下面是小编收集整理的雅思阅读关键词定位（共含8篇），供大家参考借鉴，欢迎大家分享。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“槑槑不呆”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
雅思阅读关键词定位
雅思阅读关键词定位真相1：心态紧张，视线模糊
烤鸭心理太紧张了，一味的追求速度，心理想着：快快快!我要比火箭快!于是，紧张的心理，模糊了视线，于是在考场上，阅读的文章，变成了介样：
烤鸭萌，你一紧张，阅读文章变成了介样，请问你怎么可能定位得粗来呢?所以，做阅读第一步，心态调整好，别那么紧张，阅读的速度其实，不用那么快的!刚开始定位第一题时可以稍稍慢点，没关系，或者看第一组题目，如果有好定位的题(出现特殊关键词)，可以优先定位好定位的题，然后再结合题文同序的原则定位。
在原词出现的情况下，特殊词定位，这一步一定要快且准确，快速锁定出题点，特殊词定位必须全拿下;
2)没有特殊词，名词定位，用有‘新意’的名词定位(具体课上会解释)。名词定位，如果长难句处理能力强的同学，去定位时：首先结合题文同序的原则，大致圈定出题点后，每个句子快速扫主语和宾语，因为主语和宾语基本都是名词，可以快速找到;如果烤鸭本身句子结构和成分掌握得不好的，那就‘硬扫’，把眼睛当成扫描仪，确保每个单词都看到，但是不用用脑去想每个单词的意思，直到快速扫到这个词为止。
雅思阅读关键词定位真相2：定位信息不要只停留在题目上，预测原文也可以定位
考试中一定有些题目，是烤鸭看到之后不知道怎么定位的，因为这样的题目，关键词太难画了。如下例：
例：What is the smallest species of Bovid called?
学生看到介个题目，内心是奔溃的。怎么定位呢?Bovid是文章主题词，文章多次重复出现，不具备定位的价值。找smallest species,文中压根木有出现啊。怎么定位呢?这个时候，其实可以预测答案和原文的形式，来定位。谈到一个物种的大小，要么就是说高度，要么就是说重量，是不是?所以，结合题文同序的原则，去文中快速锁定出现讲身高或是体重的地方，快速定位，预测一下看是不是出题点。文中符合这个特点的原文是：
This diversity of habitat is also matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal antelope of west Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the other, the massively built bisons of North America and Europe, growing to a shoulder height of 2.2m.(答案：royal antelope)
所以，烤鸭们，请记住通过预测答案在文中的信息和表现方式，也是可以定位的哦。
雅思阅读关键词定位真相3：定位不光是找某个词，学霸们的定位其实是在快速扫读原文
为什么要扫读原文?我刚刚讲过，考试时，关键词原词出现的题数大约是25-30题，看人品决定。原词出现的，你硬扫也要扫到关键词哦。但是，文中可能不只一个地方出现了关键词，所以要快速扫读出现了关键词的地方，快速提主干，理解大意，通过意思来确定是否是出题点。这就是我强调的，为什么题目要先读懂，再画关键词去定位，因为要通过意思才能确定是否是出题点，这是扫读的原因之一。
原因之二，考官在设置题目的时候，会划分难度，以来选拔不同程度的学生。所以，大约有10道题左右的题目，很难找到一样的关键词，只能通过意思，识别同义替换来定位。当然，这样的题目在定位时还是要结合题文同序的原则，先大概锁定出题点的大概段落，再去快速扫读句子，弄清大意，通过意思，通过识别同义替换来定位。雅思阅读中的同义替换也有几种情况，烤鸭们心里也需要门清的，阅读考试中，同义替换的有以下几种形式：
同义词组/近义词组互换
词性互转(如loss-lost, confidence-confident)
抽象具体/上下义词的同义替换(如fire fighting tools-- fire engine, helicopter等)
类似summary的高度总结和概括
(以上内容，请具体参阅‘雅思语言’那篇文章)
雅思阅读关键词定位最大真相：定位不到，其实就是实力有待提高，踏踏实实，提升实力
实力提升，需要词汇+长难句，有一定的词汇基础之后，更重要的是提升句子结构处理的能力，快速处理长难句的能力，并且看句子时，不要只是停留在英文的表面，要理解!理解!理解!理解就是反应出中文意思来。
烤鸭们，“路漫漫其修远兮，吾将上下而求索”。目光和志向定得长远些，不要想着，我今天学习，明天就要出成绩出结果。要想想，如果坚持学习，1个月后，3个月后，1年后的你会是什么样!加油!
雅思阅读模拟试题
This reading test contains 14 questions. You should spend about 20 minutes
on this task.
To make it more authentic, download the test and do it with pen and
paper.
Read the passage below and answer 14 questions.
Bird Body Language
A
Birds are becoming popular as pets, but unlike with more common pets,
owners of birds are often not familiar with the behavioural patterns of the
animal which allow them to recognise what the pet needs and wants. For example,
most of us can recognise the behaviour a dog exhibits when he is hungry or wants
attention, but how many of us know how birds go about showing the same feelings?
By learning about the behavioural patterns of birds, its owner can forge a
stronger relationship with his pet. Owners can learn how to read bird body
language, including movements of the eyes, wings, tail and beak. In addition,
the sounds the bird makes can also indicate the mood, desires, and requirements
of the pet.
B
A bird’s eyes are different from a human’s. While both birds and humans
have pupils and irises (the black and coloured parts respectively), birds have
the ability to control the size of their pupils by enlarging and reducing their
irises quickly. This behaviour, flashing, is something birds may do when they
are angry, interested, or frightened.
C
A bird also communicates through the use of their wings. A bird may lift or
open his wings as a sign of happiness. But if the bird starts opening and
closing their wings, it may signal anger or pain. If a bird fails to fold its
wings against its body, and instead lets them hang by their side, the bird may
be ill. Healthy adult birds will typically tuck their wings against their bodies
when they are at rest.
D Birds often use their tail feathers to communicate, so an understanding
of this behaviour will help the pet’s owner. A bird may move his tail from side
to side, called wagging, to express happiness (similar to dogs in behaviour and
meaning). Happiness is also the emotion expressed by other kinds of tail
movement, such as up and down. However, if a bird fans his tail feathers out, it
is usually a way to show anger or aggression.
E
While the bird’s beak is used mainly for eating and grooming, a bird may
also communicate by using beak movements. For example, a bird may click his beak
once as a greeting, and several clicks can be taken as a warning. Birds may
sometimes bite, but it is often difficult to determine the reason behind it –
birds bite as a way to defend territory, show anger or express fear.
F
Finally, the sounds a bird makes are very important in communication. Birds
use vocalisations to communicate with each other (and with their owners).
Singing is the sign of a happy bird, and many birds love to sing when others are
around. Birds may also purr, though this is not the same as a cat's purr. A
bird's purr sounds more like a low growl, and may indicate annoyance. Finally, a
bird may click his tongue against his beak, and this often indicates a desire to
be picked up and petted.
Questions
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Part of the body
Eyes
Wings
Wings
Wings
Tail
Tail
Beak
Beak
Movement
Rapid change ____(1)____ size of pupils, called ____(2)____
Wings in an ____(3)____ position
____(4)____ of wings
Wings ____(5)____
____(7)____ in any direction
Fanning out
One click
Several clicks Reason
Anger, interest
Contentment
Anger or pain
____(6)____
Happiness
Aggression
____(8)____
Warning
The Reading Passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet.NB You may
use any letter more than once.
9) Mentions behaviour connected to a bird’s state of health
10) Describes how birds say hello
11) Compares the behaviour of two different pets
12) Compares humans and birds
13) Discusses the importance of learning about bird behaviour
14) Describes how birds indicate they want physical contact
参考答案
Answers
1) in
2) flashing
3) open
4) movement
5) hanging down / at side
6) illness
7) wagging / movement
8) greeting
9) C
10) E
11) D/F
12) B
13) A
14) F
雅思听力关键词怎么定位
首先，雅思题型大体以填空题和选择题为主，我们来按照题型逐一讲解。
填空题关键词定位
1. 注意限定词。此处的限定词又可分为以下几种：
(1)时间限定。就是题目中给的一个特定的时间或者包含时间的短语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3 Section 4的31题：
By , carbon dioxide emissions need to be ____ lower than in 1990.
这道题目中出现了两个时间，那么2008首先就成为首要目标。只要听力原文中念出了2008，那么意味着答案已经不远了。同样的在Cambridge 7 Test 4 Section 4的37题：In 1908, Kikunae Ikeda discovered a ____.
这道题目中很多背景单词是比较难的，学生发现比较生疏，但是学生可以不用听懂，同学们只要定位到1908，那么答案就随之而来啦。
(2)地点限定。也就是题目中出现的大写的地点名词。比如 Cambridge 4 Test 2 Section 4的37题：
Average daily requirement for an adult in Antarctica is approximately____ kilocalories.
在这道题目中，学生必须注意的就是Antarctica这个地点限制，要不然就会掉入雅思的陷阱中。因为题目中首先出现了一个1700 kilocalories，稍微不注意的学生就会赶紧写上去，但是这个数字却是UK的。
(3)专有名词和数字限定。就是指题目中出现的任何大写的单词和数字。因为这类词在题目中会非常显眼而且在听力原文中不会被替换掉，所以这类词就充当了指向标的功能。希望学生能够把握住。
(4)程度限定。就是题目中出现的一些程度副词，比如形容词的。Cambridge 5 Test 2 Section 4中有一句话：world’s highest, coldest and windiest continent. 在这句话中学生是最好抓关键词的，只听三个的词，因为它们不会被替换掉。其它程度限定词还有比如：originally, the most…, only…, the main purpose等等。
2. 主谓宾划分。
其实剑桥中很多题目没有明显的指向标，在这种情况下，学生一定要抓住题干中的主谓宾，尤其是主语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3 Section 4的33题：
People say that one problem is a lack of ‘____’ sites for household waste.
我们可以通过划分主谓宾化繁为简。题干中明显的主语是problem, 问题是lack什么，划出这两个词其他不用看就可以等答案了。另外一道比如Cambridge 8 Test 2 Section 3的30题：
The benefit of this research is that the result is more ____ than searching for live Asian bees.
