托福TPO6阅读及答案参考Part

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托福TPO6阅读及答案参考Part

篇1：托福TPO6阅读及答案参考Part1

Powering the Industrial Revolution

In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.

The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.

Paragraph 1: In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.

Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

篇2：托福TPO6阅读及答案参考Part1

参考翻译：驱动工业革命

在英国，工业革命带来的最大的变化之一就是动力的运用。从中世纪到乔治三世统治时期，用于劳作及行驶的动力一直没有得到发展。当时的驱动力仅限于三种：动物或人力;风力，用于航行或者风车;流水产生的动力。其中只有水力可以用于支持持续运转的机器，尽管在当时的兰开夏和苏格兰地区水力资源极其丰富，被用于谷物作坊和纺织厂，但这种动力存在一个极大的缺陷：水的流向是由自然因素决定的，因此，不论适不适合工厂选址，利用水利生产的工厂都必须建造在能够提供水资源动力的岸边。再者，即便是最可靠的水资源也会受到季节变化和因干旱而枯竭的影响。总之，没有可持续提供动力并且可移动的能源就没有新机械化时代的产生。

一直以来，人们很早就了解这种能源，不过没能成功开发。在18世纪早期，泵曾被用于在气缸中使蒸汽推动活塞，气缸内部的蒸汽被压缩形成真空环境，大气压又使得活塞下降，这一由托马斯o赛佛瑞发明并由他的同伴托马斯o纽科门对其进行改良的“大气引擎”，被赋予了革命性的工作原理。但其效率低下且浪费燃料，无法在煤矿以外的地区使用，这与最初的设计期望背道而驰。18世纪60年代，詹姆士o瓦特完善了分离的蒸汽冷凝器，因此不必每次活塞运动后都要冷却气缸;随后，他又发明了一种新的方法，使得活塞可以旋转运动，即从原来的往复运动演变成为循环运动，原本效率低下运用范围有限的活塞式结构从此演变成为得到广泛运用的蒸汽模式。最终，蒸汽被运用于汽缸中将活塞推回，从而加快了机器的运转速度并降低了能源消耗。

瓦特发明的蒸汽机很快地施展了拳脚，把依赖水源的工业解放了出来。通过驱动高效率的泵，引擎可将矿井中的水排出，矿井就能挖掘得更深。煤的便利使用激发了威廉o默多克在18世纪90年代发明了1 5以来首例夜间照明设备。。新世纪伊始，煤气灯在与冒烟的油灯和忽闪的蜡烛的比较中尽占优势，经济富裕的伦敦人也开始习惯了煤气作家用照明甚至街道照明。依赖于木炭供应的铁匠们急需燃料，他们也受益于越来越多的煤炭供应。配备有蒸汽动力的鼓风炉使得越来越多的钢铁供应成为可能。蒸汽成为了工业革命中的主要动力，当时的煤矿和铁矿成为了是工业的主要原材料。

19世纪时，英国已经拥有上千台蒸汽发动机，直到19世纪30年代以前，英国在蒸汽机的生产方面一直处于实质性垄断地位。蒸汽机不仅可以用于织布、炼铁，19世纪早期，蒸汽机的使用同样大大提高了造纸的效率，蒸汽动力生产的产量是一个工人一天产量的10倍。那时，第一个利用蒸汽发动的印刷机的印刷厂1小时就能完成1 000页的印量，而手动印刷机只能完成30页的工作量。。蒸汽动力还实现了运河及收费公路无法完全解决的运输问题。货船的确可以负荷重物，但人们无法利用运河在多山的区域实现运输，虽然利用公路可以穿实现在多山区域的运输，但路面的承载能力有限。这些问题都需要其他解决方法，解决问题所需要的条件其实唾手可得。在一些工业地区，四轮马车用于承载重物，它们配备有带凸的车轮，通过马力拉车在铁轨上行驶;静止的蒸汽发动机广泛运用于工厂和矿井之中。直到过了一代，另一批发明家们才将这些条件成功地组合在一起，给车轮配备上蒸汽动力，让轮子在铁路上运转，利用机器替代了原有的马。这就是铁路时代从18世纪既有条件发展起来的过程。

篇3：托福TPO6阅读及答案参考Part1

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven.

○ The disadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places.

○ Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was abundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland.

○ Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardless of whether such locations made sense otherwise.

2. Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?

○Paragraph 2 shows how the problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose.

○Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.

○Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.

○Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.

3. The word “exploited” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○utilized

○recognized

○examined

○fully understood

4. The word “vastly” in the passage is closet in meaning to

○quickly

○ultimately

○greatly

○initially

5. According to paragraph 2, the “atmospheric engine” was slow because

○it had been designed to be used in coal mines

○the cylinder had to cool between each stroke

○it made use of expanding steam to raise the piston in its cylinder

○it could be operated only when a large supply of fuel was available

6. According to paragraph 2, Watt's steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT:

○ It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder.

○ It worked with greater speed.

○ It was more efficient in its use of fuel.

○ It could be used in many different ways.

Paragraph 3: Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

7. In paragraph 3, the author mentions William Murdoch's invention of a new form of nighttime illumination in order to

○indicate one of the important developments made possible by the introduction of Watt's steam engine

○make the point that Watt's steam engine was not the only invention of importance to the Industrial Revolution

○illustrate how important coal was as a raw material for the Industrial Revolution

○provide an example of another eighteenth-century invention that used steam as a power source

8. The phrase “grew accustomed to” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○began to prefer

○wanted to have

○became used to

○insisted on

Paragraph 4: By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.

9. The word “retained” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○gained

○established

○profited from

○maintained

10. According to paragraph 4, which of the following statements about steam engines is true?

○They were used for the production of paper but not for printing.

○By 1800, significant numbers of them were produced outside of Britain.

○They were used in factories before they were used to power trains.

○They were used in the construction of canals and turnpikes.

11. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved combining which two previously separate ingredients?

