英语商务合同常识

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英语商务合同常识

篇1:英语商务合同常识

英语商务合同常识

1 格式固定

格式问题,一般原则是客从主人。应用文体的许多格式,都是沿用已久的,具有相对固定的含义,同业见之,照此办理,节省时间,没有必要标新立异。如英文外贸信函中的结尾套语,在大多数场合,使用 “yours faithfully”或 “yours sincerely”就足够了。合同的开头往往都十分相似的,比如:

This contract is made and entered into this__day of__, one thousand nine hundred __by and between__ Co., at --(hereinafter referred to as Party A) and __ Co., at__ (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

本合同于19__年__月__日由__公司,地址:__(以下简称甲方)与__公司,地址:__(以下简称乙方)签订。

2 语体庄重

应用文体,虽有平易化的趋势,但除少数体式外(如广告),总的说来,措辞简明、庄重,属于正式书面语体,翻译时应避免使用口语词语。酌情使用文言虚词及其它书面词语,往往可以起到言简意赅的效果,也可以改善长句的分、接问题。

现代汉语应用文体习用语 现代汉语普通话用语

即(连词;副词) 也就是;立刻、马上

兹、现、今(副词) 现在

均、皆、概(副词) 都、全

本(代词) 我们、这个

如(连词) 如果

之(助词) 的(用于名词性偏正结构中)

未(副词) 没有

至(介词) 到

系(动词) 是

业已(副词) 已经

此处(代词、形容词) 这里

一味(副词) (无对应词)

与否(助词) (位于肯定的动词或形容词后,“X与否”,相当于“X不X”)

以上只是部分词语,旨在引起学习者注意,请看下面一些译例:

1) We should appreciate a prompt reply.

如蒙即复,不胜感激。

2) On condition that your order is more than 2 000 tons, we are prepared to offer special price of US $9.10 per set, a 5% discount.

如定购2 000吨以上,我方准备特价报盘,每套9.10美元,即给5%的折扣

3) This is to certify that the English translated copy attached hereto is in conformity with the Chinese original copy.

兹证明,英文译本与中文正本内容相符。

4) In reply to your inquiry of 25th March, we are pleased to offer you the following:

现函复贵方3月25日询价,并报盘如下:

5) This Contract shall come into force from the date of execution hereof by the Buyer and the Builder.

本合同自买方和建造方签约之日生效。

6) According to the terms agreed upon, we have drawn on you at sight against shipment through Bank of China here. We would ask you to protect the draft upon presentation.

根据双方协议条款,我们已开具了这批船货的即期汇票,通过此处中国银行转去,请见票即付。

在英文的法律文件和商贸信函中,也有一套惯用的词语。这些词语,虽“言之无物”,但酌情使用,能给人一种正式文书的持重感。

现代英语应用文体习用语 现代英语普通话用语

hereby (adv.) by this means

herein(adv.) in this

hereof(adv.) of, or concerning this

hereto(adv.) to this

herewith(adv.) with this

whereby(adv.) by which

7) The undersigned hereby certifies that the goods to be supplied are produced in Japan.

下述签署人兹保证,供货将在日本国内制造。

8) Please find herein a list of chemicals available at present.

附寄目前可供化工产品货单一纸,请查收。

9) This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品,并签订本合同。

10)中国__公司与__国__公司遵照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营法》及有关法律的规定,本着平等互利的原则, 同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业, 兹签订本合同. In accordance with the stipulations of “The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, __ of the People’s Republic of China(PRC) and __ of __ , both agree to establish a Joint Venture Enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.

应用文体, 汉语和英语, 其习语都各成系统。从上面的译例看,似乎汉语中的“兹”相当于英语中的 “hereby”。事实上,在英汉互译中,这两个词并非能处处对号入座,其它的'词更是如此。这些习语的使用,与其说是 “句意”的要求,不如说是“文体”的要求。因此,根据各自语言表达的需要,有时可适当增译,如例3)增译了 “兹”,例4)增译了“现”;有时又宜省译,如例9)省译了 “whereby”。

3 措辞婉约

俗话说:“和气生财。”()这是生意人的金科玉律。因此,英语外贸信函等应用文体,措辞十分讲究分寸、得体,避免刺激对方,即使是向对方抱怨,甚至索赔,也是彬彬有礼,十分婉转。请看下面的例子,注意划线部分:

1) We wish to advise you that the relative L/C has been established.

兹通知,有关信用证业已开出。

2) I’m afraid we can’t accept your counterbid.

很抱歉,我们无法接受你方还盘。

3) I’m afraid we can’t come to terms if you won’t give us 3% discount.

如果不给3%的折扣,我们恐怕很难成交。

4) We are looking forward to the pleasure of hearing from you again soon

.盼早日收到你方回复。

5) Your immediate attention would be appreciated.

请即办理为荷。

6) You must deliver the goods on board the S.S. “East Wind” within the time limit as stipulated in our contract, otherwise dead freight, if any, should be borne by you.

你方必须按合同规定的期限将货装上 “东风轮”,否则,空舱费将由你方负责。

7) We are pleased to inform you that goods have been dispatched today.

货物今日业已启运,特此奉告。

8) We are interested in discussing arts and crafts business with you.

我们有意与你们洽谈工艺品业务。

9) We are glad to learn from your letter of 21 October that you have decided to place a large order for a number of items included in our quotation of 11 October.

从10月21日来函欣悉,贵公司决定按我公司10月11日报价单大量定购我公司多种产品。

10)We might say that our products are the very best on the market.

顺便奉告,我方产品在市场上独占鳌头。

11)We presume that there must be some reason for your having trouble with this article.