此题中无关信息很多，我们要火眼金睛地定位到主语就是benefit, 等着后面出现形容词即可。
填空题中关键词很重要，但是另外一条真理就是，所要求填的空附近的关键词学生必须知道什么意思，并且熟知其替换词。否则，即使你知道哪个是关键词，不知道什么意思也是徒劳无功，无力回天。
其实，当学生发现填空题不再是难题的时候，说明听力水平大约就已经达到5.5分或以上了。这时候才发现更凶悍的选择题才是听力中的狠角色。
助你拿到雅思听力8分的11个秘诀
1.平时听力训练听BBC NEWS的重要性
我给大家推荐一个听力网址www.listeningexpress.com，这里有很多BBC NEWS免费下载，为了练习听力我专门买了一个MP3，经常下载很多听力资料，早上起床后练习。第一遍听，把大意听出来，第二遍听就把headline等细节写出来，第三遍听就要把一些关键的完整句子写出来。一开始听我总是要听五六遍才能完全听懂，不过经过反复的练习，很快就会提高了。
2.做听力一定要专注
有的同学喜欢一般洗衣服或者做其他事情的时候听英语，我觉得这个习惯不太好。因为久而久之，等你真正做雅思听力的时候，你就不会那么专注了。应该在一个安静的环境下，拿一个笔记本，全神贯注地听，并且一边记录关键信息。
3.速记能力和技巧也很重要
我想速记能力也是非常重要的，因为做听力经常会你听到一个信息，赶快写下来，但是当你写完的时候就发现下面一个信息已经错过了。平时就应该多练习速记的能力，比如听BBC的时候就多尝试把一个关键句全部写下来。写字要快，多练习一下英语的连笔书写也不错。
另外，我建议听到一个信息的时候只写开头两个字母或者它的简写就可以了，接着马上听下一个信息。不过有时候一句话要求你填两个紧挨着的信心时，最好就是听完整这句话后再把两个信息写上去。
4.一定要细心
有的人英语听力能力是很强的，但雅思听力却拿不了高分，主要是不够细致。雅思听力不但是考你的听力能力，还是考你的细心程度。刚开始做的时候我就经常犯低级错误，比如单复数、大小写、前后搭配等等。这些错误很不应该，一定要尽力避免。建议大家抄答案到答题卡上面的时候，一定要留意检查以下的细节问题：
a.单复数问题 听录音的时候就要仔细听是不是有s的，比如Computer Disks,Families等等。还有就是看看前后搭配，比如____of words，那么这个空就应该对应的是meanings而不是meaning。另外就是表格题的单复数，要对照一下横排和竖排，看看同行同列的单词特征，是不是都是有单复数的。
b.数字 要听清是pounds还是dollars，有时候这些小问题很容易忽视的。小心听到分数如one thirds1/3，a quarter1/4等。还有时候听写数字中间会出现字母，这种题要特别小心，如36D，可能会听成thirty sixty，听到这样奇怪的数字时就要想想可能会是有字母穿插在里面。听长的数字时，如12300，12thousand and three hundred，一时反应不过来，可以先简单记成12th3h，等抄答案的时候再写成数字。
c. 大小写以及格式 一般来说大写的就是地名、人命、Subject名称、职位名称(如Supporter Tutor)等等，但是有时候填表的时候也要特别留心看同行同列的是否也是大写，这样你的答案也要保持一样的格式。另外还要注意看同行同列的单词时态和形式，如题目的列标题是benefits，其中一个benefit给出“air more pleasant”，那么第二个你就不能写成“reduce the fire risks”，而应该写成“fire risks reduced”
d.前后搭配 要细心看清楚前后单词、时态是否和你所填的单词搭配。比如题目___ancient China，那么空应该填used in而不是used by;但是如果题目是__ancient Chinese，那么空应该填used by而不是used in。
5.注意转折
雅思听力很狡猾的，经常前面说了一个答案，后面又马上改口，所以一定留意but,however这些词，或者有时候先说一种方案，然后马上又说probably it is better to...那么答案又变成后面这个了。另外注意一些转话题的关键词如so,now，这意味着可能要讲下一题的信息了。
6.不要逗留犹豫
可能你会经常遇到这样的情况，突然有一个题目没有听清楚，这时候千万不要慌张，不要犹豫在这条题目上，应该把你听到的零星的信息随便写一点在题目旁边，接着马上转到下一题。等所有听力做完了，回头抄答案的时候再根据你记录到的一点信息分析哪一个答案最有可能。如果逗留犹豫在那条题目上可能会导致你后面的几条题目的信息都错过了。
7.做方位题目的技巧
这个技巧是李开云老师教我们的，在碰到方位选择题时，直接就在选项A上面的图做箭头标志，再根据最后确定的地址选择正确的选项。如果当听到第一个TURN RIGHT时，就马上四个选项比较来看，可能会导致漏听了后面的信息。所以最好选定A项的图，听到turn left马上画一个转左的方向，紧接着他说转哪里，你就马上跟着着画什么方向。
8.关于使用机经
我是不赞成背51雅思机经的。我们不应该把雅思看成是一种应付式的考试，而应该把他看成一个引导我们提高英语水平的测试。在一个多月准备雅思的历程中，我感觉我的英语能力真的是有了一个很大的飞跃。而且如果你只是因为背了机经拿到了听力高分，只是自欺欺人，以后你到国外，你会觉得更辛苦。机经的内容我几乎不看，只是快速地浏览有没有不认识的单词，有的话全部记录到自己的本子上，有空就拿出来背，或者和朋友互相听写。经常听写错的单词就要反复记反复听写，一直到写对为止。
9.双题原则
这个也是李老师教的。做题目要两题两题地看，因为有可能你第一题的信息漏掉了，但是你却听到了与第二题有关的信息，这时候就赶快转到第二题。
10.保持良好的状态
听力和口语一样，是要天天练，天天听的，不然就很容易“生锈”。剑桥雅思套题听力不要太早做，这些珍贵的教材最好就是留到考前三个星期做，让你保持在一个最好的状态。到考试那天也要听，可以早一点进入考场带上耳机试听录音，让自己在考前达到一个很好的状态。
11.总结的必要性
很多人做完听力对完答案就算了，可是我做一篇听力总要花上一个小时的时间。半个小时做听力，另外半小时不但用来改错，而且要把错的地方重新听一次，找出自己没有听对的原因，如果还是不知道原因就翻看录音原文(不要一看到答案错了就马上看录音原文)。然后我会做两个总结，一个总结是把错误归类(如单复数错误、前后搭配错误)，另外一个总结是把自己拼错的单词或者不会写的单词记下来。这两个总结，我在考前进入考场我都会拿来看，非常有效，会在脑里时刻提醒自己不要再犯。
雅思听力考前三个月的学习计划表
在雅思考试中，听力部分通常是最先测试的部分。由于其语速较快，内容较多，题型复杂，常成为考生的心头之痛。 因此听力得分的优劣很大程度上决定了考生继续后几个部分时的心情， 很多考生在听力没有做好的情况下，就“自暴自弃”地对付后面的阅读和写作，从而并没有达到检验自己英语水平的真实目的。怎样应对雅思听力也就成了广大考生的当务之急。
任何希望在听力部分得到6分以上的雅思考生，在开始准备复习雅思之前，一定要认真的检查自己的词汇量，发音和语法基础。这三项是听力考试的基础，词汇量应该达到5000左右，发音应基本准确(可以通过给自己录音并对比标准磁带检查)，语法可以通过阅读和翻译来检查。
建议基础不太好的考生一定要在前期把大量时间花在这三项上。时间长短因人而异。不要图多快好省，那样只能建空中楼阁。
离考试还有三个月左右的时间，上一个雅思培训班，了解雅思听力的来龙去脉雅思的听力与别的考试完全不同。(当然，巨牛的学生可以自己买本书了解雅思，但下面的事情还是要做的哦)。
离考试还有两个月左右，每天坚持精听1个小时左右，泛听半个小时左右。
离考试还有一个月左右，每周坚持做两套雅思听力题目，并分析错误原因。
离考试还有一周左右，每天坚持做一套雅思听力题目，同时还要精泛听结合练习。
离考试还有一天，不做题了，只听休闲的英语节目。
考试当天，把前面积累的所有东东全部释放出来。
考完之后的周一，休息一天，把雅思听力忘得一干二净。
考完之后的周二，每天坚持练习听力1个小时左右，多听生活化的内容，为将来的国外生活做准备，坚持到出国。出国后…我就管不了了，只要不是在日本，新加坡和印度等集英语发音极烂之大成的地区，爱听什么就听什么，反正身边的老外都是听力磁带。
雅思听力推荐基础练习和套题练习
听力材料不需买太多，而是在于其高效率的使用
基础练习+套题练习，平衡练习
每天30分钟足矣
基础练习：
可以以英语初、中级听力(Listen to this)为蓝本
40道内对20道以下----初级听力
40道内对20道以上----中级听力
注：可以反复循环练习，用铅笔填写
套题练习：
力荐剑桥7、8册，在市场上是与真题最为接近的
注：不是听完了就对答案，而是要通过反复听还是无法判断后再看答案
注意剑桥题上出现过的单词，都是你要背的重点
再有：千万不要晚上睡觉前听哟!!
关键词很关键!托福阅读关键词定位方法
一.托福阅读关键词定位
托福考试每篇文章的字数都是在700字左右，可以说是密密麻麻的一片，英语字母，看得小站君是头都大了，为了让大伙更上一层楼，小站君只能忍着，只能一点一点给大家解释了。考生们在考试的时候，可以分段来看整篇文章，而且，很多考生看文章看懂了，但是题目就是错了，这也很正常的，在阅读的时候，一定要抓住关键词，抓不住关键词，那就很难在做题的时候做对，或者花更少的时间。想要抓好关键词，得要做到：1)看逻辑信号词;2)读句子的时候一定要牢记看主干。
二.托福阅读关键词定位实例讲解
下面，小站君就来举例说明了，举的例子就是托福官方真题Official25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping：
官方真题Official25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：
Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.