○Turnpikes and canals

○Stationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheels

○Metal rails in roadbeds and wagons capable of carrying heavy loads

○Canal boats and heavily laden wagons

12.Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The factories did not have to go to the streams when power could come to the factories.

Where would the sentence best fit?

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.

●

Answer Choices

○In the early eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder.

○Watt's steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.

○Until the 1830s, Britain was the world's major producer of steam engines.

○In the mid-1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.

○In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.

○The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a major transportation problem

篇4：TPO6托福阅读Part3答案解析

托福TPO6阅读文本Part3

Infantile Amnesia

What do you remember about your life before you were three? Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth.

How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation-that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression-or holding back-of sexually charged episodes explain the phenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.

Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants' and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain's level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children's language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.

A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.

This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations-physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events-seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia.

Paragraph 2: How might this inability to recall early experiences be explained? The sheer passage of time does not account for it; adults have excellent recognition of pictures of people who attended high school with them 35 years earlier. Another seemingly plausible explanation-that infants do not form enduring memories at this point in development-also is incorrect. Children two and a half to three years old remember experiences that occurred in their first year, and eleven month olds remember some events a year later. Nor does the hypothesis that infantile amnesia reflects repression-or holding back-of sexually charged episodes explain thephenomenon. While such repression may occur, people cannot remember ordinary events from the infant and toddler periods either.

托福TPO6阅读题目Part3

1. What purpose does paragraph 2 serve in the larger discussion of children's inability to recall early experiences?

○To argue that theories that are not substantiated by evidence should generally be considered unreliable

○To argue that the hypotheses mentioned in paragraph 2 have been more thoroughly researched than have the theories mentioned later in the passage

○To explain why some theories about infantile amnesia are wrong before presenting ones more likely to be true

○To explain why infantile amnesia is of great interest to researchers

2. The word “plausible” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○flexible

○believable

○debatable

○predictable

3. The word “phenomenon” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○exception

○repetition

○occurrence

○idea

4. All of the following theories about the inability to recall early experiences are rejected in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:

○The ability to recall an event decreases as the time after the event increases.

○Young children are not capable of forming memories that last for more than a short time.

○People may hold back sexually meaningful memories.

○Most events in childhood are too ordinary to be worth remembering.

Paragraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be critical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants' and toddlers' long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a doll's mouth, or pulling apart two pieces of a toy. The brain's level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions.

5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?

○Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memory of motor activities but not verbal descriptions.

○Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told.

○Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones.

○Children's long-term recall of motor activities increases when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions.

Paragraph 4: A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children's language use. Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood. Through hearing stories with a clear beginning, middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view, parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.

6.According to paragraph 4, what role may storytelling play in forming childhood memories?

○It may encourage the physiological maturing of the brain.

○It may help preschool children tell the difference between ordinary and unusual memories.

○It may help preschool children retrieve memories quickly.

○It may provide an ordered structure that facilitates memory retrieval.

Paragraph 5: A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it. The better able the person is to reconstruct the perspective from which the material was encoded, the more likely that recall will be successful.

7. The word “critically” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ fundamentally

○ partially

○ consistently

○ subsequently

8. The word “perspective” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ system

○ theory

○ source

○ viewpoint

Paragraph 6: This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children's encoding and older children's and adults' retrieval efforts. The world looks very different to a person whose head is only two or three feet above the ground than to one whose head is five or six feet above it. Older children and adults often try to retrieve the names of things they saw, but infants would not have encoded the information verbally. General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctor's office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to encode many experiences within such knowledge structures.

9. The phrase “This view” in the passage refers to the belief that

○ the ability to retrieve a memory partly depends on the similarity between the encoding and retrieving process

○ the process of encoding information is less complex for adults than it is for young adults and infants

○ infants and older children are equally dependent on discussion of past events for the retrieval of information

○ infants encode information in the same way older children and adults do

10. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, one disadvantage very young children face in processing information is that they cannot

○ process a lot of information at one time

○ organize experiences according to type

○ block out interruptions

○ interpret the tone of adult language

Paragraph 7: These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what they hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanations-physiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of events-seem likely to be involved in overcoming infantile amnesia.

11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○ Incomplete physiological development may partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.

○ One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.

○ Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite physiological immaturity.

○ Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.

12. How does paragraph 7 relate to the earlier discussion of infantile amnesia?

○It introduces a new theory about the causes of infantile amnesia.

○It argues that particular theories discussed earlier in the passage require further research.

○It explains how particular theories discussed earlier in the passage may work in combination.

○It evaluates which of the theories discussed earlier is most likely to be true.

Paragraph 1: What do you remember about your life before you were three? █Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years. █Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty. █Most people remember only a few events-usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive, such as being hospitalized or a sibling's birth. █

13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods.

●

Answer Choices

○Preschoolers typically do not recall events from their first year.

○Frontal lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can occur.

○Children recall physical activities more easily if they are verbalized.

○The opportunity to hear chronologically narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting memories.

○The content of a memory determines the way in which it is encoded.

