下面是小编收集整理的胡敏:突围英语考试词汇学习（共含8篇），供大家参考借鉴，欢迎大家分享。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“螺旋断面”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
胡敏:突围英语考试词汇学习
?我们是不是每碰到一个新单词就想把它记住呢？这既不明智，也没必要。因为英语和中文不一样，中文字数有限，一般人掌握六七千字就足够。而英语词汇量巨大，上海译文出版社的《英汉大词典》收录单词20万条。数量如此之大，我们必然要有所选择。英美大学毕业生掌握的单词平均在两万到五万之间。如何进行选择才比较恰当呢？我这么多年学英语、教英语，总结出来一个原则，即交际价值原则 (the principle of communicative value) 。这条原则是指根据英语单词对应的中文意思在交际中是否有价值来判断是否值得记忆。比如说，看文章的时候碰到一个新单词，如果发现这个单词的意思在中文交流中很重要，那么这个英文单词就具有相应的交际价值，像这样的单词就应该记住。有些单词在中文里很少用到，词义很偏僻，就没有必要花时间去记忆。我在教TOEFL阅读的时候讲解过这样一篇文章。
All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without. Both beluga and dolphin belong to the suborder of toothed whales known as Odontoceti, along with porpoises, narwhals, pilot whales, killer whales and the largest creature in the world, the sperm whale. ...
The toothless, or baleen, whales belong to the suborder of Mysticeti. ...
文章第一段提到了七种鲸的名称，beluga，dolphin，porpoise, narwhal, pilot whale, killer whale，sperm whale。除了dolphin（海豚）在日常生活中会提及以外，其余的都很少用到。这种专有名词就没有必要去记，可能一辈子都用不上一次。
一个词的交际价值可能会因人而异。这篇文章我教过上百遍，但除了dolphin以外，其余六种鲸的名字我都没有记住，原因是它们对我来说没有交际价值。我只需要知道与鲸对应的单词是whale就可以了。但是，如果是一个海洋生物学家看这篇文章，他就会用心去记所有的名字，包括那个亚目的名词Odontoceti，因为这是他需要掌握的专业内容，写论文、做报告都要用到，对于他来说就有交际价值。
根据交际价值原则确定了词汇学习的范围，接下去就要开始学习了。词汇学习的方法很多，针对短期目标和长期目标分别有不同的方法。短期目标主要是要通过某项考试，获得一种既定标准的认可，以便进一步深造，或者是晋升职称。我们不能否认这些短期目标的存在。为此，我们要采取相应的词汇学习方法。基本上每门标准化考试都有考试大纲，其中包括词汇表，规定了要求掌握的词汇。这份词汇表就是我们记忆单词的依据。
第一步，先找出未掌握的单词。比如，考研英语大纲是5,300个单词，厚厚的一本，其实是故意给考生造成心里上的障碍和压力。仔细翻看一下，发现词汇表里有很多基础性的单词。第一个是不定冠词a，然后是它的变异an，从初一学英语开始接触到的每一个单词都放在里面，包括人称代词。如果你要考研，首先要给自己减轻压力，把已经认识的单词忽略，只找出没有掌握的单词。会考试的人一定是会逐步扔掉包袱的人。在现实生活中，做人、做事也一样，首先要把负担消除，给自己减压，把压力减小到最低限度。你挑选完之后发现未掌握的.单词只占少数。
第二步，集中解决未掌握的词义。有些单词乍一看，你以为自己掌握了，其实不然。因为英语一词多义的现象很普遍，很多情况下是只知其一，不知其二。考研的阅读文章里有很多词汇就是考查这种不太常用的意思。比如import这个词，我们知道它最常用的意思是“进口”，但是在下面这句话中就不是这个意思。The full import may take a while to sink in. 这是一篇关于安乐死的文章，这句话的意思是安乐死的重要性需要一定时间才能够深入到人们的心中去。这里，import是指“意思，含意”。如果不知道单词的这层意思而失分，那是很可惜的，因为词汇表里把这个意思写得清清楚楚。所以，词义的查漏补缺很重要，要完整全面地掌握单词的含义。
第三步，速听速记。现在几乎任何一种英语考试都考听力，国内的考试都有大纲，每份试卷的超纲词汇不允许超过3%。也就是说，除了少数几个单词超纲以外，其他都是应该掌握的单词。在现实生活中，一篇文章里如果有几个汉字不认识，并不会妨碍理解整篇文章。同样的道理，如果基础词汇掌握得比较好，偶然碰到一两个生词难词是不会影响听力的。那为什么听不懂呢？关键是基础打得不好、熟练程度不够、一有障碍马上就全军覆没。解决这个问题的最好方式就是两个同学一起做配对练习（pair work）。一个同学拿着词汇表读英文单词，另外一个同学马上说中文意思，同时把这个单词记下来。这样就不会听到一个单词没有感觉了。如果第一个同学把单词读错了，第二个同学可以纠正他，他的发音也得到了提高。两个人配合起来速听、速记，这样就能相互促进。当然，有的人可能很难找到志同道合的朋友一起学习，那就可以借助磁带。有的考试词汇书有配套磁带，边听边记就能够达到配对练习一样的效果。