在快速阅读这个段落的时候我们要找的关键词是：逻辑信号词—如段落中所标示的first， but， this… 我们不难发现这些信号词所在的句子基本都是解题的信息点。那么在做题定位时不妨多加留意。当然，抓住这些关键词并不难，难在理解。接下来我们就来看看理解这些句子时的关键词。每段话的首句是必定要读的。这是包含了一个定语从句的复杂句。先看到核心词changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。这篇文章接下来具体要写的内容就展露无遗，也就是威尼斯船业和贸易的变迁。
First，这当然是开始写shipping的标志了。我们一直强调句子要读主干，那么简单地看这个句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心词很显然是lost，也对应了整篇文章的主题 decline. 接下来两句写到了15和16世纪遇到的船员难招的问题。冒号的出现，阅读冒号之前的内容there was little problem;到下一句，这句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到这里意思应该已经一目了然了，就是讲威尼斯船业在招聘船员方面所遭遇的变迁：little problem—not serious —greater problem。刚才我们讲了文章阅读部分要抓关键词，其实我们在阅读题目和选项时也是需要寻找关键词的。有些题目的选项是比较长的，四个选项看上去也差不多一段话了，所以一定要抓住关键词判断才行，如否定词、比较词和并列词。这些是快速浏览选项的第一步。再次也要看到题干和每个选项中能让我们快速定位到原文的关键词。
托福阅读备考的三大关键
第一，词汇
从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有“葵花宝典”在手，也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。
第二，通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法--即所谓的阅读技巧
TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。
第三，解题训练
排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上，这种方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。
托福阅读背景知识之始祖鸟
古生物学是生命科学和地球科学汇合的交叉科学。既是生命科学中唯.具有历史科学性质的时间尺度的一个独特分支，研究生命起源、发展历史、生物宏观进化等历史生物学的重要基础和组成部分：又是地球科学的一个分支，研究保存在地层中的生物遗体、遗迹、化石，用以确定地层的顺序、时代，了解古生物的发展历史，推断地质史上水陆分布、气候变迁和沉积矿产形成与分布的规律。
托福阅读机经要点：
(1)始祖鸟的化石保存得十分完整。
(2)动物学家认为始祖鸟属于鸟类。
(3)古生物学家认为始祖鸟属于恐龙。
(4)教授更赞成古生物学家的观点。
背景拓展：
(一)始祖鸟化石
始祖鸟化石都是在德国的巴伐利亚州的石灰岩层中发现的，距现在已有1.5亿年了，这些化石被证明为始祖鸟。这些化石上有清晰的羽毛印痕，而且分为初级和次级飞羽，还有尾羽。它的前肢退化成飞行的翅膀，后足。有4个趾，三前一后;锁骨愈合成叉骨，趾骨向后伸长。这些特征都与现代鸟类根似。但奇怪的是，它的嘴里长着牙齿，翅膀尖上长着三个指爪;掌骨和趾骨都是分离的，还有一条由许多节分离的尾椎骨构成的长尾巴，这些特点又和爬行类动物极为相似。
(二)始祖鸟的分类
始祖鸟之所以得这个名字是因为它是迄今发现的最古老的鸟，化石显示，它有锯齿状的牙齿及和恐龙一样的骨骼，这一点虽然与现代鸟类完全不同，但当时之所以把它称为“鸟”，是因为化石显示它长有羽毛。
根据最新出版的《科学》杂志报道，古生物学家通过对最新发现的一块始祖鸟的化石进行研究后发现，始祖鸟其实更接近于两条腿的食肉恐龙，而不像现代意义上的鸟。以前科学家找到了九块始祖鸟的化石，这是第十块，但这块化石是保存最完整的一块，它来自于大约一亿五千万年前的现德国巴伐利亚地区，主持这项研究的是德国法兰克福Sebc-jebberg研究院的Gerald Mayr教授，他利用：计算机模式复原后发现，新化石中的大脚趾并非像原来认为的始祖鸟的脚趾那样是逆翻着的，现代鸟的脚趾都是逆翻着的，因为只有这样才能确保鸟平稳地站在细细的枝桠上;不仅这一点与现代鸟不同，它的第二个脚趾是延展的，这一点更是兽脚亚目食肉恐龙的主要特征;而且其头部有一块被称为颚骨的头骨，这一点也与许多两脚恐龙相似。
词汇预测：
dinosaur，n.恐龙
fossil，n.化石
feather，n.羽毛
tails，n.尾巴
zoologist，n.动物学家
paleontologist，n.古生物学家
archaeopteryx，n.始祖鸟
备考托福阅读应以高分为目的
一、托福阅读的文体多为学术类文章，所考察的能力包括：
理解层面是：
1. 分清段落结构，读懂特定信息在全文中的作用的能力
2. 提炼中心思想的能力
3. 从概念多、语言复杂的段落中整合信息，提取观点的能力
所以不要上来就全文不错字眼的，无目的的通通读完。我们亲身的经验是，即使是这样读完了，我们在考试的高度紧张下，一般也是啥也记不住啊~~。所以要练习“跳读”的能力，并端正读全文的目的---不在于啥都记下来，而是只记住结构就好了(就这个能力我们也还要练习呢~)。
语言层面是：
1. 对学术类词汇和语法结构的掌握
由于考试中会涉及一些我们十分不熟悉的内容，因而在专业背景知识缺失的情况下，会导致文章意思把握的不清晰。因而建议备考时运用依学科分类进行归纳的词汇进行学习，从而提高阅读的理解度和阅读速度。
再有就是要攻克“难句”。但要提示的是这个部分不是什么太重要的内容，要知道托福的文章中难句相对还是初级的，出现频率相对是少的。比起GMAT这些考试，托福难句方面可是“小巫见大巫”，给我们留足了面子。
二、相对应的，中国考生的普遍问题在于
语言理解方面：
1. 对高阶词汇的理解有偏差
2. 对于从概念密集，或者有高阶词汇的段落中整合信息，提取观点感到困难
文意理解方面：
1. 对于信息表述不明确的段落，很难分清段落结构，或推断该信息在全文中的作用
2. 很难从概念密集的段落中提炼段落中心意思
解题方面：
1. 文章信息理解的准确度
2. 题支理解的准确度
例如：THE SPECIAL SPECIES CAME FROM PARTICULAR AREA BY PARTICULER MEAN.这个句子的准确理解就是“这些特殊的物种是通过特殊方法进行特殊区域的”，其在表述中强调了“PARTICULAR”。因而仅读出“这些物种是通过一些方式进入这些区域的”是明显有差距的。
三、对于考生的阅读问题，建议通过以下方法来提高阅读能力：
1. 多读学术类文章，研究其段落和整体布局的特点。
●注意文章是如何通过支持性描述、举例来支持段落分观点和全文中心思想的
●读完全文后，给全文列提纲，测试你对文章结构的理解
●一定注意所谓提纲，不仅仅是流水账，要严格要求自己就运用1~2句话进行每段落的总结和中心思想的总结，并提醒要能够从提纲的信息中看出段落和中心间的支持关系!
●练习作综述(口头)
●在20秒内读完一段后，马上作该段的综述;在读完全文后，马上作全文的综述
●注意你的综述要反映出文章的结构。(比如各个段落和中心的联系是什么，各个段子中都提及到了什么信息，这些信息对于段意的表达有怎样的支撑作用。)
2. 在运用过程中扩充词汇量(不要通过背词汇书的方式)，形成系统记忆生词的习惯
●阅读中遇到生词时，先从上下文推测它的意思，然后查英英字典，最后查中文字典
●把积累的生词按主题分类，意思相近的生词一起记忆
●借助词根、前缀、后缀记忆
●联想记忆：举出其近义词、反义词;也可借助同义词词典、搭配词语词典
【雅思听力最强技】听力关键词定位技巧实例讲解 包教包会!
1. 注意限定词。此处的限定词又可分为以下几种：
(1)时间限定。就是题目中给的一个特定的时间或者包含时间的短语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3Section 4的31题：
By, carbon dioxide emissions need to be ____ lower than in 1990.
这道题目中出现了两个时间，那么2008首先就成为首要目标。只要听力原文中念出了2008，那么意味着答案已经不远了。同样的在Cambridge 7 Test 4Section 4的37题：In1908, Kikunae Ikeda discovered a ____.
这道题目中很多背景单词是比较难的，学生发现比较生疏，但是学生可以不用听懂，只要定位到1908，那么答案就随之而来啦。
(2)地点限定。也就是题目中出现的大写的地点名词。比如Cambridge 4 Test 2 Section 4的37题：
Averagedaily requirement for an adult in Antarctica is approximately____ kilocalories.
在这道题目中，学生必须注意的就是Antarctica这个地点限制，要不然就会掉入雅思的陷阱中。因为题目中首先出现了一个1700kilocalories, 稍微不注意的学生就会赶紧写上去，但是这个数字却是UK的。
(3)专有名词和数字限定。就是指题目中出现的任何大写的单词和数字。因为这类词在题目中会非常显眼而且在听力原文中不会被替换掉，所以这类词就充当了指向标的功能。希望学生能够把握住。
(4)程度限定。就是题目中出现的一些程度副词，比如形容词的最高级。Cambridge5 Test 2 Section 4中有一句话：world’shighest, coldest and windiest continent. 在这句话中学生是最好抓关键词的，只听三个最高级的词，因为它们不会被替换掉。其它程度限定词还有比如：originally, the most…, only…, the main purpose等等。
2.主谓宾划分。
其实剑桥中很多题目没有明显的指向标，在这种情况下，学生一定要抓住题干中的主谓宾，尤其是主语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3 Section 4的33题：
People say that oneproblem is a lack of ‘____’ sites for household waste.
我们可以通过划分主谓宾化繁为简。题干中明显的主语是problem, 问题是lack什么，划出这两个词其他不用看就可以等答案了。另外一道比如Cambridge 8 Test 2Section 3的30题：
The benefit of thisresearch is that the result is more ____ than searching for live Asian bees.