○The contrasting ways in which young children and adults process information may determine their relative success in remembering

托福TPO6阅读答案Part3

参考答案：

1. ○3

2. ○2

3. ○3

4. ○4

5. ○2

6. ○4

7. ○1

8. ○4

9. ○1

10. ○2

11. ○1

12. ○3

13. ○4

14. Frontal lobe function

The opportunity to hear

The contrasting ways in

托福TPO6阅读翻译Part3

参考翻译：婴幼儿期记忆缺失

三岁前生活中发生事情你还记得多少?很少有人能记得婴幼儿时期曾经发生在他们身上的事情。成年人对三岁之后那几年的记忆也很稀疏。大部分人只记得那些很少的特殊的事情，比如住院或者弟弟妹妹的出生。

人们无法回忆起幼年事情的现象该如何解释呢?恐怕时间的流逝无法阐述清楚，成年人对35年前的高中同学照片仍可进行清楚地辨认。一种看似合理的解释认为，婴儿时期，孩子正在发展对发生的事情尚未形成永久性记忆，这种说法并不准确。两岁半到三岁的孩子能够记得他们一岁时候的事情，11个月大的孩子一年以后仍会记得一些事情。那些假设婴幼儿健忘症反映了孩子们对充满性欲的插曲的压制和隐藏，同样也解释不通。这种压制发生的时候，人们连孩提时代最普通的事情都是无法回忆起来的。

除此之外的三种解释似乎更具说服力。一种观点认涉及记忆相关的生理变化。孩子们早期的童年时代中，脑前叶不断地成熟，它对记忆发生的特殊事件以及之后对这些事情的回想起着至关重要的作用。婴幼儿长期记忆的形成，还会涉及到他们之前早期看到的或者自身经历的活动的重复，比如：到黑暗的环境里取东西，把瓶子塞到了洋娃娃的嘴里，或者将玩具撕成两半等。除了那些需要清晰语言描述的事件之外，大脑生理成熟的程度足以帮助他们记得这些特殊事件。

第二种观点与社会环境对孩子运用语言的影响有关。听故事和讲故事将有助于储存信息，直到他们的童年和成年。听故事的时候有个清晰的开头、情节和结尾会帮助孩子们提取事件的要点，并且使他们在过了很多年以后仍然可以描述这些事情。越来越多的家长们会在孩子三岁左右的时候和他们讨论过去发生的事情，这也与该理论一致。然而，仅仅听这些故事还是不足以帮更年幼的孩子形成永久的记忆。给两岁的孩子讲故事，并不能使他们形成语言化的记忆。

第三种可能的解释认为婴幼儿健忘症与婴儿储存信息的方式和成年后进行回忆的方式不相容有关。人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。两种方式越匹配，越有助于人们成功回忆之前发生的事情。

事实上，很多因素会导致婴幼儿储存信息的方式和成年人进行回忆的方式不匹配。对于一个头离地面两三尺的孩子来说，这个世界与那些稍大点的孩子眼中的世界不尽相同。长大后的孩子和成人经常试图回忆那些他们曾经见过的事物的名字，但在他们的幼儿时期时尚未对此进行语言化的信息储存。人们对类似生日聚会或者拜访医生诊所类似事件的分类常识有助于人们记忆他们的经历，但是，婴幼儿时期的孩子们似乎缺乏这些知识结构来帮助他们储存信息。

以上三种关于幼儿期遗忘的解释实际上并非互斥，他们是相互支持的。学龄前孩子听到那些可以促进他们回忆的故事时，生理上的不成熟是导致他们无法形成长久记忆的原因之一。听那些故事将有助于学龄前孩子在脑中储存已经发生的事情，以便形成他们可以像成年人那样自由提取的记忆。相反，将他们听到的故事进行更进一步的编码将有助于他们更好地理解和记忆，因此，那些故事将对他们记住将来发生的事情更有帮助。综上所述，生理上的成熟、听故事和讲故事以及改进对事件关键信息的编码都有助于克服婴幼儿遗忘症。

篇5：托福阅读专项练习题及答案

Naturalists and casual observers alike have been struck by the special relationship between squirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak trees). Ecologists, though, cannot observe these energetic mammals scurrying up and down oak trees and eating and burying acorns without wondering about their complex relationship with trees. Are squirrels dispersers and planters of oak forests or pesky seed predators? The answer is not simple. Squirrels may devour many acorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of them as they do when seeds are abundant, these arboreal rodents can also aid regeneration and dispersal of the oaks.

Their destructive powers are well documented. According to one report, squirrels destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the University of Indiana campus. A professor there estimated that each of the large white oaks had produced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallen leaves.

Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them, and are therefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are also unlikely to promote tree dispersal, as they often store seeds in tree cavities and underground burrows. Only squirrels ― whose behavior of caching (hiding) acorns below the leaf litter ― often promote successful germination of acorns, and perhaps blue jays, important long-distance dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and reproduce.

Among squirrels, though, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern. Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and then discard them half-eaten. The ground under towering oaks is often littered with thousands of half-eaten acorns, each one only bitten from the top. Why would any animal waste so much time and energy and risk exposure to such predators as red-tail hawks only to leave a large part of each acorn uneaten? While research is not conclusive at this point, one thing that is certain is that squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions, and these acorn halves, many of which contain the seeds, may later germinate.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The ecology of oak trees

(B) Factors that determine the feeding habits of Squirrels

(D) The relationship between squirrels and oak trees

2. The word “they” in line 7 refers to

(A) oak forests

(B) acorns

(D) predators

3. According to the passage , what do squirrels do when large quantities of acorns are available?

(A) They do not store acorns.

(B) They eat more than 74 percent of available acorns.

(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities.

4. The word “estimated评价，估计，估价，判断” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) commented

(B) judged

(D) discovered

5. Why does the author mention “the University of Indiana campus” in line 10 -11?

(A) to provide evidence that intact acorns are hard to find under oak trees

(B) to indicate a place where squirrels can aid seed dispersal of oaks

(D) to support the claim that squirrels can do great damage to oak stands

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that chipmunks do not aid in the dispersal of oak trees because

(A) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate

(B) they consume most of their stored acorns

(D) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal

7. According to the passage , which of the following do squirrels and blue jays have in common?

(A) They travel long distances to obtain acorns.

(B) They promote the reproduction of oak trees.

(D) They store large quantities of acorns.

8. The phrase “pry 撬off” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

(A) swallow 吞

(B) remove

(D) locate

9. The word “littered” in line 22 is closest in meaning to

(A) covered

(B) displayed

(D) planted

10. According to the passage , scientists cannot explain which of the following aspects of squirrel behavior?

(A) Where squirrels store their acorn caches

(B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over other seeds

(D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a particular species of oak trees

DCCBD DBBAC

篇6：托福阅读模拟练习题及答案

The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the Maria (dark lowlands) and the Terrace (bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability of reflecting light) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences between the terrains is the smoothness of the Maria in contrast to the roughness of the highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters: the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the Maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon's craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.

Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large wispy marks were seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the Maria. Although various land forms were catalogued, the majority of astronomers' attention was fixed on craters and their origins.

Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain, smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-sixth their diameters. The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions.

(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon.

(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon's land forms.

2. The word “undergone经历” in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) altered

(B) substituted

(D) preserved

3. According to the passage , the Maria differ from the Terrace mainly in terms of

(A) age

(B) manner of creation

(D) composition

4. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?

(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon's surface.

(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon's craters were incorrect.

(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon's craters were made.

5. The word “vast” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) special

(B) known

(D) great

6. All of the following are true of the Maria EXCEPT:

(A) They have small craters.

(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.

(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.

7. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) Moon (line 1)

(B) reflectivity (line 3)

(D) Maria (line 2)

8. The author mentions “wispy marks” in line 19 as an example of

(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions

(B) a characteristic of large craters

(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to the Earth and the Moon

9. According to the passage , lunar researchers have focused mostly on

(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon

(B) the lunar regolith

(D) craters and their origins

10. The passage probably continues with a discussion of

(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study

(B) the different shapes small craters can have

(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed

BCDAD CACDC

篇7：托福阅读加试答案口诀

托福阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization 试题及答案

阅读经典加试 1 Title: Sumerian Civilization

概述：

第一段：美文化和埃及文化同时，但因为美的地域限制一直没有统一。(有题)平原，经常受到入侵，四周沙漠，生活好，不统一。开头，it is astonishing that...两个地方在同一时间产生了两种文化，并且互有交流。一个是尼罗河的埃及文化，一个是两河流域的M地文化。埃及文化仰仗尼罗河，河水孕育了富饶的土地，两岸有沙漠作为自然屏障。M地不一样，河水土地narrow and shallow,周围没有起保护作用的天然屏障

第二段：直到一种S人来统一，说了他们的来源和历史，他们建立了一种s文化

第三段：S文化的实物遗迹少，这又两方面原因：一当地石料不丰富二当地人没有厚葬的习惯。所以对S的了解主要基于文字。当初美索不达米亚的居民生活好像挺好的，所以一直没有人提出统一的想法，很久以后才有，可是由于大量的花费在战争上什么的，很快就覆灭了。由于当时的环境条件，那里的人们都用泥土/木头盖房子，所以和埃及不一样，现在我们没找到什么当初留下的建筑物。我们现在还挖出了许多陶器石板，上面刻着文字，只能通过这些推知历史。后来又变成什么苏美尔了，这是从外面迁徙过来的民族。

第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一个城市有一个local god, god无比神圣拥有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中议事。(有题)社会的经济市场就是以寺庙为中心，由牧师组织交易，所以很多的牧师纪录都与此有关。

Mesopotamia culture一种civilization(文明社会)还和埃及比较了一下。关于两河civilization和Egypt civilization(埃及社会)的。他们同时存在，有交流，但没有一方压倒另一方。Egypt的体制根两河的政治体制不一样，一个united under 一个联合体制下，另外一个则由于地理条件的制约不存在united format联合体制。另外两河的文明很少有tangible substance (确实的物质)留下来，因为他们的architecture structure(建筑结构)与Egypt不一样，对他们文字的研究也是通过发掘fragment(碎片)的方法研究的。还讲了两河的local lord(封建地主),这人不是fiction的，他对他那个city state具有很大的influence，文中讲到的是economic aspect(经济方面)同时，他传话通过一个叫做人君的人传话。讲Mesopotamia的culture，和Egypt的文化对比。因为两者是两河流域的同时发展起来的文化(考：Mesopotamia文化是独立于independence Egypt的文化)然后讲述Mesopotamia culture的特点：建筑物没有Egypt的牢固，文化没有文字记载等。

答案(下方黑体标出)

1.The word astonishing in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) important (B) unknown (C) amazing (D) interesting

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia, the “land between the rivers” under pharaonic rule.

(B) Egypt and another great civilization both developed in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C.

(C) A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3500 and 3000 B.C. at the same time that ancient Egyptwas being united.

(D) As Egypt was being united under pharaonic rule, a great civilization arose there.

3.The phrase its substance refers to

(A) the political history of ancient Mesopotamia 古代美索不达米亚政治的历史

(B) divine kingship

(D) the sudden collapse of military power

4.The word obscure in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) unclear (B) unique (C) controversial (D) important

5.The author mentions Nor did they share the Egyptians’ concern with the hereafter, in order to

(A) To provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society. 为相对少的关于古代苏美尔社会物理遗迹提供一个解释

(B) To explain why ancient Sumerian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.

(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife.

6.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in

(A) Egypt (B) Persia (C) northern Mesopotamia

(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates 底格里斯河和幼发拉底河的交汇处

7.The word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) random (B) very large (C) surprising (D) relatively small

8.According to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.

(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.

(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce long-lasting structures

9.Look at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 尽管这些成就，学者们对于苏美尔人的生活知道的更少，比起他们爱好什么而言

Where would the sentence best fit? 选第四方块

10.According to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 对于神的所有权并不仅仅“是虔诚的虚构”这一论点支持的证据是

(A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian city-state.

(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.

(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有权服务于苏美尔社会的经济组织形式的基础

11.The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to

(A) substantial (B) fixed (C) valuable (D) limited.

12.In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪项不是关于当地的神的事实

(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the city-state.

(B) The local god represented the subjects of the city-state to other gods.