速听速记法也是考试改革的产物。教育部已经传出消息，在不远的将来，四、六级考试将进行改革。听力的难度增加，主观题增多。之所以进行这样的变化，是因为现在有很多同学虽然考过了四、六级，分数比较理想，但是在实际运用中，单词拼写错误百出，主观题难以入手。
第四步，超越大纲，即有意识地补充大纲以外的词汇。除了词汇表上的单词以外，考试当中可能还会碰到超出大纲要求的词，因为试卷上的词汇超纲如果不超过3%是允许的。这就需要平时有意识地超越大纲。
有时候，这种超大纲的单词是考点之一，比如考研英语试卷的第54题：
The word “arbiters” most probably refers to those
A. who work as coordinators C. who supervise transactions
B. who function as judge D. who determine the price
如果平时学单词没有超越大纲的意识，肯定会被这道题难住，只能回到原文中，联系上下文，猜测词义。最后也许能做对题，但是既浪费了时间，又给自己造成了心理压力。如果平时提高对自己的要求，对于阅读中接触到的超越大纲的词汇，根据交际价值原则进行判断，选择性地记忆。很有可能arbiter这个词已经记住，因为“仲裁者”在中文里属常用词汇，值得记忆。那么，在考场上碰
I went on my first date when I was 16 years old. I was really nervous to go on the date, because my date’s looks were very superb. Because of her superior looks, I had been very nervous to ask her out. I had to summon all of the courage I had just to talk to her, but all of my nerves were a bit superfluous because she was a very kind, down-to-earth girl, not superficial at all. But, suffice it to say, I was still nervous!
When I told my dad that I was going on the date, he said he wanted to come and supervise it because I was too young to be dating. But, I couldn’t suppress my anger and I said that if he came my embarrassment would surpass anything I’d experienced before. After I gave him a surplus of reasons why I didn’t want him to come with me, I asked him to remember when he went on his first date. He thought about it then finally agreed with me. He said that if his parents had gone with him on his first date, he would have tried to sue them.
Before I left to pick her up, I put on my lucky hat. I wear this hat every time I have to do something important. I’ve had this superstition since I was very young. I picked her up at her house and gave her a summary of my plans for our day together. I wasn’t sure if she would be interested in what I had planned, so I made some extra ideas to supplement my original plan. She said that all of my ideas sounded great and she was looking forward to our day together! Hearing her words and seeing her smile brought me a supreme sense of happiness at that moment.
We started our day with a succession of small activities a sum of which involved things at our local mall. We went shopping, played some video games and ordered a large chocolate milk shake and used two straws to suck it all down. I really liked this girl, and the entire day I tried to give her subtle hints to let her know.