此题中无关信息很多，我们要火眼金睛地定位到主语就是benefit, 等着后面出现形容词即可。
填空题中关键词很重要，但是另外一条真理就是，所要求填的空附近的关键词学生必须知道什么意思，并且熟知其替换词。否则，即使你知道哪个是关键词，不知道什么意思也是徒劳无功，无力回天。
其实，当学生发现填空题不再是难题的时候，说明听力水平大约就已经达到5.5分或以上了。这时候才发现更凶悍的选择题才是听力中的狠角色。
选择题的关键词定位
1. 注意限定词。此处的限定词又可分为以下几种：
(1)时间限定。就是题目中给的一个特定的时间或者包含时间的短语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3Section 4的31题：
By2008, carbon dioxide emissions need to be ____ lower than in 1990.
这道题目中出现了两个时间，那么2008首先就成为首要目标。只要听力原文中念出了2008，那么意味着答案已经不远了。同样的在Cambridge 7 Test 4Section 4的37题：In1908, Kikunae Ikeda discovered a ____.
这道题目中很多背景单词是比较难的，学生发现比较生疏，但是学生可以不用听懂，只要定位到1908，那么答案就随之而来啦。
(2)地点限定。也就是题目中出现的大写的地点名词。比如Cambridge 4 Test 2 Section 4的37题：
Averagedaily requirement for an adult in Antarctica is approximately____ kilocalories.
在这道题目中，学生必须注意的就是Antarctica这个地点限制，要不然就会掉入雅思的陷阱中。因为题目中首先出现了一个1700kilocalories, 稍微不注意的学生就会赶紧写上去，但是这个数字却是UK的。
(3)专有名词和数字限定。就是指题目中出现的任何大写的单词和数字。因为这类词在题目中会非常显眼而且在听力原文中不会被替换掉，所以这类词就充当了指向标的功能。希望学生能够把握住。
(4)程度限定。就是题目中出现的一些程度副词，比如形容词的最高级。Cambridge5 Test 2 Section 4中有一句话：world’shighest, coldest and windiest continent. 在这句话中学生是最好抓关键词的，只听三个最高级的词，因为它们不会被替换掉。其它程度限定词还有比如：originally, the most…, only…, the main purpose等等。
2.主谓宾划分。
其实剑桥中很多题目没有明显的指向标，在这种情况下，学生一定要抓住题干中的主谓宾，尤其是主语。比如Cambridge 5 Test 3 Section 4的33题：
People say that oneproblem is a lack of ‘____’ sites for household waste.
我们可以通过划分主谓宾化繁为简。题干中明显的主语是problem, 问题是lack什么，划出这两个词其他不用看就可以等答案了。另外一道比如Cambridge 8 Test 2Section 3的30题：
The benefit of thisresearch is that the result is more ____ than searching for live Asian bees.
此题中无关信息很多，我们要火眼金睛地定位到主语就是benefit, 等着后面出现形容词即可。
填空题中关键词很重要，但是另外一条真理就是，所要求填的空附近的关键词学生必须知道什么意思，并且熟知其替换词。否则，即使你知道哪个是关键词，不知道什么意思也是徒劳无功，无力回天。
其实，当学生发现填空题不再是难题的时候，说明听力水平大约就已经达到5.5分或以上了。这时候才发现更凶悍的选择题才是听力中的狠角色。以上就是针对不同题型的通过关键词定位到答案的方法，小站老师希望大家都能学以致用。祝大家考试顺利!
雅思听力大范围预测：Section Three
Section 3
场景：回校再学习的咨询 A woman what go BACK TO STUDY, library information.
题型：填空
参考答案：
21-26) Completion
21. Compared with the past when they searched books by card catalogue(s) (that was printed card on books and titles)
22. current Course catalogue是什么? computer
23. It's about the journal, but it's about books above, and journals are different. Look for × in a private library. It has a printed list
24. Where could they find it, it is not in the library? 如果图书馆没有,可以去什么地方找? British Library and other university
(和 they could borrow from other universities’ library because the British Library is connected with them on line.)
25. Librarian will provide photocopy of article 一份复印件
26. If you are graduate student, discount and subsidize will be ￡10 free vouchersand also save time.
场景：缺课女生找导师咨询学习进度
题型：填空
参考答案：
21-25) Completion: write one word ONLY for each answer
21. one student wants to major in Economics (Economics, drop the S, is a mistake, but the trap is that she said in this term she chose accounting, international business and another course)
22. She thinks the statistics(统计学) is difficult, but it is compulsory.(必修)
23. If withdraw(退订) statistics, this course would be recorded to academic record.
24. Why does the girl think statistics is difficult, because she has difficulties to understand the basic ideas.
25. The teacher suggests students regard the course Statics as a challenge.
26-30) Table Completion There are many ways to improve the study
26. go to ask the secretary (教学秘书)
27. administration office
28. to meet class representative
29. a postgraduate student
30. in the computer centre
场景：男女教师间的讨论 A man and a woman (both are teachers) are talking.
题型：填空+匹配
参考答案：
21-22) Completion
What does the man satisfied with about the course this semester?
(The woman asks the man)
21. Course: topic is well organized and Next term: don't have the Writing’s Museum
22. trip during the time
Then they are talking about something they are not satisfied with the man give some advise on how to solve and improve them.
23-26) Matching About the facilities in the school
A. definitely have in next courses
B. it possible will have
C. it does not to be done at all/definitely not
23. find large rooms (Classroom size) -- A do next time
(About this the man says the classroom is too small and crowded. It's dangerous. The woman agrees with that and should report this).
24. discussion group: B (It is suggested that students have to be there, the woman says she’s not sure and has to ask the Dean’s office so choose “Not sure when it can be changed.”)
25. use of library system A (It’s certain they are going to do it next term.)
26. individual talk with other countries students C
The following is two students discussing about how to assess the score of the final test.
场景：两个人谈论他们关于化妆品的消费人群做的调查结果
题型：单选+填空+匹配
参考答案：
21-22) Multiple Choices
1. What inspired them to choose this topic?
A. inspire by an article (女的说 from magazine)
B. suggested by a lecture
C. after an assignment being done
2. The amount of different age group which uses the cosmetics. 选 C
陷阱: She thought people between 21-30 should be more than that of over 30, but to her surprise, it was the opposite.
年轻的(小于20的)最多,然后年老的(大于30岁的),最后中年的(21-30)。
23-26) Completions
The woman tells the man what they really care about? 女的他们都关心哪些间题
23. low price of the product
24. size (of container)
25. fashion
26. smell
27-30) Matching
A. interview (原文说face to face)
B. questionnaire 问卷
C. Verbalization 口述
27. impact of environment —C
28. shopping pattern & habit—A
29. advertising—B (written)
30. brand loyalty —A (then, we wanted to do it by interview but finally we finish it by verbalization)
场景：UK Bee Research英国蜜蜂研究
题型：单选+匹配
参考答案：
21-26)Multiple Choices
21. what is the bee hive look live on the picture?
A. nursery
B. factory
C. home
22. what do they think of the bee smell?
A. It’s a method of social communication
B. It’s better than taste
C. It can detect danger
23. What should be further discussed in the presentation?
A. factors caused the decline of bee population
24. How to present the research to the audience?
A. video
B. quiz (not interested in it)
C. bee equipment
25. Which part of the presentation should be improved?
A. layout of the research report (structure)
B. background knowledge
C. communication with audience
26. What should be additions the report?
B. the influence of bee to city economy
27-30) Matching
27. Asian Bee—effective
28. Vanguard Bee—can be safety used in all equipment
29. Blue-ribbon Bee—available anywhere
30. Bee—can be used in any condition
雅思听力大范围预测：Section Four
场景：垂直农业vertical farming—inside farming
题型：填空
参考答案：
31.农业的这个过程需要更多水和___The process on farm needs more water andirrigation.
32.种植庄稼还有运输需要很多的___,非常昂贵，不经济实惠 plant corps and transport which needs more oil, very pricy, not economical.
33. 主要的好处是增加了获得___的可能性 major advantage: the increase availability offood.
34.稳定的___是必须 Need constant temperature, which is a must.
35. 对于野生动物来说，___ 消失 ，野生动物数量减少To wildlife animals:Cause habitatlosses for wildlife animals，declined population
36.___里营养物质的减少 Loss of nutrient in the soil (同义替换 degradation)
37.室内种植或多或少(few or less)减少___的风险 ,不出现___reduce the risk of disease, not produce pesticides.
38.很大程度的水土流失是因为___造成的 great erosion was caused by floods
39. ___能源是可信赖的，solar energy is reliable(wind是干扰选项)
40…的种植需要特定的___ Plant of…need certain humidity
场景：cocca的历史
题型：填空
参考答案：
31. 16世纪被用作___ be used as money
32. 17世纪，被制作成___巧克力 be processed as liquid chocolate( solid干扰选项)
33.18世纪，Americans把___加到了巧克力里 Americans added sugar into chocolate
34.19世纪，调查者发现它对人的___有影响 researchers found it has impact on people’s mood
35. 第一出口大国是___ The top export to country is Italy(提示句：the sweet, sensuous flavor and feel of the beverage appealed greatly to the Italians…)
36. Sold in chocolate bar stored in stone tanks ware houses.
37. 农场里不同___的商店和工厂在...不同 shops or factories in farms of different sizesvary in…
38.选择非洲是因为更便宜的___And choose Africa because of cheaper labour (提示句：the manufacture chose that way because the cost is low)
39.对于非洲当地的___来说很重要 It’s important to local economy in Africa.
40.选择靠近___的地区为了方便运输 choose the site which is near the coast area for good transportation.
场景： 农业灌溉的脚踏水泵Treadle pump
题型：填空
参考答案：
31. 在干旱的季节，人们去___寻找有报酬的工资 They goes to cities look for paid jobs.