我方产品给你们带来麻烦,谅必事出有因。

类似例子,举不胜举,希望引起注意。上面的译文,虽非“标准”答案,但仔细对照,我们可以悟出一些翻译原理。比如例1),如果逐词译出: “我们愿告诉你有关信用证已开出”,就会不伦不类,,让人啼笑皆非。因此,在英汉互译时,遇上类似的语句,必须注意增减变通,以期与译语语体相吻合。

此外,汉语的应用文体,还有一套敬语,在英汉互译时要注意灵活转换。

4 行文严谨

应用文体属记实性文体,行文准确、严谨是其一大特色。试看下面一段文章:

付款条件:

Terms of payment:

(1) 离岸价条款:

a. 按合同规定卖方应在装运之前30天用电报或函件通知买方合同号码、品名、数量、价值、箱号、毛重、尺寸及可在发运港口交货,以便买方订舱。

(1)In case of F.O.B. Terms

a. The Seller shall, 30 days before the date of shipment stipulated in the contract, advise the Buyer by cable / letter of the Contract NO. , commodity, quantity, value, number of package, gross weight, measurement and the date of readiness at the port of shipment for the Buyer to book shipping space.

b. 卖方对运货船抵达后由于未能按期将货物运交装运港口而造成的误船或滞留装运应承担责任。

b. The Seller shall be liable for any dead freight or demurrage(逾期费), should it happen that he has failed to have the commodity ready for loading after the carrying vessel has arrived at the port of shipment on time.

c. 在货物装运之前,卖方应承担货物的全部费用与风险,而在货物装运之后,货物的全部费用则由买方承担。

c. The Seller shall bear all expenses, risks of the commodity before it passes over the vessel’s rail and is released from the tackle. After it has passed over the vessel’s rail and has been released from the tackle, all expenses of the commodity shall be for the Buyer’s account.

以上是一份“售购合同”付款条件的一部分,给人的感觉是:行文刻板、拘谨、单调,但条理清楚、措辞准确、滴水不漏。 应用文体,大至国家法规,国际经济组织章程和文件,小至某项业务的合同,各类涉外公证书、信用证、提单等,都是具有法律效力的文件与单证。拟稿或翻译时稍有差错,往往导致贸易纠纷,造成经济损失,甚至带来不良的政治影响。要避免错误,译者宜注意以下几个方面:

(一)统一译名,避免歧义

应用文体中,一些术语或关键词,都有严格的意义。在同一篇材料里,为了避免造成概念混乱,使读者疑为另有所指,原则上要求译名保持前后一致。如果一开始将 “technical know-how”译成“专有技术”,就不要中途改译“技术秘密”或“专门技术”;如果一开始将 “information”译为“情报”,就不要中途改译“信息”。在重要的合同里,关键词都会有明确的书面定义。例如:

Section 1:Party A shall deliver to Party B as soon as possible after this Agreement becomes effective, but in any event within 60 days thereafter, at Party B’s address set forth above, all the Technical and Sales Information relating to Licensed Product.

第一条:甲方应尽快在协议生效后,或最迟在本协议生效后六十天内,按上开乙方地址交给乙方有关特许产品的全部技术与销售情报。

Definitions

Section1. The term Technical and Sales Information as used herein shall mean all data and information which A owns on the date hereof or develop or acquire during the term of this agreement , and which relates to the manufacture and / or sale of licensed Products and includes assembly and detailed drawings, parts lists, material specifications and manufacturing methods and procedures relating to the licensed Products as well as sales and publicity materials such as catalogs, explanation materials, pamphlets, photographs, layout books, and sales materials.

定义:

第一条:本协议所用“技术与销售情报”的含义,是指甲方在本协议期间发展或获得的,同生产和/ 或销售“特许产品”有关的组装或部分图纸、配件表、原料规格、生产方法、生产程序以及推销宣传材料,诸如:目录、使用说明书、小册子、照片、图样书册和销售资料等。

(二) 不厌其详,但求严谨

总的说来,应用文体措辞简洁,但另一方面,为了避免歧义或差错,拟稿和翻译时,又要不厌其详。有些文字,看似多余,但求严谨,又是必不可少的。如果将“装货 须在4月1日至5月1日完成” 英译成“Shipment is to be effected during the period beginning on April 1and ending on May 1”,我们就不清楚这个装货期限是否包括4月1日和5月1日这两天。根据汉语原意,为明确起见,译文就应增补“both dates inclusive”。

在“售购合同”里,常会有程式化的句子,如:

买卖双方同意,按下列条款由买方购进,由卖方出售下述商品,并签订本合同。

译为:

The Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

“合同”的订立,英语同时使用了 “by” 和“between”两个介词,这也是英语合同语言严谨的一个表现,表示该“合同”是由双方订立,并在双方之间执行,不涉及任何第三方。再者,如果泛指 “条款”,译文不能漏掉“conditions”, 因为某个合同条款的达成经常包括若干条件。以合同中的“支付条款(terms of payment)”为例,在合同签订前,买卖双方首先要商讨采用什么方式支付,如:是采用信用证支付,还是采用银行托收。如果双方商定采用信用证支付方 式,也就是把 “terms”定下来了。此后双方须进一步商讨与此有关的 “conditions”,比如买方何时开立信用证,如果买方不按时开证怎么办等,这些有关支付的 “terms” 和“conditions” 合在一起,才构成合同中的“支付条款”。

在外贸英语里,我们常会看到and / or这样的结构,这种结构的运用,也是行文严谨的一个表现,翻译时应特别注意不要漏译。例如:

Advance freight and/or freight payable at destination shall be paid to the carrier in full, irrespective (regardless) of whatever damage or loss may happen to ship and cargo or either of them.

预付运费和到付运费,或其中之一,无论船舶及所载货物,或其中之一遭受任何损坏或灭失,都应毫不例外地全额付给承运人。

(三)推敲词义,准确措辞

涉外文书,往往涉及某项业务双方的权利和义务,弄不好则发生纠纷,因此,其译文质量如何,与措辞是否准确有极大的关系。措辞要求最为严格的算是涉外合同的翻译了。为了维护法律的尊严,一词一语都应力求无懈可击。下面以《中外合资经营企业法》的英译文为例,加以说明:

1. 此法中多处提到“外国合营者”和“中国合营者”,起初分别译为 “foreign partners” 和“Chinese partners”(即“外国合股人”和“中国合股人”),然而 “partner”一词却大有空子可钻。因为根据国际惯例,所有“partners”是要共同承担经济责任和风险的。比如,你在中国做生意,但若你的 “partners”未经你的同意在美国借了钱,你也必须完全负责任。因此,此法定稿时,将“合营者”的译法全部有“partners”改成了 “participants”。

2. 此法第八条规定:“合营者的注册资本如果转让须经合营各方同意。”这句最初译为:

A transfer of the registered capital belonging to any partner shall be effected with the consent of the other partner or partners.