Because we’d spent so much time at the mall, we had to subtract a few activities from our plan, but we still had time to survey a map of the local hills and we hiked to the summit and back down. I’ll never forget that wonderful day!
slip [slip] v. 滑,滑倒;滑落,滑掉;溜走 n. 疏忽,小错,口误,笔误
slip out of 意外地从…滑出, 掉出;溜出去
sly [slai]a. 狡猾的,偷偷摸摸的
on the sly adv. 秘密地
gentle a. 和蔼的,文雅的,有礼貌的
slope n. 斜坡,斜面;倾斜,斜度 v.(使)倾斜
cast [ka:st] v. 投,扔,掷,抛;铸 n. 演员表
hook [huk]n. 钩,吊钩,钩状物 v. 钩住
sink v.(使)下沉,下落 n. 水槽,水池
opposite a.(to)对面的,对立的,相反的n. 对立面,对立物prep. 在……的对面
simultaneous a. 同时的,同时发生的
motion n. 运动,动;提议,动议 v. 提议,动议
size up 估量, 估计;迅速对…作出判断〔评价〕
mentally adv. 精神上, 智力上, 在内心
smart [sma:t]a. 漂亮的,潇洒的;聪明的;巧妙的,伶俐的 v. 剧痛,刺疼
in appearance 看起来, 外貌上
figure n. 体形;数字;图形;人物 v.(out)算出,估计,推测
finger n. 手指
slim [slim]a. 苗条的;薄的;(机会)少的 v.(用运动、节食等)减轻体重,变苗条
blade [bleid]n.刀刃，刀片
collarbone n. 锁骨
plain [plein]a.明白的,平易的;朴素的,平常的;坦率;平凡,普通 n.平原,旷野
slit [slit]v. 切开,截开,纵割 n. 细长裂缝,狭长切口
slender a. 修长的,细长的,苗条的;微小的,微薄的
skip [skip]v.跳，蹦;跳读，遗漏 n.跳跃
beat [bi:t]n. 敲打,敲击声,节拍;(心脏等)跳动,搏动 v. 打,敲;打败,战胜;(心脏等)跳动,搏动
skeptic ['skeptik]n. 怀疑论者, 无神论者, 怀疑宗教的人
affair n. 事,事情,事件
aware a.(of)知道的,意识到的
wonder n. 惊奇,惊异;奇迹,奇事 v.(at)诧异,奇怪;纳闷,想知道
signify ['signifai]v. 表示,意味;要紧,有重要性
wad n. 块状软物, 填料 vt. 把...卷为一卷, 填塞, 以软物衬填
knee [ni:]n. 膝,膝盖
kneel [ni:l] v. 跪,下跪
engross vt. 使全神贯注
sketch n. 素描,速写;略图,草图;梗概,大意 v. 绘略图,速写,写生
pluck n. 勇气, 精神 vt.采; 摘; 拔，弹, 拔 vi. 拉, 拽
pluck up v. 振作, 拔起
response n. 回答,回音;反应,响应
slide [slaid]v.(使)滑动,滑行 n. 滑坡,滑道;滑,滑动;幻灯片
slice [slais]n. 薄片,切片;一份;部分切(片)
glance [gla:ns]v.(at, over)扫视 n. 匆匆看,一瞥,一眼
slack a. 懈怠的,不紧的;萧条的 n. 淡季,萧条;[pl.]便裤,运动裤
desire v./n. 愿望,欲望,要求
simulate ['simjuleit]v. 模仿,模拟;假装,冒充
unconcern n. 不关心; 不感兴趣; 冷漠
attract sb.'s attention v. 引起...注意
pick up
拾起, 捡起; 抬起
安排接取; 使搭乘; 搭救
爬〔站〕起来; 振作起来
使增加〔加快〕
收拾东西〔屋子〕
掘, 挖
染上
捉住, 逮住
好转; 恢复
skim [skim]v.撇去
slam v.砰地关上，砰地放下，猛力抨击，冲击 n.砰，猛击，撞击，冲击
impress [im'pres, 'impres] v.(on)印,盖印;留下印象,引人注目 n. 印记
footbridge n. 人行桥
caricature
n.漫画; 夸张的描述或模仿; 漫画艺术; 滑稽或讽刺的模仿艺术
vt. 用漫画表现或夸张描述、模仿…
thigh n.大腿，股
proud [praud]a.(of)自豪的;得意的;骄傲的,引以自豪的;妄自尊大的
aloft adv. 在高处, 在上
skeleton n. 骨骼;骨架,框架;梗概,提要
monstrous adj. 极可恶的; 令人震惊的;尺寸大得不顺眼的, 大得古怪的
The study of our Universe is not new. The history of astronomy shows that it is the oldest science. Even in areas where very few people were literate, there have always been men and women curious enough to look up, trying to explain the universe. Studying astronomy was originally a luxury afforded only by male priests and holy men. They would study the macroscopic movements of celestial bodies to determine lunar celebrations and planting cycles. Many people still claim that the work of these purportedly malign priests was not scientific, and full of inaccurate superstitions. However, what these holy men did helped to magnify the role astronomy played in our world.