(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-states 当地的神有时候同竞争的城邦的神作战

13. fill in a table

Ancient Egyptian Civilization

(1)政治统一了很久时间 (2)有相当多建筑物遗址

Sumerian Civilization

(1)城邦city-state国家是一个特色(2)从文件中所记载(3)这一个文明受到外部侵略

托福阅读经典加试 2Title: Telegraph 试题及答案

阅读经典加试 2 Title: Telegraph

概述：电报的发明有重大的意义，它使长距离交流变得更容易。本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金;第二，缺乏政府监管;第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项创造性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。

1. 遇到了什么样的obstacle?

解析：A. fund 不够; B. 缺少management;

2. 电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是?

解析：当时Telegraph 在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。

3. 电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责?

解析：在美国，telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里(私有化private)，很多私企行为都用电报来联系。这些私企有些很垄断(monopoly)。

4. 19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折?

解析：在19 世纪，电报被纳入政府监管(under government regulation)。之后，尽管美国那时有科技的限制，但电报在美国发展得最好，得到了普及。

5. 电报在欧洲的发展开端?

解析：当时很多欧洲国家担心电报会使情报外流，就在犹豫要不要立法来规范电报行为。

6. 欧洲国家的邮政业为什么得到发展?

解析：随着发展，欧洲国家把telegraph 纳入governmental control(国家政府管理), 主要应用在邮政系统postal system 方面，因此欧洲国家的传统邮政postal 业又恢复生机。

7. 为什么电报的发明是革命性的?

解析：电报需要建立 net，这为后来的网络的建立提供了很多思路，所以说telegraph 是非常revolutionary invention。

8. 电报的重要性?

解析：虽然telegraph 重要，但其不像人们猜测的那么重要，因为在当时，transportation 已经发展了，人们之间的距离被缩短了(物流发达)，因此，不应过分夸大电报发明的意义。电报只产生了little change 。

9. Novel解析：新奇的，新颖的，新的

近义词：new unique unusual

托福阅读经典加试 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice 试题及答案

阅读经典加试 3Title: Salt Industry in Venice

概述：

第一段：威尼斯原本也是产盐的，但是产fine salt 精盐，但是需要粗盐coarse salt的时候，就要进口，有一次天灾，产盐区1/3都受到影响，所以要import. (问什么时候要进口，双选)。

第二段：政府给盐商补偿金subsidy. (这里有一个指代题) 这个补偿金后来越来越高，商人宁愿花高价去收购盐，以获得它。补偿金enable商人从东地中海eastern Mediterranean进口印度香料spice, 以及rice,再贩卖到西欧。(问他们为什么愿意花高价买盐)。说香料和米利润高，于是威尼斯就发达了。

第三段：和中国政府不一样，威尼斯官方不拥有盐，但是对盐业起到调节作用。(此处问中国是什么样的。选的是官方是拥有盐，并且对盐业调节)。威尼斯给商人发牌照license,还制定盐的价格，要求在哪里买等。它们还负责maintain一些建筑(此处有词汇题，是形容建筑的)。 (又有一问，是排除列举题，问以下哪一个不是威尼斯政府的职能。选的是permit商人制定的价格，价格是官方定的。其他三个选项是：发牌照;定价格;保护建筑)

第四段：说他们的生意越做越大，从哪里到哪里(range from……to…..这个是插入题)。

第五段：威尼斯很注重它们的reputation.重视state, 签订contract合同。合同里规定stipulate(词汇题，选项为require; assume; suggest) 威尼斯是它们的唯一供应商。

第六段：有一次希腊那边供给出了问题，威尼斯还是履行了合同，就是为了维护他的市场。(有考到词汇题ruthlessly无情地; 答案应该是without mercy) 威尼斯还有了自己的舰队，也是为了让大家conform with。(问关于舰队的题目，问为什么提到它。是因为它也是一种手段)

最后一题是全文总结题。

托福阅读经典加试 4Title: 生物适应性试题及答案

阅读经典加试 4Title: 生物适应性

概述：主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水，如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的：有些是周期性植物，只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法，例如，叶子表面产生一层蜡质，减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。然后，另起一段将动物是如何适应的：产生高盐度的尿液，调整呼吸，等等。随后，还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

篇8：托福阅读真题及答案

北美地区6月8日托福考试真题回忆

206月8日北美地区托福考试都考了哪些题目?以下是年6月8日北美地区托福真题，大家可以练习使用。

托福机经阅读

我遇到了加试，还不是经典加试，人品差哇。

有一篇是讲地球的形成的，先讲了星球大概形成的一个过程。然后具体说了地球内部的硅浮上来，重物质下去。还讲了地幔和地壳的形成。然后还有什么一开始是一些神马物质，后来这些物质就走掉了，还有水汽，还有其他氢啊神马的进来，然后形成最终状态。

有个著名的帝国破灭了，分成了东和西。然后东比较好，需要防卫的边界线不是很多，还有很多资源;西的话就比较悲惨，要各种防卫，内忧外患。还有西的话君主特别年轻，8岁和5岁还是神马的就登基了，然后权臣当道，等他们成年了，也没有发言权了。然后就说很多人都是为了自己的利益来的，牺牲民众的利益，外敌就入侵了。

还有一篇讲一个国家内战求民主，但是结果很不理想，想要的木有达到。穷苦民众无力去撼动大地主的利益，然后教堂啥的影响很小，商人首创严重，大地主反而获利很大。还讲了这个国家对周边国家的一些影响，有些国家出乎意料还从中受益了。

还有一篇一点印象都木有了!

