instrumental， but only if its limitations are recognized.
[C] Dangerously misleading in most circumstances.
[D] A complete and sufficient way to account for observed phenomena.
练习题四：
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English ?D they would rather have stayed home ?D by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.
Bailyn's third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730's, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.
Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial North America is supported by information in the text?
[A] A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in acquiring land.
[B] Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers and artisans.
[C] Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than during the seventeenth century.
[D] By the 1730's,migrants already skilled in a trade were in more demand by American employers than were unskilled laborers.
The author of the text states that Bailyn failed to
[A] Give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political interdependence of the colonies and England.
[B] Describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic backgrounds preserved their culture in the United States.
练习题五：
Roger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work, for example, judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.
Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.
Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the facial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors?Second, how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable， coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.
Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works ?D yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomey’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.
1. The author of the text is primarily concerned with __________.
[A] Evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism.
[B] Comparing various critical approaches to a subject.
[C] Discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticism.
[D] Summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism.
2. The author of the text believes that Black Fiction would have been improved had Rosenblatt __________.
[A] Evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical aspects of Black fiction.
[B] Attempted to be more objective in his approach to novels and stories by Black authors.
[C] Explored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of Black fiction throughout its history.
[D] Assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically.
3.The author’s discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as __________.
[A] Pedantic and contentious.
练习题六：
The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the process of thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality; others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha! experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.
1. According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
[A] Speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.
[B] Identify a problem.
[C] Bring together disparate facts.
[D] Stipulate clear goals.
2. The text suggests which of the following about the writers on management mentioned in line 1, paragraph 2?
[A] They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
[B] They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
[C] They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
[D] They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
3. It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
[A] Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
1.考研英语阅读理解练习题
2.考研英语模拟练习题及答案解析
3.2016考研英语阅读模拟练习题
4.考研英语阅读理解备考练习题
5.考研英语阅读理解精读练习题
6.考研英语阅读理解巩固练习题
7.考研英语阅读理解模拟题
8.2016考研英语阅读理解模拟题
9.2017考研英语完型填空模拟练习题及答案
10.2017考研英语完形填空考前模拟练习题
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You have finished your college degree and are looking to start your career. Write a 100 word letter to a company you are interested in, applying for a job. Your letter should include:
1) a deion of your education to date;
2) relevant work experience; and
3) why you are interested in their company.
参考范文：
To Whom It May Concern:
I am a recent graduate of Peking University's English program. Throughout my time at PKU, I maintained a 4.0 grade point average, and was a member of many school clubs. Following my time at PKU I interned at Tobias Corp. I feel that I am highly qualified for the position available at your company. I am hardworking and dedicated to my tasks.
I am particularly interested in your company. I have been following your progress for quite some time, and also have talked to a number of your employees. Your company comes highly recommended by everyone I have spoken to about it.
Thank you for your time.
Yours truly,
Li Ming
Part B
52. Directions:
Write a 160-200 word essay based on the picture provided. Your essay should include:
1)a deion of the picture;
2)an interpretation of the meaning;
3)your suggestions for solving this problem.
参考范文：
The picture depicts a person dumping a nearly full plate of food into an overflowing trashcan, while the writing on the trashcan indicates that the value of food wasted on the dinner table in our country amounts to sixty billion RMB each year.
The cartoon implies that much of the waste could be avoided, as the trash includes an entire fish and an entire chicken. By showing one person throwing away most of his or her dinner, it places the responsibility for conservation squarely on individuals' shoulders, and by showing only the arms of the anonymous individual it implies that each and every one of us is responsible for the problem.
While it is true that individuals should take responsibility for the environment and conservation, I also believe that the government ought to implement programs to encourage and reward individuals for reducing the amount of waste that they produce. Only such a combination of individual action and government support will be effective in substantially reducing our waste and improving the environment.