Looking back in history, the ancient Greeks were among the first to start to make theories about the design of the Universe. They worked without modern tools, a single magnet shared among many men. Many earlier observers in history held the literal belief that the heavens were a giant bowl covering the Earth. Later in the 4th century BC, the major philosopher Aristotle said that the sun, moon, and planets all moved in circles surrounding the Earth. Of course, this model would malfunction if used in tracking planets, the moon, or stars. Still, it was able to linger as the predominant scientific view of the universe for a long time, almost 600 years. In 200 AD there came a Roman astronomer Ptolemy, who had moved away from his home to live and study in Egypt. He said that the planets moved in perfect circles around the Earth. Scientists and books continued to maintain this theory for another 400 years.
In the 6th century, curiosity was able to lure Nicolas Copernicus, a Polish man, to begin working on a theory of his own. He theorized that the Sun was at the center of the Universe, and that the Earth and other planets revolved around it. The Copernican Model of the Universe, while still incorrect, did three main things. It explained the motions of the planets. It took the Earth out of its incorrect spot as the lump of matter at the center of the Universe. It also expanded the magnitude of the Universe. His literary work, on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies, was published as the lay dying. The knowledge collected by Copernicus and the lofty aspirations of other early astronomers worked to lubricate the beginning of the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlight) aenment.
It all started with a nativity scene in a department store. It was about six week to Christmas and the scene was set up in the stationery department. Amidst the stacks of paper and pens there was a small stage upon which the scene was set. The staff had spent many evenings making the figures and painting them by hand. It was a source of great pride. People were startled at how accomplished the scene was. Beside the scene was a collection jar where people could donate money to help starving children in a small state in Africa. A sign nearby gave some shocking statistics about poverty, which, if read carefully, would leave even the most emotionally stable person upset. People who read the sign gave generously and left the stall feeling happy with themselves. Some gave large sums because they thought it would show their high status, but the most touching of donations was one of the smallest.
The department store was very close to the train station where the homeless would while away their days by pestering people for change and consuming cheap alcohol as their staple diet. Often they would lie stationary, drunk as lords, as commuters passed by, their faces sour with disgust. Yong boys would dare each other to stamp on one of the motionless bodies to see if it was dead. The story of the nativity scene soon spread in the small town and it came to the attention of a homeless man named Jack. He had overheard two men talking about the display and decided to take a look. He heaved himself up from the cold floor and staggered to the store. It was a cold day and his stale breath stained the air with clouds of mist. He made his way to the stationery department and gazed in awe at the beautiful static scene. If he had taken a stab at creating such a scene perhaps his life would have been better. He moved his eyes to the nearby sign. As he read, tears welled in his eyes. He had become homeless by gambling with high stakes until he had lost everything. A terrible guilt spread through him until he stood in tears. These poor children had nothing, whereas he had frittered away all he had for nothing. Jack reached into his pocket and felt his worldly riches, it was less than the price of a meal and he needed it for that week. Nevertheless, he gave it all.
A fox and a crane sat on the ground beside a lake. The Fox invited the Crane. The Crane was grateful for the invitation and accepted happily. Foxes, as we know, hail from the forest and fields. So, the Crane left her house near the water, and traveled to the Fox’s grand house to eat with him. The Fox heard a knock at his door, and stood up to greet the Crane. The Fox had prepared a delicious soup, which he served in a shallow dish. No matter how the Crane tried, with her long bill, she was unable to drink the soup from the shallow dish. She didn’t have hands with which to grasp the dish, and her long bill was too thin to eat in this way. Her long, sharp bill only served to hamper her, and she could only get a taste. Meanwhile the Fox with his greedy tongue quickly lapped it all up. As everyone knows, the Crane is an animal known for her grace. So, when she left, with a grim smile, she thanked him.