托福机经听力

有一道是去找教授的，我没听太清楚。姑娘写了篇论文，和教授分析自己的论文。貌似选择的题目是和网络还有杂志相关的，我没听清楚到底是网络对纸质媒介的影响，还是网络规范的制定神马的，这里有题目的。姑娘说自己找了很多资料，教授表示挺惊讶的，估计觉着资料很难找。然后姑娘天马行空，想写的东西特别多，还想比较1970年的和现在的情况。教授让她不要弄那么大的题目，最后她绝对专注于目前。

还有一篇是讲一个男孩选了两门生物课，一门钢琴课。然后导师劝他放弃其中一门课。男孩说自己非常喜欢生物，也很爱音乐，但是自己确实没有那么多的时间，每天两个小时的弹琴也没有能保证。导师也说他是个很好的学生，但是最近的成绩确实不够理想。让他想清楚自己到底想做神马。学校里有选不同方向的学生，但是他们一般两个方向都是相关的。她问男孩是不是想弹钢琴去讲生物神马的。男孩一开始不肯放弃，后来被劝着劝着觉着导师挺有道理的，决定回家仔细想想放弃哪一门。

有一篇讲百老汇的。说18x.x年有一个新的方式出现了。那段时间新兴了很多中产阶级，需要娱乐，这里有题。新出来的和普通的不一样，有很多新点子，引入了芭蕾神马的，还全美巡演，还有移动舞台，给观众全新的体验。

还有一篇讲电影的，教授说这些名字你们都很熟悉吧，但是你们不一定知道全部的信息。然后就具体讲了迪士尼的动画。说了其中一部，非常重要，重要的原因貌似是第一部盈利的，这里有题。然后讲了一个拍摄的新技巧，说镜头拉近，附近的东西会变大，树啊栅栏啊啥的都变大了，但是太阳不会变大。这个就挺难弄的，如果让画家画的话太费力了。然后有个人去看了部舞台剧，舞台剧是有背景的，给了灵感，这里有题。然后就弄了滤片啥的在相机里拍摄，就解决问题啦。

托福机经口语

1、有三个了解大学的选择

a. 周末学校一日游

b. 周末两天在playground玩

c. 参加大学的课程

问选择哪种去最好的了解学校

2、有人送了一块地，问是用来养花种菜呢还是建儿童游乐园

3、阅读：有人给学校写了封建议信，刊登在学校的报纸上。学校附近有一个小咖啡厅兮兮的东西，提供饮料和小cookie。这是非常好的，但是有两个建议，一个是提供一些耐吃的食物，三明治神马的;一个是建议多一些轻音乐。

对话：一男一女，女孩说觉得这个建议非常赞啊。说那里是休息的一个好地方，吃点东西神马的太便利了。但是饿的时候小cookie木有用，确实需要一些其他的吃的;然后音乐太吵了，自己在那里完全没有办法看书，只能回宿舍。

4、阅读：一个协同作战之类的词，讲动物之间一般会一起做一样的事情。而且协同作战还会让他们更团结，抵抗外敌。

听力：教授举了某种动物做例子，说在迁徙的时候，如果一只口渴停下来喝水，其他不渴的也会停下来喝，喝完再一起继续迁徙。为嘛他们要一起呢，因为在dry open grass上有很危险的敌人，有狮子神马的。如果单独行动太危险了，很有可能丧命。

5、一男一女对话。男孩很苦恼，遇到问题了。他现在住的屋子的房东准备把屋子卖了，然后有个看上的买家非常着急要买，他还有一周多一些的时间可以搬家。他现在有两个选择方案，一个是他的朋友在学校附近有个屋子在招租，但是他觉着这样他就没法定下心来学习了;还有就是和父母住一起，但是父母住的地方忒远了。很难抉择。

6、有关动物的。说动物有两个适应特性，一个是Physical适应，一个是habit适应还是神马的。讲了一个动物在极度寒冷的地方，为了保持自身的热量如何很好地用两种方法来适应。一个是他们的颜色是黑色的，黑色能吸收更多的太阳光，热量传到身体里面。一个是它们平时站在冰块上，于是它们采取不同于寻常的站立方式，木有用两只脚，而是用了脚后跟。

托福机经写作

1、阅读材料

科学家们和在两个相隔1500Mile的地方发现一个我不认识的物种，这个动物正常情况下是黑色带有少许白色斑点，结果两次发现的是全白色的，这个发现非常神奇。但是科学家们仔细分析了下，说这两个东西不是同一物种，并从三个方面给出了分析。

a. 轻微的颜色差异：第一次非常白，第二次微白;

b. 相隔太远：两次相隔了1500mile，他们在岸边不会走这么远;

c. 年龄估计：第一次估计是20岁，那就意味着第二次得要30岁，科学家表示不太可能，我没太能弄懂这个的意思，但是就是这么说的。

综上所述，这两个物种不是同一个。

听力材料

教授的观点是认为他们是同一个物种，从三点分别驳斥了这些科学家的观点

a. 这个生物生活的地方会长貌似是藻类alga,然后这个藻类不同季节的生长情况不太一样。不同季节会对这个动物的颜色有一定的影响，有可能白还是不白时候是被这个藻类覆盖了。

b. 这个生物按生活习性分为两类，一类是hunting，一类是fishing，有可能被发现的是fishing的，它待在冰上，随着冰漂移mi也是很容易滴，所以在这两个地方发现同一个是很有可能的。

c. 年龄有可能被预估错误了，这个生物到20岁以后就没啥变化了，20岁和30岁长得很像的。科学家认为是20岁，万一是25捏?反正就是年龄预估这事不靠谱。

综上所述，教授认为，很有可能是同一个物种

2、有些人认为成绩应该由许多小assignment的成绩综合，有些人认为应该1-2次大成绩。写出自己的观点，并给出案例和分析。

托福阅读真题及答案

Timberline Vegetation on Mountains

The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.

The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.

Paragraph 1: The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture.

1. The word “dramatic” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○gradual

○complex

○visible

○striking

2. Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found?

○In an area that has little water

○In an area that has little sunlight

○Above a transition area

○On a mountain that has on upper timberline.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about both the upper and lower timberlines?

○Both are treeless zones.

○Both mark forest boundaries.

○Both are surrounded by desert areas.

○Both suffer from a lack of moisture.

Paragraph 2: The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas.

4. Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about deciduous trees?

○They cannot grow in cold climates.