32. 他们农耕在In cool period进行灌溉
33.的新设备能够建在海边sea
34. Plastic tube
35. 暂缺
36. diesel fuels
37.增加了轮子，addition to bamboo filter
Advantage
38. 新的方便___和保持The new one is easy to store and maintenance
39. install
40. 只需要两天来___Only need two days for training.很容易生产，当地(local)生产就行
场景： 茶树油的历史和制作tea tree oil (Melaleuca Alternifolia)
题型：填空+匹配
参考答案：
31-35) Matching the people with correct incident
A. bring tea tree oil into Australia in 1770
B. challenge the benefit of tea tree oil
C. report the special eating habit in Australia
D. list plant species
E. study the tea tree oil
F. Saw Australian aborigines drink
G. use tea tree for medical treatment
31. Aborigines G
提示句：For thousands of years, Aborigines used the leaves traditionally for many medical purposes, including chewing the young leaves to alleviate headache and for other ailments
32. Dutch explorer C
33. Sir Hugh Palliser B
34.Captain James Cook F
提示句：tea trees ,also called paper bark trees, were named by captain James Cook, who first brewed a tea from the leaves soon after arriving at the coast of New South Wales in 1770.
35. Dr A.R. Penfold E
提示句：in 1920s, Dr. RA Penefold, a government chemist in Sydney, Australia, was credited for beginning the human clinical research and documentation of the many benefits associated with tea tree oil.
36-40) Sentence completion
36. 茶树在___的时候会储存油，聚集有用的物质 Tea tree will store oil during winteraccumulate the useful substance
37. 放树叶和___put leaves and stems
38. 水和油蒸发了后上升到储藏器的盖子 The water and the oil vapor rose up to thelid of the containers
39. 根据___的原则 according to the principle of gravity
40. 水会顺着管子流向___ the water will go to the tubes onto the ground
场景：介绍一位建筑大师 a student is introducing an “ architect’’
题型：单选+填空
参考答案：
31-34) choose the correct letter
31.why dose the student choose this topic?
B. a local building is interesting当地的一个建筑有趣
C. he has interest in the experience of this architect.他对建筑家的经历感兴趣
32.why dose the architect take architecture as his career?
A. under the influence of his father.受他父亲的影响
B. he made the first wrong decision他做了错误的决定
C.he made the first wrong decision. 他做了第一个错误的决定
33.why did the man finally come back from London?
A….
B. to get more business opportunities
(因为他去的London那个地方没有赚钱的机会)
C. win more respect.(易误选)
34. what is the architect famous for?
A….
B.joined the association and become a chairman加入协会成为主席
C.he was pointed a head of royal association.他被任命为皇家协会的首领
场景：关于医院问卷调查总结(hospital condition及改善)
题型：填空
参考答案：
31-33) the major reasons for people choose one hospital选择一家医院的原因
31. transport is convenient.交通便利
32. the building should be clean( modern是陷阱)建筑干净
33. should provide some information to the patients给病人提供信息
34-37) the future plan for the hospital 医院的未来计划
34.help build new web page for local doctors and medical staffs为当地医生和相关职业人员建立新的网页
35. award staff with effective bonus.用额外的奖金奖励员工
36.help visitors …
37. effective assess communication from all levels(evaluation=assess)各部门间有效的沟通途径
38-39) 医院一个new unit will be built soon aim for the patients who are having 医院的一个新的部门的设立旨在
To cure patients with 38.sleep disturbance(睡眠紊乱)and also for 39.plasticsurgery patients services.(整形手术)
improvement suggests:
The hospital has many equipments, but it should improve 40. planning surgery.
医院有很多设备但应提升计划型手术
场景：澳洲当代艺术及其艺术家和艺术品contemporary aboriginal designs
题型：填空
参考答案：
Ernabella arts
31. rugs made from wool(cotton是干扰)
the older women collected wool and took it away to their more familiar camp, and the others made floor -rugs in craft room.老妇人收集了羊毛并把它们带到了跟多的家庭露营中，剩下的人在手工室里制作了地毯
Tiwi design
32.设计师擅长bird imagines(natural干扰)
the early designs,…were inspired by the environment and incorporated fish, bird and lizard motifs.
33.design e.g..用于求雨 in symbol asking of rain
Bima wear
34.based on symbols, structures, family and nature
The fabrics produced at Bima wear feature the:…ancient symbols, structures ,family and environmental representations which are central to their culture.
Desert designs：Jimmy Pike
35.Jimmy Pike began his life as an design artist start in prison从监狱起家
…in Fremantle prison where he attended art classes taught by Steve Culley , a founder ,with David Wroth, of desert designs.
36.design can be used in making clothing.设计可以被用来制作衣服
37.灵感来源于Australia, especially the desert.
Desert designs is a commercial business which originated in western Australia in the 1980s.Many of their designs are created by an aboriginal man, jimmy Pike ,from the Kimberly region, his traditional land is the Walmajarri Great Sandy desert country.
荒漠设计是起源于80年代的西澳，很多设计被一个来自...土著人...创造...
Bronwyn Bancroft
38. Cathy Freeman’s jeans出名因为snake
the imagery is of snakes and lizards moving really quickly across the Australian terrain.Just as Cathy does, not only in Australia but on the world stage.
蛇和蜥蜴快速穿过澳大利亚领土的形象迅速登上不只是澳大利亚而是世界舞台
39.Fabric’s Background looks like a rainbow
in aboriginal tradition ,the rainbow Serpent is the creator.have also painted a rainbow background to show the optimism….
在土著传统中，彩虹蛇是创造者，也画了彩虹背景来显示乐观主义
40.最后举例，讲一个年轻夫妇love命名为: the couple case.
场景：亚历山大图书馆introduction to Alexandria library
题型：单选+匹配
参考答案：
31. the first known library is different from other libraries in that
A. it aimed to contain books from around the world旨在保护全世界的书籍
B. it is ancient/old( 干扰选项，是另一个图书馆的信息)
C. its value for research对研究的价值
32. the Alexandria library was founded so that
A.only experts in Egypt to use 只供埃及的专家使用
B. the king could increase his knowledge国王可以增长知识
C.for all common people对所有人开放
33. when library doesn’t find any of their books outside the shop, the Egyptian government would?
A. Compensate for author to keep the original book 补偿作者
B. ask the author to sell the book让作者卖书
C. Copy the book and return the original book仿制书籍，把原来的书籍还回去
34.the Egyptian king failed to?
A. Fail to give deposit 没给押金
B. Fail to return the original book 没还书
C. Fail to pay off his debt.没还债
35-40) matching
A. Alexandria library
B. Egyptian government
C. Alexandria City Council
D. Egypt university
E. mayor Frederico
F. Mohammed Hosni Mubarak
G. foreign governments
H. Mastafa Abbadi
35.starting the construction of the new library
H.Mastafa Abbadi
the Egypt university’s principal
36.providing a site:
A. Alexandria library
37.requesting money from various countries
E. mayor Frederico
38.heading the International commission
F. Mohammed Hosni Mubarak
39.giving the equipment
G. foreign governments
40.providing the rest 120 million
B. Egyptian government
雅思阅读的主要关键词解析
这四大雅思阅读关键词是：
关键词一、表示因果类关键词：as a result, result in, result from, lead to, because of, due to, contribute to, owning to, hence, since, accordingly, consequently, therefore, in that, etc.
关键词二、表示转折类关键词：despite, in spite of, but, although, though, while, yet, otherwise, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, etc.
关键词三、表示比较类关键词：more, than, less, the least, the most, prefer, equally, likewise, similarly, in comparison, as…as, etc.
关键词四、表示并列类关键词：first, second…finally, and, or, as well as, one… the other,not…nor…, etc.
雅思阅读三大障碍总结
一、单词
IELTS普通培训类阅读文章中涉及词汇7000左右，但具备4000左右(即大学英语四级水平)即可应考。单词量不够的考生,应在短期内迅速扩充认知词汇,为看文章做题打下一个良好的基础。
二、句子
IELTS阅读中有的题目考的是对于文章中某一句子的理解,若考生领会有偏差,就容易失分。考生应对一些复合句,尤其是双重否定句、比较句、指代句等有一定的了解。在遇到比较复杂的句子的时候,应静下心来,从把握句子主干一一主谓结构着手来分析句子结构。
三、速度
几乎任何阅读考试均同时考查阅读速度(speed)与理解精确度(accuracy)。IELTS普通培训类阅读考试要求考生在60分钟的时间里迅速而准确地答题。为赶时间而一味求快或为追求准确而放弃一些题的做法都是不可取的。总的来说,阅读速度的改善不容易一蹴而就,需要大量的练习和长时间的努力。不过,掌握一些阅读技巧,革除一些坏习惯,将有助于看文章时加快速度。
雅思阅读中的奥妙
信号词一：顺接和递进
例词：also, furthermore, moreover, what is more, in addition…
考点：And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom…(C6, P28, T31找标题)
解析：And在这句话开头，有一定的递进含义, this wisdom则是指代了前面一句话出现的their wealth of traditional knowledge(因纽特人传统的知识)，所以这两句话有紧密的联系，同学们在读题的时候要通过发现信号词，然后发散地看它的前后句，最后把考点考察的意思补充完整。
信号词二：对比和转折
例词：however, but, although, nevertheless, on the other hand, by comparison…
考点：However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.(C4, P66, T13主旨选择题)
题目中出现了conclude的字眼，总结段落一般是在文章的最后，然而带有转折信号词however这句话，显然就是文章的考点所在。
信号词三：相似
例词：similarly, in other words, that is, put another way…
考点：In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were‘limits to growth’.(C4, P97, T32分类题)
解析：In other words是解释，换一种说法，通常会以更加简单易懂，清晰的话语陈述出难点，常常难点就是雅思阅读考点出没的地方。
信号词四：时间先后
例词：firstly, second, next, then, now, later, since, eventually, finally…
考点：Three factors are involved in this change. First is an awareness of the severity of the problem. Second, a number of resources to help tackle bullying have become available in Britain…Third, there is evidence that these materials work, and that schools can achieve something.(C6, P94, T30选标题)
解析：段落结构很清楚，主要是因为有表达顺序的信号词First、second、third，让我们认识这段是在讲，侍强凌弱这种现象已经开始改变，主要是从三个方面入手：意识、资源、监督。这种发展让学校有了更多的方法和有效途径解决存在的问题。这里的First、second、third提示我们三个方面，同时也是一个发展的过程。
信号词五：排列次序
例词：another, the second, the most, the best…
考点：Most important of all, the traditional measures of‘risk’, such as parents’ age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development.(C5, P63, T12判断题)
解析：most important of all强调了最重要的事情，也就是文中比较重要的结论要出炉了。Single parents是题目中的关键词，同样在这一句里出现了，我们可以利用对雅思阅读信号词的敏感度，快速抓住文章的考点，进行局部精读。
信号词六：强调作用
例词：in fact, in essence, in particular, emphasize…
考点：This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology- to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates…(C5, P21, T18信息包含题)
解析：信息包含题考察细节是在那个段落出现，在做此类题目时，要注意信号词与考点的密切相关性，从而迅速找准答案。这里出现了in essence(实质上),起了一定的强调作用，迅速扫读后，发现同时出现了题目关键词sociobiology,破折号后面的介词to是表目的与题目中的the general aim of一致对应。
雅思阅读: 法国呼吁市民笑迎游客
Paris launches smile campaign to woo tourists
Faced with a fall in tourist numbers due to the financial crisis and a reputation for unfriendliness, the Paris tourist board has made a simple request of the city's residents: smile.