“Tomorrow, please come to my house and join me for dinner,” the Crane invited the Fox. “I guarantee to grant you the meal you deserve.” The foolish fox happily agreed. He had no grounds to refuse the offer. Following directions written hastily on a piece of thin graph paper, he made his way. The next evening the Crane heard a knock at her door, and stood up to guide the Fox into her little house. She too had prepared a delicious soup, full of grease, which was the Fox’s favorite. She served the soup in tall, narrow-necked bottles. He began to grope at the bottle, but no matter how he tried to grip it, he could not eat what was inside. He ground his sharp teeth in frustration. With his broad tongue he could not get so much as a taste, and the Crane would not give him a helping hand, and only smiled to herself as she watched the Fox’s gross movement. The Crane with her long, sharp bill easily reached and drank up the whole of the soup. Having to grieve the loss of a delicious meal, the Fox stared angrily at the Crane. That evening, the Fox had gone happily to the Crane’s house, but he came home sad. But, the Fox had learned his lesson. He knew that he had to halt his selfish behavior. Thanks to the Crane’s clever lesson, the Fox could now graduate to a new level of kindness.
goal n. 目的,目标;守门员,球门;进球entertainer n.(娱乐节目的)表演者; 艺人entertain v. 招待,款待;使娱乐;使欢乐entertainment n. 招待,款待;表演文娱节目portable a.轻便的,手提(式)的favorite n.最喜欢的人或物 a. 特别喜欢的,中意的portray v.描绘practice n. 练习,实习;实践,实际;业务,开业practise v. 练习,实习;实践,实行;开业,从事basement n. 建筑物的底部,地下室,地窖pose v. 造成(困难等);提出(问题等),陈述(观点等);摆姿势;假装,冒充pose as 摆出…的样子, 装作…predominant a.(over)占优势的;主要的,突出的attend v. 出席,参加;(to)照顾,护理attendant n. 服务员,值班员;护理人员achieve v. 完成;达到,达成,获得talent n. 才能,天资;天才pregnant a.怀孕的，重要的，富有意义的，孕育的possibility n. 可能,可能性;可能的事,希望fortunate a. 幸运的,侥幸的unfortunate adj.不幸的, 倒霉的; 时运不佳的;可叹的, 令人遗憾的;不合适的, 粗野的, 不得体的 n.不幸的人postpone v. 推迟,延期lack n./v. 缺乏,不足preclude [pri'klu:d] n.排除preclude from v.阻止,妨碍include [in'klu:d] v. 包括,包含,计入support v. 支撑;支持;拥护;供养,维持 n. 支撑者,支撑物;支撑,支持pour v. 灌,倒,注;倾泻,流出customer n. 顾客,主顾custom n.习惯,风俗,惯例;[pl.]海关,关税standard n. 标准,规则 a. 标准的greet [gri:t] v. 致敬,敬意,迎接;扑(鼻),入(耳),触(目)greeting n. 问候,致敬serve v. 服务,尽责;招待,侍候;符合,适用prescribe [pris'kraib] v. 指示,规定;处(方),开(药)precaution n. 预防,谨慎,警惕predecessor n.前辈，前任，(被取代的)原有事物precede v. (于),在(……之)前;优先,先于preliminary a.预备的,初步的preach v. 宣讲(教义),布道;竭力鼓吹,宣传;讲道,说教industry n. 工业,产业;勤劳,勤奋premium n.额外费用，奖金，奖赏，保险费positive a. 确实的,明确的;积极的,肯定的;正的,阳性的;十足的,完全的 n.(摄影)正片attitude n.(to, towards)态度,看法;姿势prejudice n. 偏见,成见;损害,侵害prejudice against 使对…抱有偏见inspire v. 鼓舞,激起;使产生灵感practical a.实际的,实用的practically ad. 几乎,实际上,简直impractical adj.不切实际的, 无用的, 不现实的;不善做实际工作的