○They do not exist at the upper timberline.

○They are less likely than evergreens to survive at the upper timberline.

○They do not require as much moisture as evergreens do.

Paragraph 3: At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils.

5. The word “attain” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○require

○resist

○achieve

○endure

6. The word “they” in the passage refers to

○valleys

○trees

○heights

○ridges

7. The word “prone” in the passage is closest in meaning to，bj.xhd.cn/toefl/来源：北京新航道托福培训

○adapted

○likely

○difficult

○resistant

8. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of trees in the middle and upper latitudes?

○Tree growth is negatively affected by the snow cover in valleys.

○Tree growth is greater in valleys than on ridges.

○Tree growth on ridges is not affected by high-velocity winds.

○Tree growth lasts longer in those latitudes than it does in the tropics.

Paragraph 4：There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter months.

9. Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.

○As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.

○The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increase with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.

○Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.

10. In paragraph 4, what is the author’s main purpose in the discussion of the dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline?

○To argue that none of several environment factors that are believed to contribute to that phenomenon do in fact play a role in causing it.

○To argue in support of one particular explanation of that phenomenon against several competing explanations

○To explain why the primary environmental factor responsible for that phenomenon has not yet been identified

○To present several environmental factors that may contribute to a satisfactory explanation of that phenomenon

Paragraph 6: The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent.

11. The word “prevalent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○predictable

○widespread

○successful

○developed

12. According to paragraph 6, all of the following statements are true of plants in the alpine zone EXCEPT:

○Because they are low, they are less exposed to strong winds.

○Because they are low, the winter snow cover gives them more protection from the extreme cold.

○In the equatorial mountains, they tend to be lower than in mountains elsewhere.

○Their low growth form keeps them closer to the ground, where there is more heat than further up.

Paragraph 5: Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. █Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. █At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. █

13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.

Where would the sentence best fit?

At the timberline, whether upper or lower, there is a profound change in the growth of trees and other plants.

Answer choices

○Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.

○There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline.

○The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds.

○The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics.

○High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex.

○Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures.

参考答案：

1. ○4

2. ○1

3. ○2

4. ○3

5. ○3

6. ○2

7. ○2

8. ○1

9. ○3

10. ○4

11. ○2

12. ○3

13. ○4

14. There is no agreement among…

The temperature at the upper …

The geographical location of…

托福阅读真题及答案

The Origins of Theater

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.

In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Paragraph 1: In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.

1. The word “championed” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○changed

○debated

○created

○supported

2. The word “attributes” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ascribes

○leaves

○limits

○contrasts

3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

○are mainly hypothetical

○are well supported by factual evidence

○have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

○were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions?

○To establish a positive connection between the members of the society

○To help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supply

○To distinguish their beliefs from those of other societies

○To increase the society’s prosperity

Paragraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a person becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.

5. The word “this” in the passage refers to

○the acting out of rites

○the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society

○the separation of myths from rites

○the celebration of supernatural forces

6. The word “autonomous” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○artistic

○important

○independent

○established

7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?

○Emphasizing theater as entertainment

○Developing a new understanding of why events occur

○Finding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical characters

○Moving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written tradition，来源：北京新航道托福培训

Paragraph 5: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.

8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPT:

○Theater allows people to face that they are afraid of.

○Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.

○Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.

○Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.

9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?

○The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.

○The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.

○The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.

○The author points out problems with two popular theories.

Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

10. The word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○compromise

○inclination

○tradition

○respect

11. Why does the author mention “comedy”?

○To give an example of early types of theater

○To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfare

○To help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theater

○To show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society

12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.

○The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.

○Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as

useful for social well-being.

○Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

Paragraph 3: █Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. █Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. █Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. █Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.

13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

To enhance their listeners’ enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stories more engaging and memorable.

Where would the sentence best fit?

Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.

Answer choices

○The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early storytellers traveled to different groups to tell their stories.

○Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.

○The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.

○Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.

○Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.

○The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.

参考答案：

1. ○4

2. ○1

3. ○1

4. ○4

5. ○3

6. ○3

7. ○2

8. ○4

9. ○1

10. ○2

11. ○3

12. ○4

13. ○4

14. Many theorists believe that…

Theater may have come from…

The human capacities for imitation…

篇9：托福TPO6Part2阅读及答案解析

托福TPO6阅读文本Part2

William Smith

In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.

This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.

In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the “father of English geology,” it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.

As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history.

Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris.

Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.

Paragraph 1: In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He receivedrudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England.

托福TPO6阅读题目Part2

1. The word “rudimentary” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○thorough

○strict

○basic

○occasional

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?

○Smith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local surveyor.

○Smith's family lived in a small English town and possessed little wealth.

○Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his uncle.

○Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English canal.

Paragraph 2: This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?

○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.

○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.

○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.

○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.

4. According to paragraph2, which of the following is true of the map published by William Smith?

○It indicates the locations of England's major canals.

○It became most valuable when the steam locomotive made rail travel possible.

○The data for the map were collected during Smith's work on canals.

○It is no longer regarded as a geological masterpiece.

5. The word “meticulously” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○carefully

○quickly

○frequently

○obviously

Paragraph 3: In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the “father of English geology,” it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz-a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions-there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago.

6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

○The discovery of regional differences in the sequences of rocks led geologists to believe that rock types could someday become reliable time markers.

○Careful analysis of strata revealed that rocks cannot establish geological time because the pattern of rock layers varies from place to place.

○Smith's catalogs of rock strata indicated that the sequences of rocks are different from place to place and from region to region.

○Because people did not catalog regional differences in sequences of rocks, it was believed that rocks could never be reliable time markers.

7. Why does the author use the phrase “Quartz is quartz”?

○To describe how the differences between Pleistocene and Cambrian quartz reveal information about dating rocks

○To point out that the chemical composition of quartz makes it more difficult to date than other rocks

○To provide an example of how regional differences in rock sequences can make a particular rock difficult to date

○To explain that rocks are difficult to use for dating because their chemical compositions always remain the same over time

Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history.