Faced with a fall in tourist numbers due to the financial crisis and a reputation for unfriendliness, the Paris tourist board has made a simple request of the city's residents: smile.
Visitors to Paris, the world's most visited city, have fallen 17 percent since January compared with the same period in 2008, official figures show.
To counter the slump and boost revenues, the tourist board has set up stands manned by teams of “smile ambassadors” to welcome holiday-makers at the city's most popular spots.
As if to heed its call, hundreds of roller-skaters formed a giant smile in Place Vendome in the city center on Sunday.
“We have to work on striking and simple images. There's nothing as telling as a smile,” said Paul Roll, who heads the tourist board.
In May, a questionnaire carried out by travel site TripAdvisor found Paris to be the most over-rated city in Europe, citing its high prices and unpleasant residents.
Daniel Fasquelle, founder of a tourism association, said that French from all walks of life needed to play their part.
“If we want tourism, which has generated more than two million jobs, to remain a major economic sector, everyone has to get behind it - professionals, elected representatives, and French people,” he said.
受金融危机和法国人不友好名声的影响，来法游客人数有所下降，对此巴黎市旅游局向市民提出了一个简单的要求：微笑。
巴黎是世界上接待游客人数最多的城市，但官方数据显示今年一月份以来的游客人数比同期下降了17%。
为了挽回这种不景气的局面，增加旅游收入，巴黎市旅游局成立了“微笑大使”小组在该市著名景点欢迎游客。
好像是为了响应旅游局的号召，几百名滚轴溜冰爱好者上周日在市中心的凡登广场组成了一个巨大的笑脸。
巴黎市旅游局局长保罗•罗尔说：“我们必须推出醒目而简单的宣传形象。没有比笑脸更生动的表现形式了。”
五月份，旅游网站TripAdvisor所做的一份调查问卷结果显示，巴黎物价高，居民也不友善，被认为是欧洲最言过其实的城市。
一个旅游协会的创办者丹尼尔•法斯奎尔说法国各个行业的人都应该为法国的旅游复兴做出努力。
他说，“如果我们想让已经创造了200万个工作岗位的旅游业继续在经济中发挥主要作用，那么每个人都得参与进来——专业人士，推选出来的代表，还有广大法国民众。”
雅思阅读关键词整理：表转折
but， however， yet， in fact， on the other hand;
A， but B： 否定A而肯定B，则A，B两部分内容是相反的。
例如：Computerized data storage and electronic mail were to have heralded the paper less office. But， contrary to expectations， paper consumption throughout the world shows no sign of abating .
解释：paper less 表示负向，则but后no sign of abating 表示正向，所以abating是表示负向的词。
总结：此种方法有利于在不认识单词的前提下读懂句子意思，很有帮助，但一定要练习，而且要敏感。
练习：The marginal costs of generating electricity from nuclear energy may be tiny， but ， as the technology now stands， huge and uncertain costs are involved in building the power stations， dealing with spent fuel， and decommissioning.
转折词在雅思阅读List of Headings题里的运用
雅思阅读list of headings题无疑是烤鸭们在阅读中最头痛的题型之一：面对题目中涉及到的多个段落甚至全文，大大多于段落数的选项，还有紧迫的时间，看到这类题目就手抖出手汗了，要攻克它，就要首先理清楚文章的结构，找到那句传说中的topic sentence.
传说中的topic sentence一般都出现在段落的首、二、末句，但是这些句子可能本身就很长，面对长句，多数人有条件反射式的晕眩，怎么办?找找有没有转折词，看看能不能少看点东西，或者直接spot到topic sentence中的topic words。
最常见的转折词莫过于however, but, yet，例如剑桥7的test 1 passage 2中， para C的开头就写到Yet there is a dark side to this picture: despite our progress, half of the world’s population suffers…这个yet很明确的表示了转折，也就是提示了我们para C里说了与para B中相反的内容，para B是题目中的example，内容为how a global challenge was met，那C段中的这个dark side of this picture就是指在人类迎接了挑战的过程中，依旧有人在受苦受难，于是再往下面看到了suffer，这个可以是身体上的disease也可以是精神上的苦难，带着这样的揣测再往下略读就可以看到很明显的数字，其中提到了water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 children…于是就印证了之前的揣测，确实是在讲疾病的suffer，选项中只有一个与此相关的the relevance to health，此刻，只要大胆的选它就绝对没错的了。
一些表示让步的词也是比较常见的，although, though, despite, in spite of, even if, even when, while等。比如在剑桥6的test 1 passage 3中， para E的开头就写到While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health.这边的while不是当…的时候，而是表示虽然…但是的意思，回想一下，在中文中，当你用虽然…但是…来说事情的时候，你想表达的内容是跟在“虽然”那半句里还是“但是”的那半句里呢?毋庸置疑，当然是在“但是”里，于是我们看这句topic sentence的时候，在看到while之后就直接跳到逗号后面看“但是”里的内容就可以了，看到there has certainly been an impact on people’s health，我们知道在说对健康的影响，有两个选项提到了健康的事情，一个是a healthier choice of food，另一个是negative effects on well-being，那到底是好的还是坏的影响呢?再往后面看几个单词，我们就看到了Obesity, heart disease and diabetes，看到肥胖症、心脏病和糖尿病，我们就知道是在说当地人生病的事情，于是果断选negative effects on well-being。这样做下来不仅省了一半读文章的时间了，也不会被前面“虽然”里出现的生词(可能这句里的curtail有些烤鸭就不是很清楚是神马意思吧)吓到影响心情。
还有一些可能有点隐蔽的转折词，fortunately, unfortunately, unexpectedly等。我们可以看到在剑桥7的test 1 passage 2中， para F的开头就写到Fortunately – and unexpectedly – the demand for water is not rising as rapidly as some predicted.
在文章的前面几段都提到了随着人类的发展，用水量一直在增加，还破坏了生态，而到了这一段就用了一个fortunately来开头，表示一直以来的用水量增长的势头开始改变了，从一个很陡的曲线变成了一个比较平缓的曲线甚至可能下降，为了证明我们的这种猜测，快速略读这段剩下的东西，果然就能够在最后看到And in a few parts of the world, demand has actually fallen。提到下降这个概念的选项就只有A surprising downward trend in demand for water这一个，毫无疑问，只有这个能选。
其他的一些转折词还有nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas, no longer, rather than, instead, instead of, other than, far from等。如果烤鸭们能够很好的掌握这些转折词，就可以快、狠、准的找到topic sentence里的topic words并且正确的理解其内容，轻巧的避开混淆项spot出正确答案啦!
雅思备考：如何找准雅思阅读文章主题
雅思阅读中文章主题怎么找?什么是段落主题?怎样才能找到它?