后来改译为:

The transfer of one party’s share in the registered capital shall be effected only with the consent of the other parties to the venture.

第二种译法,除未使用“partner” 外,还将“the registered capital belonging to any partner(属于任何一个经营者的注册资本)”改为“one party’s share in the registered capital(一个合营者在注册资本中所占的份额)”,想来是很有道理的。因为注册资本是整个企业的注册资本,不存在你的或我的注册资本。

3. 此法第十条说:“鼓励外国合营者将可汇出的外币存入中国银行。”此句曾译为:

A foreign participant shall be encouraged to deposit in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

后来改译为:

A foreign participant shall receive encouragements for depositing in the Bank of China any part of the foreign exchange which he is entitled to remit abroad.

第二种译法将 “be encouraged” 改为 “receive encouragements” 两者的意思是大不一样的。前者只是道义上的概念,并无法律和经济上的意义。两种译文都增加了“any part”, 这样处理是不得已的,因为如果不译成“any part of the foreign exchange”而译成“the foreign exchange”, 那就意味着外国合营者只是在将他可以汇出的全部外汇存入中国银行时才能受到优待,存一部分时就不受到优待,反而与中文意思不符。此外,两种译文都将“可汇出的外汇”译成“which he is entitled to remit abroad”, 而没有译成 “which he may remit abroad”, 是因为“可汇出,还是不可汇出”,此处是个法律概念,所以,用 “be entitled(有权)”一语来表达更为恰当。

除涉外合同外,正式的外贸函电也具有法律效力,因此,翻译时也务必讲究分寸,措辞准确,这里就不再赘述了。

篇2:国际商务人员熟悉英语合同常识:交易标

6. 交易标的(object of transaction)

所谓交易标的,就是双方当事人订立合约所要规范的「客体」内容,例如汽车买卖合约,买方要给卖方价金,卖方要给买方汽车,所以「汽车」与「价金」就是这个合约的交易标的;又如房屋租赁合约,「租金」与「租赁标的物(即房屋)」就是交易标的。既然任何性质的合约,都不能缺少交易标的之约定,交易标的条款便成为一般条款的一种了。

合约约定交易标的的方法可以大分为两种。第一种是交易标的明确而简单的情形,直接在合约本文中用一般条款表示清楚,例如下面这个股份买卖合约里的「一百万股股份」和「五千万元新台币」就是这个合约的交易标的:

subject to& the terms and conditions& set out& in this agreement, the seller shall sell to the buyer one million (1,000,000)& shares of (name of the company from which the shares are issued) at the price of fifty new taiwan dollars (nt$50) per share, and in an aggregate price of fifty million new taiwan dollars (nt$50,000,000).

依据本合约所规定之各项条件,买方将自己所有, (发行股票公司名称) 公司之壹佰万股(1,000,000)股份,以每股新台币伍拾元(nt$50),总价新台币伍仟万元(nt$50,000,000)之价格出售给买方。

& subject to ……

「依据以下的各项条件」这句话也可以用“in accordance with ……”来代替。

& terms and conditions

“term”和“condition”其实都是「交易条件」的意思,没有什么区别,但是英文合约中习惯将两个字合在一起使用,是非常普遍的写法。

& set out

这两个字也可以用“provided for”来表示。

& one million (1,000,000)

既然已经用文字表示是一百万股了,为什么还要在后面括号用数字再写一次呢?显然这是法律文件追求高度精确性与谨慎性的表现,避免合约撰写人的一不小心造成严重的权益损失,或法律关系不明确。依照中华民国民法的规定,如果文件中的文字与数字发生不符合的情况,不能决定何者为当事人之原意时,应该以文字为准。这是因为阿拉伯数字简单好写,依一般经验法则来判断,疏忽写错的机率应该比文字来得大,因此在无法以其它证据推断原本当事人到底如何约定时,以文字为准是比较合理的方法。

如果交易标的很复杂冗长,甚至需要用图表才容易表示清楚,例如股份出卖人有数个,当事人希望表明每人出卖几股、股票序号各为何、股份属于普通股还是特别股等等细节问题,此时可能就需要利用第二种方法:附件,这和上述附件用来辅助定义条款的道理和方法是一样的,不再赘述。

篇3:商务人员熟悉英语合同常识:如何阅读英文合同定义条款

5. 定义条款(definitions)

在开始介绍定义条款的各种功能、方法及内容之前,先要说明如何在一份英文合约中辨别哪些是已经被定义的概念,而这些概念的定义条款又要到合约的什么地方去找,得先弄清楚这两个问题,才有可能继续阅读理解合约要规范的真正实体内容。

一、辨别被定义词与寻找定义条款

第一次阅读英文合约的人可能都会注意到,合约里有很多字的第一个字母都用大写,例如“agreement”写成“agreement”、“seller”写成“seller”、“price”写成“price”等等,而这些字既不是一个句子的第一个字,也不是人名、地名、月份等英文文法里特别规定的名词,为什么要大写呢?