考研英语 模拟练习把握三要素
到了考研冲刺的最后阶段，很多同学比较感兴趣的问题。在这个阶段模拟题是一定要做的。在模拟题做的过程中，其实也是很有学问。
首先，模拟题的选择。很多同学会问，现在是做比较难的题还是做比较简单的题。有的人主张做比较难的题，因为基于这样的一个理论，所谓平常练的难一些，在考场上如果看到比较简单的题目你就会有一个比较好的水平的发挥，这样讲是有一定的科学根据的。但是，它只适合于哪些同学呢?适合于水平比较高的同学。如果你估计自己的英语成绩在75分以上，就是你现在考研的英语目标在75分以上，你现在可以找一些比较难、比较怪、比较偏的题做。但是如果你的考研英语的要求只是过线，或者50分，或者60分，或者65分，我建议你首先一定要树立自己的信心，在做题的过程中怎么树立信心呢?要选择比真题稍微容易，或者和真题水平差不多的题目来做就可以了。
有同学说我怎么看这个题到底是比真题难还是比真题容易呢?很简单，你上来就先开始做，如果你觉得做着做着，你的文章也看不懂，写作也写不下去，你就把这套题放弃掉，它肯定比你平常练的真题、复习的真题难的，你再选一套题，如果你看这套套是比较容易的，你就把它做下来就可以了。这是第一点，选择题目要选择比较容易的题。
其次，做模拟题一定要成套做。有的同学做模拟题，阅读理解比如分四篇文章，分成周一、周二、周三、周四各做一篇，周五对一下答案，这样做是不行的。模拟题主要是练大家考场上做题的节奏以及你对于整体考试时候的时间把握。所以我建议大家一定要做模拟题一定要连着三个小时。因为我们考研英语的真正考试时间就是三个小时，而且这三个小时一定是要从下午的两点开始，因为考研英语考试的时间就是下午两点到五点这三个小时，一般建议大家去大学的自习室找一个位置坐下来，三个小时不要动，180分钟一口气从头到尾把所有的题目全都做下来。做完以后再对答案。这是第二点。
再次，关于对答案。这个答案怎么对。首先，你可能要算一下分，但是大家注意，没必要太过于注重分数的高低或者是分数的好坏。重点是对的`题你可以不看，但是你做错的题一定要仔细研究一下，再花三个小时左右的时间，把自己一套题目中凡是做错的地方都进行认真的分析。我们知道一套题目中，大家做错的地方一定代表的是你的知识盲点、知识的弱点，把这些东西补起来，会对于你的考试的成绩的提高有一个比较大的帮助。这就是关于做模拟题大家所需要注意的三个要素。
眼看十一长假就要到来了，同时，这也意味着考研的日子也越来越近了，考生的复习时间也越来越紧张，想要取得考研的成功，考生必须找到正确的复习方法，我们从英语的五部分入手，尝试寻找考研英语的正确复习方法。
阅读
英语的复习目前已经开始了阅读和写作的练习了，为什么要重点复习阅读和写作?
阅读的分值很高，40分。有20分是可以通过提高答题技巧得到的，还有16分是需要理解文章得到的。还有4分左右就要看考生的英语能力，对英语的感悟能力了。所以，阅读的提高也是有迹可循的。单词是基础，掌握答题技巧是关键，多接触英语是保障。
阅读中存在的问题：
有些同学，只听课不练习，或者光听课不预习，这样老师的讲课内容没有吸收就盲目去听新的课程了。于是，他们越听越觉得难，陷入了误区。阅读的学习是一定要练习的。
1、听课，听一下范猛老师对阅读的讲解。基础班没有听完的学员，继续听。听完基础班的学员，听强化班，之后听冲刺班。强化班是年头较近的`真题的 讲解，其中也有较有难度的真题。范猛老师对阅读的讲解被公认是全国最好的。你听他对真题的解析，多听一些，会让你有豁然开朗的感觉的。
2、听课之前一定要预习，不然效果要差很多。真题的解析涉及到的内容非常多，比如词汇、语法、长难句、文章的理解、答案的设置和干扰项的设置等 等，如果自己不事先预习，不让自己明白哪些地方自己没有搞懂，在听课的时候就没有目的，那么也就不会在意那个题目你的解答思路正确与否了。怎么预习呢?精 做考研真题阅读理解。做哪些年的呢?你就做老师在冲刺、强化会讲到的那些文章，不要全做，因为有些还是要留给你以后模拟的，特别是近几年的。关键问题是， 怎么精做呢?
精做1篇阅读真题都要做1个小时以上，(最好做老师基础班、强化班中讲到的真题)做到每一个单词都熟练掌握，每一个句子都深度理解，每一道题目为什 么选 B而不选C都有深度了解。就算自己没有清楚的弄懂，也要尽自己最大能力去揣摩。一定不要觉得烦和累，这个过程你的收获会很多的。一篇文章做题、对答案、分 析词汇、分析长难句、分析题目设置及选项设置，这样下来一共需要至少1小时。
所以，你目前做一个阅读一个小时是可以的啊，完全正确。干嘛要那么快呢!越快 就是越慢!做阅读最终的效果应该是：真正做到对每个问题为何这样问，每个选项为何这样出，尤其对一道题中的最模棱两可的两个选项认真分析，最后最好对于不 同问题有个总结。虽然这样的要求对于刚起步的你有点严格，但我们希望你应该以此为目标，在听基础班的时候注重词汇、长难句、语法的理解;体会真题文章的思 路;等这样的基础打牢后(1个月左右，希望时间可以更短)，再往真题的解题思路上靠拢。放心，刚开始的时候很麻烦，等待自己的词汇量越来越多，就越来越好 办了。精做对词汇的复习特别重要。另外，你可以泛读一些文章，同样对单词很有效果。
泛读：做到文章中的单词都认识，不认识的需查字典，文章中的长难句分析下，背景知识了解下，还有适当地积累各领域的专业用词，对你以后阅读此类文章特别有帮助。注意，泛读侧重了解文章讲了什么，培养阅读的语感，正确率没有太多的参考性。重点还是以分析真题阅读为主。
3、关于测试。
每一次预习中的做题都是对自己的测验，从9月份开始直到10月份，在做真题的过程中，最好要给自己卡时间做了。时间的安排上可以这样：阅读考试 中每篇用时大纲为 20分钟以内，翻译题一篇20分钟，完型15-20分钟，新题型20分钟，写作小作文10分钟，大作文30-40分钟。可以分项目卡时间做题。阅读就是每 一篇限时20分钟做题。然后再用40分钟-1小时的时间去分析。以后的题目，年代越近就要越认真。建议最近三年的真题阅读先不做(即09 年，，)，留待11月份再做(课程中老师也是这样要求的)。
2013考研英语阅读理解专项练习
Passage 1
In 1939 two brothers, Mac and Dick McDonald, started a drive-in restaurant in San Bernadino, California. They carefully chose a busy corner for their location. They had run their own businesses for years, first a theater, then a barbecue(烤肉)restaurant, and then another drive-in. But in their new operation, they offered a new, shortened menu: French fries, hamburgers, and sodas. To this small selection they added one new concept: quick service, no waiters or waitresses, and no tips.
Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents. Cheese was another four cents. Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity, for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparation of their food, and they insisted on their cooks' sticking to their routine. Their new drive-in became incredibly popular, particularly for lunch. People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime. The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers had allowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened. They were content with this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.
Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in 1954, when he was selling milk shake-mixing machines. He quickly saw the unique appeal of the brothers' fast-food restaurants and bought the right to franchise(特许经营)other copies of their restaurants. The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu. The equipment, even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门).
Today McDonald's is really a household name. Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers. In 1976, McDonald's had over $ 1 billion in total sales. Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.
1. This passage mainly talks about .
A) the development of fast food services
B) how McDonald's became a billion-dollar business
C) the business careers of Mac and Dick McDonald
D) Ray Kroc's business talent
2. Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except .
A) a drive-in
B) a cinema
C) a theater
D) a barbecue restaurant
3. We may infer from this passage that .
A)Mac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to Kroc
B)The location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-in
C)Forty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurants
D) Ray Kroc was a good businessman
4. The passage suggests that .
A) creativity is an important element of business success
B) Ray Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothers
C) Mac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc
D) California is the best place to go into business
5. As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph, the worduniquemeans .
A)special
B)financial
C )attractive
D)peculiar
Passage 1 答案
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D
Passage2
You're busy filling out the application form for a position you really need; let's assume you once actually completed a couple of years of college work or even that you completed your degree. Isn't it tempting to lie just a little, to claim on the form that your diploma represents a Harvard degree? Or that you finished an extra couple of years back at State University?
More and more people are turning to utter deception like this to land their job or to move ahead in their careers, for personnel officers, like most Americans, value degrees from famous schools. A job applicant may have a good education anyway, but he or she assumes that chances of being hired are better with a diploma from a well-known university. Registrars at most well-known colleges say theydeal with deceitful claims like these at the rate of aboutone per week.
Personnel officers do check up on degrees listed on application forms, then. If it turns out that an applicants lying, most colleges are reluctant to accuse the applicant directly. One Ivy League school calls them impostors(骗子); another refers to them asspecial cases. One well-known West Coast school, in perhaps the most delicate phrase of all, says that these claims are made byno such people.
To avoid outright(彻底的`)lies, some job-seekers claim that they attended or were associated with a college or university. After carefully checking, a personnel officer may discover that attending means being dismissed after one semester. It may be that being associated with a college means that the job-seeker visited his younger brother for a football weekend. One school that keeps records of false claims says that the practice dates back at least to the turn of the century-that's when they began keeping records, anyhow.
If you don't want to lie or even stretch the truth, there are companies that will sell you a phony(假的)diploma. One company, with offices in New York and on the West Coast, will put your name on a diploma from any number of non-existent colleges. The price begins at around twenty dollars for a diploma from Smoot State University.The prices increase rapidly for a degree from the University of Purdue. As there is no Smoot State and the real school in Indiana properly called Purdue University, the prices seem rather high for one sheet of paper.
1. The main idea of this passage is that .
A) employers are checking more closely on applicants now
B) lying about college degrees has become a widespread problem
C) college degrees can now be purchased easily
D) employers are no longer interested in college degrees
2. According to the passage, special cases refer to cases where .
A) students attend a school only part-time
B) students never attended a school they listed on their application
C) students purchase false degrees from commercial films
D) students attended a famous school
3. We can infer from the passage that.
A) performance is a better judge of ability that a college degree
B) experience is the best teacher
C) past work histories influence personnel officers more than degrees do
D) a degree from a famous school enables an applicant to gain advantage over others in job petition
4. This passage implies that.
A) buying a false degree is not moral
B) personnel officers only consider applicants from famousschools
C) most people lie on applications because they were dismissed from school
D) society should be greatly responsible for lying on applications
5. As used in the first line of the second paragraph, the word utter means .
A)address
B)thorough
C)ultimate
D)decisive
Passage 2 答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D 5.C
Passage 3
Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault (断层), which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?
Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed.
★ 中考英语模拟试卷