在雅思阅读当中，段落主题也可理解为这个段落的中心意思，或者是体现这个段落的主旨和方向的核心意思。换句话说就是，你找主题的过程也就是确定这个段落的主要目的的过程：它是要告诉你一件事?还是解释说明，亦或是详细叙述?它是要与其它某事或某物作比较，还是要反驳某件事，亦或是就某点说服你?凡此种.种目的，不一而足。明白了这一点，你就能够比较容易地找到段落的中心意思了。
体现段落中心意思的句子叫主题句，常放在段首，而且往往是段落的第一句。大家如果在雅思阅读实战技巧当中多次应用就会发现，其后所跟的其它句子，提供支持这个主题句的全部细节。
当要讨论的是一个比较费解的意思，或者说当一个段落的目的是要说服你时，主题句有时放在段末。
如果某个段落有着暗含的中心意思，通常没有明确的主题句来体现。这个暗含的中心意思要从这个段落的整体来把握，同时，这也是如何提高雅思阅读速度的一个关键要点。
雅思备考：掌握恰当的雅思阅读步骤
雅思备考阅读文章第一步，大致浏览一下文章。
寻找那些不变和显眼的东西，如数据、数字、和地名等。这些东西，也就是热点，在文章中很容易看到。
例如一个如“,000”这样的数字就很容易看到。首先看一眼这些地方，并试图形成概念，即它们大致在文章的什么地方。此时不要细读文章。简单扫一下就行。也就是说，花一点时间，找出最为显眼的细节并标出它们在哪。
2017雅思备考阅读文章第二步，扫一下问题。
看看问题中是否包含任何的数字或数据?如果有，答案就应很容易找到。
让我们再简单的复习一下。利用问题中没有改变的信息--如数据、金额、或专有名称——定位答案。一些人喜欢将其称为“胡桃夹子(nutcracker)”法。
如果我们可以找到文章中不变的要素，我们就可以利用它们敲开许多“nut”，里面就是我们的答案啦。而这些不变的要素就是我们所说的容易辨认和找到的热点。
2017雅思备考阅读文章第三步，扫完问题之后，返回到文章。现在我们真正开始阅读。
然而，我们仍然不用花费时间去阅读整篇文章。此时只读每段的首末句。我们就可以形成概念，什么信息在文章的什么地方。我们知道了每一段的主题，也就知道了相关的信息可以在哪里找到。这就意味着我们可以轻松的在文中定位答案。我们要再稍稍讨论一下这一点。
比如，我们已经读完了每段的首末句，又返回到问题。这一次我们就不是仅仅扫问题，而是要读它们。读过问题之后，我们就会知道它具体关于什么。知道了这一点，就可以开始找答案了。毕竟，答案都在我们的眼前。我们的热点及对每段主题的了解将帮助我们找到答案。
就算我们不能通过热点找到答案，现在我们也会很清楚答案大约的位置。虽然我们仍然需要寻找，但范围已经缩至特定的段落。
如果我们要找的信息不在首末句中，下一步要找的就应是此段中的例子。这是很关键的一步，在大多数情况下，信息会在那里给出。所以，如果发现问题中提及的一个特定的公司、国家、或甚至是个人，就应从那一部分开始寻找，答案最可能就在那里出现。
雅思阅读定位方法谈：请给我一双慧眼or写轮眼
那么如果同学们定位定不到，到底是为什么呢?我认为有以下三个原因：
雅思阅读定位之真的缺乏一双发现的眼睛
这个应该是很多同学会比较头痛的问题，那是真的没有善于发现爱的眼睛啊。人家出题句就在那个地方，死都看不到，这也真的是醉醉了。其实，这就是在考察各位scanning的能力，我们所谓的scan是带着一个特殊的词或信息，在文中寻找，找到了停住即可，其他那些在寻找中所遇见的词或句子都是浮云，千万不要较真的一一读懂，浪费表情～
雅思阅读定位方法：scanning在生活中无处不在，你看航班，火车信息，其实都是在用scanning只是自己不知道而已，所以大家要好好的训练一下，定位词的选择不要出错(否则你看破大天也定不出来)。这里，刚刚提醒各位，我们雅思阅读中很多题目都是有顺序的，请千万不要犯倔，一定要从第一题定到最后一题，先定最好定位的，然后再根据顺序原则去推(把全文定位变为局部定位)
雅思阅读定位之碰到难题，定位词同义替换了
如果各位烤鸭对于雅思阅读的分数停留在7分以下，那么碰到这种定位词同义替换的题目，我只能说大家运气不好，一般这种情况都会发生在第三篇。那这种情况，其实不怪各位，你们的题干定位词都找对了，但就是在文中找不到，这个时候一定要有一个意识，也许定位词被同义替换了，
如：C10T1P3的第34题：Peopleworking under a dominant boss are liable to
这道题目我们的定位词用dominant boss 是没有问题的，可是你通篇去找你会发现根本找不到类似的词，这个时候我们发现，他就是定位词被同义替换了，大家看下下面这个出题段，看看同义替换成了什么?
没错，就是Authority，dominant boss就是支配型的老板，那么衍升一点就是有权利的老板，对应我们的Authority，所以这道题目的对应出题段就是文中的倒数第三段。碰到这种题目怎么办呢?
雅思阅读定位方法：同义替换的总结，这一定是不能偷懒的
另外，还是想说，把全文定位变为局部定位，各位如果从全文去找dominant boss这无疑是大海捞针，所以为什么不先做33题，然后做35题，然后根据顺序原则在35和33的中间去卡34的位置呢。这样加上前面对同义替换的准备，我们找起来，也会方便很多。
雅思阅读定位之不相信自己，总觉得自己是错的
这个问题，主要出现在判断题上。我们都知道判断题是有一个选项NG的，而NG的一种情况就是原文未提及。很多同学在做此类题目的时候，定位定不到就往死里定(有的时候我真的不怕你们定不到，而是怕你们凭想象力去定，天啊噜)。总觉得，自己定不到肯定是自己的问题。同学你这样真的好嘛?
雅思阅读定位方法：任何一种题型，一定有定位的突破口，找到它(也就是最好定位的题目)，先去定位，然后根据判断题的顺序原则去上下推测附近题目的出题范围(局部定位)，相信自己，如果没有找到，就大胆的选择NG(但千万不要选太多NG啊，一般6-7个判断题出2-3个NG)
最后刚刚想说的，定位是雅思考察的最基本的语言能力之一，这将在各位出国留学的时候起到非常大的作用，所以各位同学一定要注意这个问题。当然，大家也不要被刚刚上面说的给吓到了，雅思作为一门语言评测类考试，只要各位下功夫，多练习，多总结(当然要每天关注刚刚的推送啦)，是一定会有提高的。
雅思阅读素材积累：A Drier and Hotter Future
While I was reading William deBuys's new book, A Great Aridness, two massive dust storms reminiscent of the 1930s raged across the skies of Phoenix and of Lubbock, Texas. Newspapers blamed them on the current drought in the West, which is proximately true. But what ultimately is causing this drought, and why would any drought produce such terrifying clouds of dust? The answer is that they may be portents of a more threatening world that we humans are unwittingly creating. As deBuys explains, “Because arid lands tend to be underdressed in terms of vegetation, they are naturally dusty. Humans make them dustier.”
Agriculture is the main reason for those dust storms—the clearing of native grasslands or sagebrush to grow cotton or wheat, which die quickly when drought occurs and leave the soil unprotected. Phoenix and Lubbock are both caught in severe drought, and it is going to get much worse. We may see many such storms in the decades ahead, along with species extinctions, radical disturbance of ecosystems, and intensified social conflict over land and water. Welcome to the Anthropocene, the epoch when humans have become a major geological and climatic force.
DeBuys is an acclaimed historian turned conservationist in his adopted home of the Southwest. A Great Aridness is his most disturbing book, a jeremiad that ought to be required reading for politicians, economists, real-estate developers and anyone thinking about migrating to the Sunbelt. In the early chapters he reports on the science of how and why precipitation and ecology are changing, not predictably but in nonlinear ways that make the future very uncertain and dark. In later chapters he visits ancient pueblo ruins left behind by earlier civilizations that were destroyed by drought, and he follows the grim trail of migrants crossing the border from Mexico, stirring up a controversy that climate change can only exacerbate. The book is an eclectic mix of personal experience, scientific analysis and environmental history.
Smoke as well as dust is spoiling the southwestern skies. As deBuys points out, forest fires are getting much bigger. In June the Rodeo and Chediski fires erupted on Arizona's Mogollon Plateau, soon merging into a single conflagration that consumed nearly 500,000 acres. It was Arizona's largest fire—until the Wallow Fire eclipsed it in June . Another devastating effect of climate change has been the explosion of bark beetles among western pines, which in turn contributes to the new fire regime; in , dead trees covered 2.6 million acres in Arizona and New Mexico. Could anything be more demoralizing than the sight of green forests turned a grisly brown, then bursting into flame and left charred and black?
Even more depressing than declining forests are mountains bare of snow. When future springs arrive, the sound of running water will be much diminished. The biggest environmental catastrophe for the Southwest, already our most arid region, is losing the melting runoff from snowpacks into rivers, canals and irrigation ditches. An ominous chapter in the book examines the future of the Colorado River, which for decades has been the “blood” of the Southwest's oasis civilization. In the 1920s Americans divided the river between upper and lower basins, allocating to each a share of the annual flow. California, which contributes almost nothing to the river, sucks up the largest share of any state, spreading it across the Imperial Valley's agricultural fields and diverting the rest to Los Angeles. Years ago policy makers assumed that the river carried about 17 million acre-feet of water per year—that is, enough water to cover 17 million acres to a depth of one foot. They overestimated, as people tend to do when hope and greed outrun the facts. Now comes a drier and hotter future, when the Colorado River will carry even less water—perhaps as little as 11 million acre-feet.
Tim Barnett and David Pierce of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography estimate that to adjust to a sustainable level of supply, consumers of Colorado River water will have to get along with 20 percent less water than they use today. That is still a lot of water to lose, but the loss may not be catastrophic. Urban users are already conserving about as much as they can per capita. Farmers, on the other hand, who consume about 80 percent of the western water supply, including in California, are wasting much through inefficient management and low-value crops. Half of the water goes to raise alfalfa to feed cattle, and much of the rest evaporates or soaks into the sand. If some of agriculture's share could be diverted to cities, there might be enough to sustain the current population. Rural communities would decline, some lucky farmers would retire with a potful of money, and the public would have to figure out where to get its lettuce, tomatoes, oranges and meat. The cost of water would go up dramatically, and those without money would go thirsty and leave. New hierarchies would take the place of old ones.
Thirty million people now depend on the Colorado River. Perhaps they can manage to adjust to a diminished flow and to declines in domestic food supplies and hydroelectric power. But more people are on the way: Demographers calculate that the population of the Southwest may increase by 10 or 20 million between now and 2050. Some of those people will come from other parts of the country, some from Mexico and Central America, and some from other nations that are coping poorly with their current problems or are overwhelmed by climate change. Whatever their origin, the new arrivals will go to the familiar oases, hoping to find the good life with a swimming pool and a green lawn.
Developers are eager to make money by selling homes to these newcomers. The political and economic culture of the Southwest is dead set against any acknowledgment of limits to growth. In the last few chapters of the book, deBuys shows that even now those in power refuse to accept any check to expansion; business must be free to do business. Others say that they are helpless to stop the influx: Patricia Mulroy, general manager of the Southern Nevada Water Authority in Las Vegas, declares, “You can't take a community as thriving as this one and put a stop sign out there. The train will run right over you.” Her solution is to create an expensive “straw” to extract water from a shrinking Lake Mead, drawing on the “dead pool” that will be left below the intakes for generating electricity. She doesn't have the money to build that straw right now, but she is working hard to keep her improbable city from drying up and becoming a casualty like ancient Mesopotamia. Similarly, Phoenix continues to issue building permits helter-skelter and counts on “augmenting the supply” of water sometime in the future. But where will the state and city go for more supply, and how will they bring it cheaply over mountains and plains to keep Phoenix sprawling into the sunset?