事实上这些大写的字母就是用来表示这些概念已经在合约的其它地方被赋予特定的定义,与一般名词的意义已经不相同了,阅读合约的人应该特别注意,因此用第一个字母大写的方式作为标示与区别。例如“agreement”可能被定义为「本合约」,而不再单纯的只有「合约」的意思; “seller”可能专指合约的某一方当事人,而非指任何「卖方」; “price”可能被定义为「因本买卖合约买方所应给付卖方的价金新台币一百万元整」,而非单纯「价格」的意思。

所以阅读英文合约的时候,只要一看到第一个字母大写的名词,就应该在合约的其它地方寻找该名词的定义条款,才知道所指为何。一般英文合约撰写人习惯将定义条款摆在合约主文第一条,尽可能将整份合约中需要定义的全部概念集中在一起,因此理论上来说读者应该在进入其它主文条款之前,就已经阅读过定义条款了,如果忘了前面是怎么定义的,就翻回第一条找找,通常不会失望。

只是读者才刚开始阅读合约的第一条,对这份合约的了解仅限合约序文所提供的基本资料,除非读者具备处理此类合约的丰富经验,对合约中可能出现的内容在阅读之前就已经可以大概猜想出来,否则还没有进入合约的其它主文条款,就接触到一大堆名词的定义,在理解与记忆上都不容易,尤其是法律关系复杂、篇幅冗长的合约,定义条款甚至长达数页,读者这么一路看下去,恐怕后面遇到第一个字母大写的字时,已经忘记前面第一条定义条款是怎样定义这个概念的了。其结果就是不但在阅读第一条的时候觉得无聊又花时间,阅读其它条文的时候又因为已经忘记前面的定义,而时常要往前翻看。

为了解决这种问题,国外有少数学者与实务律师已经开始改变这种传统的习惯,将定义条款放在整个合约主文的最后面,或是放在可以将阅读负担减低到最小的适当位置(此种作法显然需要丰富的合约撰写经验与技巧)。然而这种作法在国外尚属少数,在台湾看得到的英文合约中更几乎从来没有,定义条款多半还是都被安排在合约的第一条。

因此作者的建议是,如果定义条款不多,可以乖乖按照合约条文的顺序慢慢阅读,但是如果光定义条款就有十几二十句,那么不妨先把定义条款摆在旁边,直接阅读其它的主文条款,等到这些被定义的名词一一出现的时候,再回头参阅第一条给予它们的定义,这样可能可以比较轻松,也比较节省时间地了解一个复杂的合约。

有时候因为定义的适用范围只限合约的一小部份,或者有其它撰写合约技巧上的问题,有些名词的定义可能要往合约的后面去找,而非集中在第一条,这时候合约撰写人应该会在名词第一次出现的时候作适当的说明,

例如:the exchange rate between us dollars and new taiwan dollars shall be the spot offered rate published by bank of taiwan at 11:00 a.m. taipei time as of each payment date (as defined hereinafter).

美金与新台币之汇率,应以台湾银行于各付款日(见以下对「付款日」之定义)台北时间上午十一时所公布之汇率为准。

二、定义条款的重要性

将合约中所牵涉到的特定用语加以定义,是很重要的工作,目的在将语言有限的精确性提升到最高,尽量限制对同一语词作出不同解释的可能性,以避免法律关系的模糊不清引发争议。例如专利权授权契约的当事人对于营业秘密的保护,可能有以下的约定:

the licensee shall not divulge to any third person any trade secret having to do with the business of the licensor that shall come to the knowledge of the licensee by reason of this agreement , during the term of this agreement and for three years after the termination of this agreement.

被授权人于本合约期间及本合约终止后三年内期间,不得将因本合约而得知授权人之营业秘密,泄露给任何其它第三人。

这样的约定看起来已经很完整了,除了 “licensee” 、“licensor” 及 “agreement” 这几个大写字通常会在这个条款出现于合约之前,就给予适当的定义以外,还有什么概念需要定义呢?问题就出在于“any third person”里面的“person”这个概念,究竟范围如何?「自然人」包括在内或许没有问题,但是「法人」属于这里所说的“person”吗?或许依照合约上下文可以推知,当事人的意思里“person”包括「公司」,那么在中华民国法律上欠缺「法人格」的「合伙组织」算不算是这个条款里要规范的 “person”呢?为避免这种解释上的困扰,同时也为避免意图违约的当事人玩文字游戏,当事人就会考虑在合约第一条加入以下的定义条款:

“person” means-

(i) a natural person& and any corporation or other entity which is given, or is recognized as having, legal personality by the law of any country or territory; or

(ii) any unincorporated association or unincorporated body of persons, whether formed in the united kingdom or elsewhere, including a partnership, joint venture or consortium.

本合约所称「人」包括-

(i) 自然人、法人、或依照任何国家或领域之法律,享有法人格之主体。

(ii) 在英国或其它地域所组成之非法人组织,例如合伙组织、合资组织、财团组织等等。

& individual

如果要特别表示「自然人」(natural person),而排除「法人」的概念,通常会使用“individual”来代替“person”这个字,可以减少疑义。

依照同样的道理,英文合约中常常出现的,还有以下对于「单、复数」及「阴、阳性」名词的范围定义:

“stock certificate” includes “stock certificate” and “stock certificates”.

“he” includes “he” and “she”.

“his” includes “his” and “her”.

“him” includes “him” and “her”.

本合约所称「股票」,包括单数与复数。

本合约所称「他」,包括「他」与「她」。

本合约所称「他的」,包括「他的」与「她的」。

本合约所称「他(受格)」,包括「他(受格)」与「她(受格)」。

三、定义的方法

除了提高语言的精确性外,定义条款也有其经济效益上的优点,将合约前后不断出现的特定概念用简单的一两个字代替,避免重复冗长的叙述占去太多不必要的篇幅,同时让合约所要规范的客体一目了然,减轻阅读上的负担。例如x、y两家公司订立一个工程承包契约,为避免每次提到当事人一方或双方时,都必须叙述两家公司的全名,因此就在合约中第一次(通常是在序文的第一段)记载两家公司的全名时,就在公司全名的后面分别以括号的方式给予简称:“owner”(业主)与 “contractor”(承包业者),自此合约任何一处再提及当事人者,皆以这两个简称代替即可。

this contract is made and entered into this first day of march, 1978 by and between x corporation, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the state of new york with its principal office at (address) (hereinafter referred to as the “owner”)&, and y company ltd., a company organized and existing under the laws of the republic of china with its principal office at (address) (hereinafter referred to as the “contractor”).