8. According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata because

○the rocks from different strata closely resembled each other

○he was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock strata

○their similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type from another

○the type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same

9. The word “endured” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○vanished

○developed

○varied

○survived

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.

10. The word “virtually” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○possibly

○absolutely

○surprisingly

○nearly

11. Select the TWO answer choices that are true statements based upon the discussion of the principle of faunal succession in paragraph 5. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

○It was a principle that applied to fauna but not to flora.

○It was discovered independently by two different geologists.

○It describes how fossils are distributed in rock strata.

○It explains why plants and animals undergo transformations through time.

12. In mentioning “trilobite”, the author is making which of the following points?

○Fossils cannot be found in more than one rock stratum.

○Faunal succession can help put rock layers in relative temporal sequence.

○Faunal succession cannot be applied to different strata composed of the same kind of rock.

○The presence of trilobite fossils makes it difficult to date a rock.

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. █By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. █About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. █Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. █It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or-300 million years later-in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite-the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian-will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.

13.Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world.

Where would the sentence best fit?

William Smith's contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Earth's history.

●

Answer Choices

○Smith found success easily in his profession because he came from a family of geologists and surveyors.

○Smith's work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over England.

○Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are.

○Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather than for his other contributions to the field.

○Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata.

○The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earth's rock layers

托福TPO6阅读答案Part2

参考答案：

1. ○3

2. ○3

3. ○2

4. ○3

5. ○1

6. ○2

7. ○4.

8. ○1

9. ○4

10. ○4

11. ○2, 3

12. ○2

13. ○3

14. Smith's work on canals allowed

Smith found that fossils are

The discovery of the principle

托福TPO6阅读翻译Part2

参考翻译：威廉;史密斯

1769年，在英国牛津郡的一个小镇上，一个小男孩儿出生在村里一户穷铁匠家，他的名字很普通，叫做威廉o史密斯。史密斯只在村里的学校接受了最基本的教育，大部分的时间都是在他叔叔的农场里搜寻化石，这些化石在科茨沃尔德山的岩石里是很常见的。长大后，他开始用微薄的积蓄买书自学测量，18岁的时候，史密斯成为了当地教区测量员的助理。后来，他又自学了地质学，24岁的时候，他开始为挖掘英格兰南部Somerset Coal运河的那家公司工作。

那是在蒸汽火车发明之前，运河建筑正处于顶峰时期。致力于开掘运河来运输煤的公司需要测量员帮助他们探寻值得挖掘的煤矿的地址以及最佳的运河路线。这份工作为史密斯提供了机会，使他能够接触和学习那些因为运河开掘而露出地面的新鲜岩层。后来他仍从事类似的工作，行遍全国，不断地研究那些新出现的地层，同时收集他所能发现的化石。史密斯乘着邮件马车每年行进将近1万英里。18，他绘制了第一张现代地质学地图--《英格兰、威尔士及部分苏格兰地区地层地图》，这张地质地图绘制得非常精确，直到现在仍有参考价值。

1831年，史密斯最终被伦敦地质学会认可，并赋予他“英国地质学之父”的称号，这不仅仅是因为那张地图，而且是为了其他更重要的原因。从人们开始对露出地面的特殊岩层进行分类的时候起，大家就开始认为这些岩石可能会以某种方式被用于计算地质年代。但是，随着各地越来越多的岩层的积累和分类，岩层顺序也因地区的不同而不同，因此，全世界没有一种特定的岩层能被认作是划分地质年代的标志。即便排除区域差异的影响，岩石作为确定年代的标记还是存在一些难题。石英就是石英---四个氧离子包围一个硅离子的化合物--而200万年前更新世的石英和5亿年前寒世纪的石英并无差别。

史密斯在全英国的岩层中不断搜集化石，后来他发现化石所反映的史实和岩石反映的完全不同，尤其是那些新产生的地层里的岩石，这些岩石非常类似，不易于区分地层。而区分其中的化石对史密斯来说简直就是轻而易举。在同一地层中发现的岩石可能在这片地层中属于泥板岩，而在另一片地层中可能是砂岩，而在那些泥板岩或者砂岩中的化石往往都是一样的。有的化石经历了数百年万之久，它们存在于很多岩层中，但有的化石只存在于部分地层，还有一部分生物的化石从出现至灭绝都只出现在一个特定的岩层中。因此，化石才是真正划分地球历史特定年代的指针。

史密斯不仅可以通过岩石中包含的化石来识别地层，而且可以看出他们显露出来的模式：一些特定的化石往往出现在更为久远的沉积物当中，而其他的化石则可以在距今年代较近的地层中发现。通过追踪化石，史密斯将英国范围内所有的地层进行了彼此出现时间的排序。同时，乔治o居维叶在研究巴黎周围的岩石时也得出了同样的发现。很快人们就开始认识到，这种动物物种的延续性是符合逻辑的，不仅仅是在英国、法国，而实际上在全世界范围都是适用的。事实上，这一原则同样适用于证实植物的延续性，因为植物和动物一样，它们的化石也显示了时间的推移。人类有可能在侏罗纪时期的地层中发现寒世纪或者3亿年后的石灰岩，但绝不可能在侏罗纪时期地层中发现三叶虫化石(三叶虫是寒世纪非常普遍的水生节肢动物)，也不可能发现寒世纪时期的恐龙化石。

篇10：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 3：Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?

They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.

They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.

They waste more oil than they collect.

They are unlikely to occur nowadays.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：4

篇11：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on?

It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.

It prevents most groundwater from circulating.

It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.

It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3

篇12：托福阅读推断题题目及答案

Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down. (A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than a child’s tricycle.)

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?

They become less stable as they mature.

They support many species when they reach climax.

They are found in temperate zones.

They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.

托福阅读推断题练习题答案：3

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