DeBuys gathers enough scientific evidence to make a convincing case against that growth mentality. A similar case could be made against growth in the rest of the United States, although in the East the threat may be too much water, not too little, and too many storms, not too much smoke and dust. The past warns us that ancient peoples once failed to adapt and survive. Will theirs be America's fate? Perhaps. But past human behavior may not be a reliable indicator of how people will behave in the future. If the environment is becoming nonlinear and unpredictable, as deBuys argues, then human cultures may also become nonlinear and unpredictable. No other people have had as much scientific knowledge to illuminate their condition. What we will do with that knowledge is the biggest imponderable of all.
雅思阅读高频隐性定位词
一、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Proportion=%.
通常，在我们审题的时候，会发现每个问题的选项都有特定的信号词出现，例如下面的问题中，我们可以明显看到问题6中出现的proportion，因此我们在选择相对的答案的时候，可以找找文中有没有相对应百分比的对照。然后首先看看这些百分比内容的匹配性，因此像这种隐形定位词能够有效提高我们做题的速度。
Question 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has nine sections, A-l.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
6. The estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problems
对应原文：
The Impact of Hearing Loss on Young Children
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to lean at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.
因此第6题选A
二、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Payment，通常可以用货币符号表示。
在下面的例子中，我们可以从问题中找到关于payment这个隐性定位词。从字面可以知道payment是账单的意思，就是关于金钱，或者货币符号的形式出现。所以考生可以根据相关线索优先分析这类选项。
Question 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-J3 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE：If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE：If the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN：If there is no information on this
12. Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
对应原文：
Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid? 1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his 'dictionary workshop'. James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.
原文说的是分期in installments，而题干说的是only...completion，因此是False。
三、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Earlier=time.
如果出现这种描述时间的隐性信号词，那么选项若出现时间的形式可以优先查看。例如下文出现earlier，字面意思表示很早，表时间的，那么选项看看有没有表时间的。这样能大大提高做题速度。
Question 27-29
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27. Mention of a geo-engineering project based on an earlier natural phenomenon
对应原文：
D.The concept of releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic has been proposed by several scientists. This would involve using sculpture or hydrogen supplied aerosols so that sculpture dioxide would form clouds, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991, which led to a short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5℃.Scientists have also scrutinized whether it's possible to preserve the ice sheets of Greenland with reinforced high-tension cables, preventing icebergs from moving into the sea.
原文出现时间的地方描述historic volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines，such as举例子，historic volcanic explosions对应natural phenomenon，因此选D.
四、雅思阅读隐性定位词中Refer to as= proper nouns.
当我们遇到像refer to as，这种表示要解释一个现象，一个单词意思的隐性信号词的时候。在选看选项的时候可以优先看那些专有名词的选项，换句话说就是选项有某个单词不熟悉，然后出现频率高的名词。通过下面的例子，我们可以看出：
Question 34-40
Complete the sentences.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-40 on your answer sheet.
35. Plants which do not respond to light levels are referred to as.
对应原文：
For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodic occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.
回原文寻读，找到day-neutral plants是以斜体形式出现，且前面有限定are known as，可以确定是专有名词，do not respond to light levels对应regardless ofphotoperiod，所以填day-neutral plants.
'雅思阅读材料：英国超辣汉堡致5人住院
Diners are being asked to sign a waiver before eating a fiery chilli burger - after it put five people in hospital.
英国一餐厅推出的热辣汉堡已导致5人住院，现在再想吃这款“变态辣”汉堡要先签署免责声明。
The X.X.X Hot Chilli Burger - dubbed the hottest dish in Britain - is served to over 18s only at Burger Off in Sussex.
这款被称为英国最辣的热辣汉堡，是苏塞克斯郡汉堡店Burger Off 的料理，仅卖给18岁以上的成年人。
It is topped with chilli sauce worth a staggering 9.2million on the Scoville scale - a measure of the 'hotness' of foods. In contrast, the average chilli pepper comes in at just 500 Scoville Heat Units.
热辣汉堡涂有“史高维尔辣度指标”920万的辣椒酱。“史高维尔辣度指标”是测量食物辣度的指标，普通辣椒指数仅500。
One diner was taken to hospital with a suspected perforated bowel after eating the spicy dish, while four others were admitted for treatment on the same night for suspected anaphylactic shock.
一位顾客在吃了这款热辣汉堡后疑似因肠穿孔被送往医院救治，当晚还有4位顾客疑似过敏休克入院。
Now, restaurant owner Nick Gambardella is asking customers to sign a legal disclaimer that prevents them from suing him if they fall victim to the red-hot burger.
汉堡店老板尼克·甘巴德拉为避免顾客用餐后出现不良反应起诉自己，要求顾客只有在签署了法律免责声明后方可尝试此热辣汉堡。
The document reads: 'I the undersigned accept all responsibility for any effects incured due to the consumtion of the above mentioned X.X.X Hot Chilli Burger and release Burger Off, its owner and staff from any liability.'
声明中写道：“我签署同意，在Burger Off食用热辣汉堡所带来的一切后果责任由我个人承担，餐厅和餐厅老板、服务员免责。”
Mr Gambardella, 55, said he was 'amazed' that he was allowed to sell such a spicy burger - adding: 'It has been a massive hit with the customers'.
55岁的甘巴德拉说自己也很吃惊，居然得到了销售此款热辣汉堡的许可证，他补充道：“这在顾客中反响很大”。
'I have to admit I’ve not dared to try one of these burgers myself as they are so spicy,' he said. 'One guy came in and he was just a little bit cocky and when he left he was admitted to hospital because prior to eating the burger he had a stomach ulcerand we believe it perforated his bowel. He wasn’t in a good way but he pulled through.
“不得不承认，连我自己都不敢尝试这款热辣汉堡，因为它真的太辣了。”他说，“有位客人进店的时候还自以为是，但是离开的时候就直接入院了。在吃热辣汉堡之前这家伙就有胃溃疡，我们觉得在吃了汉堡之后他可能肠穿孔了。他还没有完全康复，但目前已经度过了危险期。”
The burger, which is on sale for only ￡3.90, features sauce based on a Piri Piri chilli concentrate, created through steaming and later infused with carbon dioxide.
这款热辣汉堡售价仅3.9英镑(约合人民币39元)，其特色在于添加其中的皮尔皮尔辣椒酱，这种辣椒酱的制作方法是先气蒸后注入二氧化碳。
So far, only 59 out of 3,000 challengers have succeeded in eating the entire dish. Many of the burger's conquerors have taken to Twitter and The Burger Off Facebook page to spread the word of their victory.
截至目前，3000名挑战者仅有59位成功吃完整个汉堡。许多挑战成功者在推特和Burger Off餐厅的脸书页面上炫耀自己的胜利。
Mr Gambardella said the burger had caused customers to adopt a number of undignified coping mechanisms, including stripping naked, begging for mercy, punching windows and vomiting.
甘巴德拉说，顾客在吃热辣汉堡时言行举止十分不雅，有的大脱衣服、有的跪地求饶、还有的捶窗呕吐。
It has also left many diners suffering from anaphylactic shock - a severe allergic reaction that can cause swelling, rashes and difficulty breathing.
大量顾客吃了热辣汉堡后过敏性休克，这种严重的过敏反应会导致肿胀、发疹和呼吸困难。
'The burgers are cooked properly - it’s the sauce that is maybe too hot to handle,' said Mr Gambardella.
甘巴德拉说：“其实汉堡烹饪是合理的。热辣汉堡这么辣，都是辣酱惹的祸。”
学术类雅思阅读题目的黄金法则
雅思学术类阅读虽然有十种题型(八种主要题型)，但在解题过程中有一条贯穿始终的黄金法则，那就是学术类阅读的基本解题思路。
STEP ONE：分析文章后的题目
拿到一篇阅读文章，考生应该首先细读题目要求，确定哪些是关于文章结构的题目，哪些是关于文章细节的题目，同时找出题目中的中心词。
STEP TWO：带着问题扫描文章
1. 扫描标题
考生拿到一篇雅思学术类阅读文章，首先应该看一下文章的标题，而迄今为止，雅思学术类阅读理解考试中大致出现过下列三种题目类型：第一种是正规标题，始可用来判断文章大意、类型、而得知文章结构;第二种是主标题加副标题，副标题有时承担揭示文章结构的重任;第三种是无标题，这种考试形式自99 年开在中国考区出现，一般文章较长而且难，但仍然可以在文章第一段发现揭示文章主题的主旨句。考生应注意：描述性标题应该予以忽略;如果文章分几个SECTION 论述，则SECTION 的标题也应该加以注意
2.扫描全文的分段情况及其他信息
考生应注意数字、百分比、分数、时间或货币符号出现较多的段落;引号、大写专有名词、括号及破折号出现较多的段落;斜体字、黑体字、下划线出现较多的
段落
3.扫描每个段落的首末句，把握文章主题：
主题句提示文章每段的主题含意，进而合成整个文章的大意。因此，一定要找出主题句，从而找出这一段的主题。主题句通常是一段文章的首句(当然并非永远如此)，寻找主题句的方法可按下列顺序：
首句 --→ 第二句 --→中间句--→ 末句
注意：如果首句是描述性语句则应该予以忽略,通过段落首末句判断段落主题的关键是找准中心词(KEY WORD)中心词最可能是表示主要概念的名词，一般是句子的主语和宾语;表明状态的动词;表示程度高低、范围大小、肯定或否定的副词;中心词会在题目及原文中以同义词形式大量出现。比如：famous - prestigious;restructure delayer.
4. 扫描连接上下文的信号词
5. 扫描文章文章中是否有图表或示意图
这些图表一般包含了一些有关回答问题的信息，因此可以先对这些图表做一扫描，了解其内容从而加快答题速度，不然的话，就可能陷在文章中四处找寻答案而乱无头绪。但应注意，一般照片、地图、漫画可以予以忽略。
STEP THREE：
以问题为中心，通过上述扫描工作，找出文章中对应的中心词，从而定位正确答案。
雅思阅读
★ 中考关键词
★ 定位读后感
★ 定位策划书
★ 《定位》读后感
★ 教师关键词总结
★ 中文简历关键词