主营业处设于 (地址) ,依美国纽约州法律组织存在的x公司(以下称「业主」),与主营业处设在 (地址) ,依中华民国法律组织存在的y公司(以下称「承包业者」),于公元一九七八年三月一日订立本约。

& hereinafter referred to as ……

“hereinafter” 就是「以下」,“referred to as……”就是「称做……」,合起来当然就是「以下简称……」的意思了。但是这四个字并非不可省略,换句话说,括号里面如果只写the “owner”和the “contractor”,也是可以的。

如果某些概念比较复杂,不容易用上述括号的方法定义,也可以独立地以一个定义条款为之,例如以下条款在定义“affiliate”,即「关系企业」:

for the purpose of this agreement&, “affiliate” of any party to this agreement means any corporation which, directly or indirectly, controls such party or is controlled by such party or is under common control with such party, where “control” means power and ability to direct the management and policies of the controlled corporation through ownership of or control of more than fifty percent of the voting shares& of the controlled corporation by contract or otherwise.

本约中所提到当事人任一方之「关系企业」,系指直接或间接控制该当事人,受该当事人控制,或与该当事人受同一控制之企业体。前述「控制」指透过契约或其它方式,掌握受控制企业体百分之五十以上之股东投票权,而能主导该企业体之经营与政策的能力与权力。

& for the purpose of ……

依照各个合约不同的需要,对某个概念定义的适用范围可能也会不同,本例中对关系企业的定义将适用于整份合约,因此定义条款就以“for the purpose of this agreement”开头。如果某概念只需要在某「节」中适用,就可以用“for the purpose of this section”.

& voting shares

投票权(“voting rights”)是股东因持有股份而享受的的重要权利之一,用以参与公司董事与监察人之选任,以及其它与公司经营相关的决定。一般而言,根据中华民国公司法上的「股东平等原则」,股东每持有一个普通股(“common share”)就享有一个投票权。例外情形者,如特别股(“preferred shares”)、公司本身持有的库藏股(“treasury shares”)、或同一股东持股数量超过一定比例等,投票权就可能受到剥夺或限制。

四、附件(attachment)的利用

在某些特定性质的的合约中,所牵涉的客体概念必须尽量钜细靡遗地表达出来,以充分、明确地规范当事人间的权利义务关系。此时为求清晰,除了在合约本文中做概括的定义外,可以再利用「附件」做更详细完整的说明。(关于附件之运用,详见第贰编之拾陆「合约之附件」)

for the purpose of this agreement, “products” means all types of the machineries manufactured by manufacturer as are specified in attachment& a hereto.

本约所称「产品」,指制造人所制造如附件a表列之各式机器。

& attachment = exhibit = schedule = annex

“attachment”是我们最熟悉的「附件」说法,其它还可能在英文合约中用来表示「附件」的有“exhibit” 、“schedule” 、“annex” 等等,都是同样的意思。

五、国际惯例的引用

不同国籍的当事人,由于各该国家所使用的法律各不相同,可能对同一个名词会产生不同的解释,造成适用上的困扰与权利义务的混乱。要避免这种问题的发生,除了可以依照上述各种方法,由合约撰写人自己为这些名词下统一的定义外,在某些性质的合约中还可以借助于国际既有的惯例规则,例如针对国际贸易,有国际商会(international chamber of commerce; 简称 “icc”)所作成的国际贸易条规(international commercial terms;简称 “incoterms”),对 “fob” 、“c&f” 、“cif” 、“ex-ship” 等国际贸易上常用的专有语词都有统一的定义,当事人只要指明双方同意适用某一个版本的 “incoterms” 作为解释的依据,就可以省去很多定义上的麻烦。

the trade terms used in the contract, such as “cif”, “c&f”, and “fob” shall be interpreted in accordance with “incoterms 1994”.

本约所使用之“cif”、“c&f”及“fob”等贸易条件,皆依据一九九四年版之国际贸易规约为解释。

六、其它常见的定义条款

以下再提供读者一些英文合约中常用,且内容多属一致的定义条款。

“business day” means a day on which banks and foreign exchange markets are open for business in the republic of china and new york.

「营业日」指在中华民国与纽约,银行与外汇市场营业之日。

“property” means property, assets, interests and rights of every description, wherever situated.

「财产」包括财产、资产、利益、权利等。财产之所在地在所不问。

“expenses” include costs, charges and expenses& of every description.

「费用」包括各种形式的金钱支出。

& costs, charges, expenses

“costs”、“charges”、和“expenses”就像中文里所说的「花费」、「支出」、「费用」一样,至多只有语意学上的差别,在法律上除非特别指明(例如「诉讼费用」、「律师费用」),否则指的都是金钱支出,没有什么差别。英文的撰写合约习惯上,喜欢像这样尽可能把所有表达同一概念的字句全部放到合约里,一网打尽,以免影响权利义务关系的明确。

“proceedings” means any proceedings before a court or tribunal& (including an arbitration), whether in the republic of china or elsewhere.

「程序」指在中华民国或其它国家所进行的任何程序,包括仲裁在内。

& tribunal

“tribunal” 原始的意思,指的是法庭里较地面为高的裁判官座位席(现在英文里的裁判席仅简单称做“the bench”),后来演变为统称「裁判官」的集合名词(a group having the power of judging),至于现在的法律文件或其它相关资料里提到的“tribunal”,通常和“court”没有两样,就是的意思。

“address” means-

(a) in relation to& an individual, his usual residential or business address; and

(b) in relation to a corporation, its registered or principal office in the republic of china.

「地址」一词-

(a) 就自然人而言,指通常之居所或工作场所。

(b) 就公司而言,指位于中华民国之注册所在地或主营业所。

& in relation to……

某概念的定义条款,如果适用范围仅限于合约的「特定部份」,可以用 “for the purpose of ……”来为定义条款起头,前面已经说过。而如果定义条款是针对合约的「特定概念」,就用“in relation to……”来界定,例如上面所举的例子,「地址」分别在「自然人」或「公司」两种情况下,需要不同的定义,于是需要“in relation to”作为语句连结与概念划分的工具。

“written”, in relation to a notice under this agreement, includes those sent by telex or fax.