halloween n. 万圣节前夕(10月31号夜晚)annual a. 每年的,年度的 n.年刊,年鉴carve [ka:v]v.(雕)刻pumpkin n. 南瓜;南瓜的果肉, 南瓜囊flavor n.味,风味v. 给……调味sour a. 酸的;发酸的;酸痛的;脾气坏的;刻薄的candy n. 糖果mischievous adj. 淘气的, 顽皮的;造成伤害的smash v./n. 打碎,粉碎snob n. (谄上傲下的)势利小人;自高自大者, 自命不凡者avoid v. 避免,回避,逃避void a. 空的,空虚的,(of)没有的,缺乏的;无效的originate v. (in, from)起源,发生;首创,创造riddle ['ridl]n. 谜,谜语solve v. 解决,解答span n. 跨度,跨距origin n. 起源,由来;出身,来历Catholic a. 天主教的 n. 天主教徒church n. 教堂;[C-]教会contraction n. 订约;(分娩时)子宫收缩;收缩, 缩短;缩减hallow vt. 使成为神圣, 把…视为神圣observance n. 遵守, 惯例, 仪式, 庆祝honor n.尊敬,敬意;荣誉,光荣 v. 尊敬,给以荣誉in honor of 为了向…表示敬意saint [seint]n. 圣人,圣徒;[S-或略作St.,用于人、地名前]圣celtic ['keltik]n. 凯尔特人(语) adj. 凯尔特的official n. 官员,行政官员 a. 官员的,官方的,正式的,公务的officially adv. 职务上, 正式solar a. 太阳的,日光的equinox n. 昼夜平分点, 春分或秋分sober a. 清醒的;认真的,冷静的,适度的occasion n. 场合,时节,时刻;时机,机会solitary a.孤独的soul n. 灵魂,心灵;精神,精力;人sore a. 疼痛的;痛心的 n. 痛处,疮口possess v. 占有,拥有possessed adj. 着魔的, 疯狂的soar v.高飞，翱翔;剧增 n.高飞范围，高涨程度snatch n./v. 攫取,抢夺villager n. 在乡村住的人extinguish v. 熄灭,扑灭spark [spa:k]n. 火花,火星 v. 发火花,发电花undesirable adj. 可能招致麻烦或不便的; 不想要的; 不受大家欢迎的; 讨厌的 n. 不受欢迎的人pace [peis]n. 步,步伐 v. 踱步ghoulish adj. 食尸鬼似的,残忍的parade n. ,检阅 v.(使)列队行进spirit ['spirit]n. 精神;气概,志气;[pl.]情绪,心情;[pl.]酒精,烈酒sophisticated adj. 老练的; 老于世故的;精密的, 尖端的;高雅的, 有教养的sophisticate n. 老于世故的人ritualize vt. 使仪式化, 奉行仪式主义possession n. 持有,拥有;所有权;所有物;[pl.]财产,财富influence n.(on)影响,感化;势力,权势 v. 影响,感化soak v. 浸泡,浸湿,浸透witch n.巫婆，女巫 vt.施巫术，迷惑social a. 社会的;交际的role n. 角色;作用,任务immigrant a.(从国外)移来的,移民的 n. 移民,侨民flee [fli:]v. 逃走;逃避potato n. 马铃薯,土豆famine n. 饥荒,饥馑soil n. 泥土,土地,土壤 v. 弄脏,(使)变脏sow v. 播种trick-or-treat 不请客就捣乱To engage in the practice of asking for treats on Halloween and threatening to play tricks on those who refuse.tradition n. 传统,惯例Christian n. 基du教徒的 n.基du教徒Christ n.救世主(特指耶稣基du)spare a. 多余的,剩下的,备用的 v. 节约,节省;让给,抽出(时间)bit [bit]n. 一点,一片,一些bring about 使(船)掉转船头;造成, 引起〔导致〕(某事)solid a. 固体的;实心的;结实的,稳固的,可靠的 n. 固体root [ru:t]n. 根,根部;根本,根源 v.(使)生根,(使)扎根ancient a. 古代的,古老的
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