本合约之「书面」通知,包括以电报或传真所为之通知。

篇4:商务人员熟悉英语合同常识:如何阅读英文合同交易条件

7. 交易条件(terms of transaction; closing)

在本节的标题当中, “terms of transaction”常会在继续性合约的交易条件条款用做标题,例如租赁合约中,承租人每月有给付房租的义务,出租人对租赁物有修缮的义务等等。至于非继续性的合约关系,交易条件条款里要规范的则是“closing”,也就是「成交」的各项条件,例如买卖合约的买方应该用现金或支票来支付价金等条件。

交易条件条款通常会约定标的物的「交付顺序」,例如价金应于买卖标的物给付之时点同时给付,也就是一般所说的「一手交钱,一手交货」。当然当事人也可以自行约定一方当事人要先给付标的物,他方当事人才有给付的义务,这在中华民国的法律上称为「同时履行抗辩」。下面这个例子就是要求仪器出租人要先交付仪器给承租人后,承租人才开始按月产生交付租金的义务。

monthly lease payments are due and payable& on the 1st day of each and every month commencing on the first full month after delivery of the leased equipment.

承租人应于租赁物交付后,每月一日给付该月月租。

& due and payable

“due and payable”是英文合约中常见用来表示「债务到期」的语词,目的在强调债务不仅是「发生」,而且已经到了「应该履行」(enforceable)的时点。“due and payable”和前面说过的“terms and conditions”一样,通常会把两个字连在一起使用,已经成为一种惯例。另外有的合约会用“immediately due and payable”或“immediately payable”来代替。

「付款工具」也是交易标的条款所要约定的重点,例如一般小额买卖合约可能用现金交付最方便,金额过大时可能就约定用票据支付,至于国际海运的交易则常出现利用信用状(letter of credit; 简称l/c)的情形。

the buyer shall pay the price by delivering a negotiable check& in the amount of one million nt dollars (nt$1,000,000) issued by bank of taiwan to the seller in form and substance satisfactory to the seller&.

买受人应以由台湾银行所开立,面额新台币壹佰万元(nt$1,000,000)之可转让支票向出卖人支付价金。价金支付形式与内容皆须符合出卖人之要求。

& negotiable check

“negotiable” 在票据法上代表「可因背书或交付移转」的意思,其中「背书」是记名票据的转让要件,无记名票据则可简单地用「交付」来转让。因此“negotiable instruments”就是中文所说的「票据」,“negotiable check”就是「可转让支票」(即无记名支票或未有「禁止转让背书」记载的记名支票)。

& in form and substance satisfactory to the seller

这个条款把票据的内容分为“form”和“substance”两个部份,“form”指的是票据的「形式」内容,例如要用本票还是支票来支付价金、要不要指定受款人等;而“substance”指的是票据的「实体」内容,例如票据上的所记载的人是谁、金额多少等问题。

根据中华民国票据法的规定,支票有几项所谓的「绝对必要记载事项」,欠缺这几项记载,根本就不会发生票据法上的效力。这些事项包括人的签名、表明为「支票」之文字(学理上叫做「票据文句」)、支票金额、付款人商号、表明付款人将无条件支付票款、年月日及付款地等。另外支票还有两个「相对必要记载事项」:受款人与地,没有记载的话也没有关系,只是法律上直接以执票人为受款人,以人住所为地而已。除了绝对必要记载事项与相对必要记载事项以外,只要不违反票据法的规定,当事人当然还可以依照双方的约定,记载其它的事项,法律上称为「得记载事项」。

在上面所举的范例当中,当事人双方指定了票据种类(可转让支票)、票据金额(美金壹佰万元)、人(台湾银行)几个重要的事项,原本依照中华民国法律,只要买受人再满足付款人商号、表明无条件支付票款、年月日及付款地的记载等几项绝对必要记载事项后,就应该符合票据法上的要件,合法完成给付价金的义务了,但是出卖人为更进一步保障自己的权益,又加上“in form and substance satisfactory to the seller”的字样,于是买受人还得听从出卖人的指示,记载出卖人所希望记载的其它相对必要记载事项或得记载事项,在形式上与与实体上都要符合出卖人的要求,才算完全依约履行了给付价金美金一百万元的义务。

除了「标的物交付顺序」与「付款工具」是所有合约几乎都会记载的交易条件条款以外,依合约的特定性质与目的,当然还会出现很多各式各样的交易条件约定,但由于牵涉范围太广,且内容缺乏一致性,不适合在此处介绍,故作者拟于本书之后续-「进阶篇」中,再作详细的分类与整理。

篇5:英语商务合同

Between_______

whose registered office is at_____(hereinafter called “the Principal”) and__________

其注册登记营业处设在 (以下简称为“委托人” 与

whose registered office at______(hereinafter called “the Agent”) IT IS AGREED AS FOLLOWS

其注册登记营业处设在 (以下简称为代理人)就以下达成协议:

Art. 1 Territory and Products第一条 地区与产品

1.1. The Principal appoints the Agent, who accepts, as his commercial agent to promote the sale of the products listed in Annex 1, §1 (hereinafter called “the Products”) in the territory defined in Annex 1, §2 (hereinafter called “the Territory”).

委托人委任代理人,而代理人接受委托作为委托人的商事代理,在附件1§2中规定的地区(以下简称为“地区”),推销附件1§1所列举的产品( 以下简称“产品”)。

1.2. If the Principal decides to sell any other products in the Territory, he shall inform the Agent in order to discuss the possibility of including them within the Products defined under article 1.1. However, the above obligation to inform the Agent does not apply if, in consideration of the characteristics of the new products and the specialization of the Agent, it is unreasonable to expect that such products may be represented by the Agent (e.g. products of a completely different range).

如果委托人决定在“地区”内销售任何其它产品,委托人应通知代理人以便讨论是否可能将这些产品包括在1.1所规定的“产品”之中。但是如果考虑到新产品的性能以及代理人的专长,而期望将这类产品交由该代理人代理是不合理的(例如完全不同类别的产品),上述通知代理人的义务就不适用。

Art. 2 Good faith and fair dealing第二条 诚信与公平

2.1. In carrying out their obligations under this agreement the parties will act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing.

为履行本协议所规定的义务,当事人将依照诚信与公平的原则进行活动。

2.2. The provisions of this agreement, as well as any statements made by the parties in connection with this agency relationship, shall be interpreted in good faith.

本协议的条款以及当事人就本代理关系所作的声明,都应该以诚信的原则进行解释。

Art. 3 Agent's functions 第三条 代理人的职责

3.1. The Agent agrees to use his best endeavours to promote the sale of the Products in the Territory in accordance with the Principal's reasonable instructions and shall protect the Principal's interests with the diligence of a responsible businessman.

代理人同意遵照委托人合理的.指示,尽最大努力在“地区”内促进“产品”的销售,并应以负责任的商人的勤勉和努力,保护委托人的利益,

3.2. The Agent shall not solicit orders from outside the Territory unless permitted to do so by the Principal. Where the Agent negotiates with customers in the Territory business which results in contracts of sale with customers established outside the Territory, article 15.2. shall apply. E.g. for goods to be sold to subsidiary established in another country: the agent is acting within his territory, hat the sale is made to a foreign customer, and the agent would have (in absence of article 15.2) no right to commission.

非经委托人同意,代理人不得经“地区”之外的地方征求定货。如果代理人与该“地区”内的顾客洽谈商务导致与设立在本“地区”之外的顾客签订销 售合同,应适用第15.2节的规定。

3.3. Unless otherwise specifically agreed, the Agent has no authority to make contracts on behalf of, or in any way to bind the Principal towards third parties. He only solicits orders from customers for the Principal, who is free (save as set forth in article 4.2. hereafter) to accept or to reject them. The other alternative, i.e. to give the agent the authority to conclude contracts on behalf of the principal has not been considered in the model form, since it is rather uncommon in international trade. Of course, if the parties have special reasons for permitting the agent to make contracts on behalf of the principal, they can so provide in article 3.3. It should be noted that in certain cases the third party (customer) may rely on the apparent authority of the agent this means that, especially in legal systems where it is common that the agent is authorized to act on behave of the principal, the exclusion of any such authority provided for in the contract between principal

and agent (like art. 3.3. of this model form) does not necessarily bind a third party which had good reasons to rely on the apparent authority of the agent. It is, therefore, recommended that the principal avoids any action which may give third parties the impression that the agent has representative powers, and that he informs, if necessary and possible, third parties that the agent has no authority to bind the principal.

篇6:英语商务合同

Art. 2 Good faith and fair dealing第二条诚信与公平

2.1. In carrying out their obligations under this agreement the parties ote the sale of the products in the Territory in accordance outside the Territory unless permitted to do so by the principal. er, and the agent customers for the principal, mon in international trade. Of course, if the parties have special reasons for permitting the agent to make contracts on behalf of the principal, they can so provide in article 3.3. It should be noted that in certain cases the third party (customer) may rely on the apparent authority of the agent this means that, especially in legal systems mended that the principal avoids any action which may give third parties the impression that the agent has representative powers, and that he informs, if necessary and possible, third parties that the agent has no authority to bind the principal.

篇7:商务合同英语常用口语

Are we anywhere near a contract yet?

我们可以签合同了吗?

Both companies have entered into a new contract.

两家公司签订了一份新合同。

You help us to land the contract.

你帮助我们签那份合同。

We sign a contract when we are acting as buyer and seller.

当我们进行交易的时候都要签定合同。

I began to draw up a contract.

我开始起草一份合同。

We are ready to sign a contract for housing.

我们准备签订一份住房合同。

Who will sign the contract on behalf of your Corporation.

请将代表你们公司在合同上签字?

I have the contract ready for the manager's signature.

我准备好了一张合同正待经理签字。

I got the contract as a result of a much lower price.

由于报价低,我签了合同。

There is something wrong about the old contract.In order to correct it,we must have a negotiation.

旧合同出现问题,我们必须通过协商加以修正。

Let us make out a contract for the deal.

让我们为这笔交易订一份合同。

The building is under way according to the contract.

房屋在合同的条款下正筹建之中。

It is necessary to clear up problems arising from the old contract.

清理一下旧合同中出现的问题是必要的。

We are prepared for two originals of the contract.

我们准备了两份合同正本。

We both have to make some concessions in order to succeed in signing it.

为了签合同,我们双方都要做些让步。

We launched a long discussion about a new contract.

我们就一份新合同展开了长时间的讨论。

Our current contract is soon to expire,and a new one is ready.

现有合同不久将期满,新合同已准备好了。

We can repeat the contract on the same terms.

我们可以再签定一个同等条款的合同。

The copy of our contract will be sent back.

合同的副本将被送还。

Refer to the contract if you have any problems.

有问题以合同为准。

May I refer you to the contract A?

请您参考一下合同A。

The quantity and the unit price are stipulated in each contract.

商品的数量和单价在每份合同中都有详细规定。

What are the main clauses in the contract?

合同中的主要条款有哪些?

We must be in accordance with the terms of the contract.

我们必须遵守合同条款。

Is everything in conformity with the contract stipulations?

一切都与合同的规定相吻合吗?

If you delay the shipping,you will be punished according to the contract.

如果你延误运货,按照合同规定你将受到适当惩罚。

When the goods aren't up to standard or of poor quality,you will break the contract.

如果所交货物不符合标准或质量差,你就违反了合同。

The approved contract functions on both parties.

批准的合同对双方就有了作用。

Do we have the right to cancel the contract?

我们有权取消合同吗?

You have no reasons for going against the contract.

你没有违约的正当理由。

You cannot cancel the contract without both agreements.

如果没有双方同意,你们不能取消合同。

If one side fails to carry out the contract,the other is legal to canncel the contract.

如果一方不执行合同,另一方撤消该合同是合法的。

A contract,which is signed,must be strictly implemented.

签定的合同就应严格执行。

Since the contract comes into effect,none can go back on it now.

合同已生效,任何人都不能背弃合同。

This contract will come into force as soon as it is signed by two parties.

合同一经双方签定即生效。

We have to hold you to the contract.

我们不得不要求你们按合同办事。

The rights and interest must be included into a contract.

权益条款必须订在合同中。

Any deviation from the contract will be checked.

任何违反合同之事都要制止。

We always carry out the terms of the contract and pay attention to our credit.

我们坚持重合同、守信用。

It's a breach of contract.

这是违约。

篇8:商务合同英语用词特点

商务合同英语的用词极其考究,具有特定性。要求选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)。具体体现在下列方面:

1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用

May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)对学过英语的人再熟悉不过,但在合同中用这些词时要极其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这几个词如选用不当,可能会引起纠纷。

May 旨在约定当事人的权利(可以做什么),shall约定当事人的义务(应当做什么), must 用于强制性义务(必须做什么),may not (或shall not)用于禁止性义务(不得做什么)。May do 不能说成can do / shall do,不能说成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美国一些法律文件可以用shall not,但绝不能用can not do或must not。例如,在约定解决争议的途径时的,可以说:

The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

本句中的shall 和may表达准确。出现争议后应当先行协商,所以采用了义务性“约定”,如果协商解决不了,作为当事人的权利,用选择性约定may也很妥当。如果may和 shall 调换位置会怎么样?前半句的shall换用may后,意思变成了当事人可以通过协商解决,意思上说得过去,但后半句的may换用shall 后,变成了应当诉讼解决,好像一出事就要先见官,这就有些不友好了。

2、正式用语(Formal Terms)

合同英语有着严肃的风格,与其它英语作品有很大不同。例如:

“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”,远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of”;“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;“关于”常用“as regards”,“concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;“事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by somebody。其中“召开”不用hold 或call,而用convene;“主持”不用chair或be in charge of,而用preside;“其他事项”用miscellaneous, 而不用other matters/events;“理解合同”用construe a contract 或comprehend a contract,而不用understand a contract;“认为”用deem,用consider少,不用think或believe;“愿意做”用intend to do或desire to do,而不用want to do,wish to do。

3、用词专业(Technical Terms)

合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的“瑕疵”、“救济”、“不可抗力”、“管辖”、“损毁”、“灭失”等就可能让非行业人士费解,在英语以上表达分别为defect、remedy、Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss。另外几乎每个合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as,whereas,in witness whereof, for and on behalf of,hereby,thereof等虚词。这也是合同英语的一大特色。其它例子还有:“赔偿”用indemnities,而不用compensation;“不动产转让”用conveyance,而不用 transfer of real estate;“房屋出租”用tenancy,而“财产出租”用lease of property;“停业”用wind up a business 或cease(名词是cessation)a business,而不用 end/stop a business ;专利许可中的“特许权使用费”只用royalties;还款或专利申请的“宽限期”英文grace;“当事人在破产中的和解”用composition;“以实物出资”为investment in kind;“依照合同相关规定”一般说pursuant to provisions contained herein或 as provided herein等,不说according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract;“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”英文表述为Neither party hereto may assign this contract,其中hereto表示to the contract,选用Neither party to the contract 的时候较少。

篇9:商务合同英语用词特点

4、同义词、近义词、相关词的序列

FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.

在这里的同义词和近义词并列(如sell,transfer,assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同里十分普遍。这是出于严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑,有的也属于合同用语的固定模式。如:

This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”两组分别属于同义词和相关词并列。

For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows… 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”两组同义司和近义词并列。

The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 这里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一个意思都表示“依照本协议的条款规定”。合同条款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”。

再例如: “Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”,一句中的“release”和“discharge”意思几乎相同。

并列的词还有:

ships and vessels

support and maintenance

licenses and permits

charges, fees, costs and expenses

any and all

any duties, obligations or liabilities

the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns

control and management of the partnership

applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules

5、拉丁词

在国外合同中,拉丁词仍然是很常见:

比例税率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多

从事慈善性服务的律师 :pro bono lawyer,不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance

托代理人:多用agent ad litem

不可抗力:force majuere.

篇10:谈论商务合同常用英语句子

在商务工作中,讨论合同的时候你是不是常常因为合同的一些专业表述而“卡壳”呢?来看看下面这些谈论合同的时候的常用句子吧。

Our current contract is about to expire, and we’ll need to discuss a new one.

我们现有合同快要期满了,需要再谈一个新合同。

We ought to clear up problems arising from the old contract.

我们应该清理一下老合同中出现的问题。

Do you always make out a contract for every deal?

每笔交易都需要订一份合同吗?

These are two originals of the contract we prepared.

这是我们准备好的两份合同正本。

We enclose our sales contract No.45 in duplicate.

附上我们第45号销售合同一式两份。

May I refer you to the contract stipulation about packing (or shipping)?

请您看看合同中有关包装(装运)的规定。

There is an arbitration clause in the contract. (or insurance clause, inspection clause, shipping clause, etc)

这是合同中的一项仲裁条款。(或:保险条款,检验条款,装运条款等)

The contract states that the supplier will be charged a penalty if there is a delay in delivery.

合同规定如果供货商延误交货期,将被罚款。

We always carry out the terms of our contract to the letter and stand by what we say.

我们坚持重合同,守信用。

You have no grounds for backing out of the contract.

你们没有正当理由背弃合同。

In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.

如果一方不执行合同,另一方有权撤消该合同。

This contract will come into force as soon as it is signed by two parties.

合同一经双方签订即生效。

Are you worrying about the non-execution of the contract and non-payment on our part?

你是否担心我们不履行合同或者拒不付款?

We both want to sign a contract, and we have to make some concessions to do it.

我们都想签合同,因此双方都要做些让步。

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