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Unit 7 Living with diseases
I.词汇
1. persuade v. cause (sb) by reasoning (to do sth)
persuade 的意思时“说服”，否则与try 连用
(1). We persuaded him to stop smoking.
(2). We tried to persuade him, but he wouldn’t listen to us.
persuade sb 说服某人
He has persuaded his friend.
persuade sb to do sth 说服某人做某事
I’ll persuade her to go with you.
persuade sb into （doing） sth: cause sb to do sth
Tom couldn’t persuade Tommy into accepting his terms. 汤姆没能说服汤米接受他的条件。
persuade sb out of （doing）sth：cause sb to stop doing sth
I persuaded him out of the idea of dropping the experiment. 我劝他打消了中断实验的念头。
2. lack n. (常与of连用)want, need, shortage
There is no lack of vegetables.
It was lack of current capital that defeated their business.
由于缺少流动资本，他们的企业宣告失败。
vt. & vi. not have; have less than enough of
He lacks courage.
These photographs lack definition. You’d better have them taken again.
这些照片不够清晰，你最好重拍。
be lacking in sth: not have enough of it
He is lacking in courage. = He lacks courage.
be lacking: be in short supply
Money was lacking for the plan. = There was no money for the plan.
3. contrary adj. opposite ( in nature or tendency)
The boy was swimming in a direction contrary to the current. 那个男孩逆流游去。
adv. (常与to连用) against
He passed the examination, contrary to what I expected.
他考试及格了，和我预料的情况相反。
n. (前面与the连用) opposite
---You must be tired. 你一定很累了。
---On the contrary, I feel wide awake. 相反，我觉得很清醒。
4. infect vt. give disease, feelings, ideas, to a person, his body or mind
One of the boys in the class had a fever and he soon infected other children.
She infected the whole class with her laughter 她的笑声感染了全班同学。
5. available adj. ①. (of objects) able to be used
②. (of persons) able to be present
I’m sorry, those overcoats are not available in your colour and size.
对不起，这种外套没有你要的颜色和尺码。
Attention, please. These tickets are available on (the) day of issue only.
请注意，这种车票仅在发售当天有效。
The lawyer is not available now. 律师现在没空。
Are you available for a meeting tomorrow morning? 你明天上午能出席会议吗？
6. limit n. line or point that may not or can not be passed; greatest or smallest amount, degree, etc of what is possible
There is a limit to the amount of money I can afford. 我能付得起的钱数是有限的。
The speed limit is the fastest speed you are allowed to drive a car at.
限速是允许驾车的最快速度。
vt. (与to连用) put a limit or limits to; be the limit of
My mother limits the amount of food that I eat. 我妈妈限制我的饭量。
II. 重难点解析
Reading:
1. AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body’s immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses.
break down 毁掉; 制服; 压倒; 停顿; 倒塌; 中止; 垮掉; 分解
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances.
人体中的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。
The robbers broke the door down. 强盗们把门砸开了。
The peace talks are said to have broken down. 据说和谈破裂了。
Our truck broke down outside town. 我们的卡车在城外抛锚了。
The car broke down halfway to the camp. 我们的车在去营地的半路上抛锚了。
常用搭配：
break away 逃走；逃脱
The robbery suspect broke away from the lockup. 抢劫嫌疑犯从拘留所逃脱了。
break in 闯入；强行进入；打断；插嘴
It’s her usual habit to break in with some ideas of her own.
她常常打断别人的话来发表自己的观点。
The telephone ring broke in on/upon my thought. 电话铃声打断了我的思路。
break into 闯入
The thieves broke into the office and stole some money. 小偷闯入办公室，偷了一些钱。
break out 爆发
The fire broke out in the kitchen. 厨房突然发生了火灾。
World War II broke out in 1939. 1939年爆发了第二次世界大战。
break through 突破
After the storm the sun broke through the clouds. 风暴过后太阳冲破了云层。
break up 分裂；结束；解散
The crowd started to break up when the night fell. 天快黑时人群开始散开了。
The ice will break up when the warm weather comes. 天气转暖，冰层就会破裂。
The police broke up the fighting crowd. 警察驱散了打架的人群。
2. As with most diseases and disaster, the young suffer the most.
正如大多数疾病和灾难一样，遭受最多痛苦的往往是年轻的患者。
with: 对于；关于；就……来说
They are friendly with us.
We are pleased with the house.
It is day with us while it is night with them. 对于我们此时是白天，而对于他们则是夜晚。
3. The drugs that are available are much too expensive and difficult to find.
有效的药物价格极其昂贵，而且很难买到。
much too 与 too much 的区别
Americans eat too much meat in my opinion.
She is afraid the trip will be too much for me.
Too much was happening all at once. 同时发生的事情太多了。
You are much too kind to me.
It’s much too cold.
You are driving much too fast.
4. She also goes to visit other AIDS patients in hospitals across the country to support them and cheer them up.
(1) across the country = throughout the country ; all over the country
(2) cheer up 使振奋，感到振奋；（用话）鼓舞（某人）
5. The disease is not the only thing that AIDS patients have to suffer from.
(1) the only 修饰先行词时，后面只能用引导词that, 不用 which.
if only 若是……那该多好啊； 真希望……；只要， 只要……就好
(2) suffer from vt. & vi. 患……病；受……苦; 受苦； 受难
She’s suffering from a headache.
Many people suffer from a great dread of heights. 许多人非常畏高。
6. “I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous
person.”
(1) as if = as though
She spoke to me as if she knew me.
It looked as if she were made of ice.
It seemed as if the meeting would never end.
(2) find out vt. & vi. 找出；发现；查明（真相）；认识到；想出；揭发
We must find out the truth of the matter.
I’ll find out where they live.
I’ll find out from my wife what dates we have ahead.
They have to find out how to bring about improvement
I had found out from him that he knew the subject thoroughly.
I don’t know how the car works, but I’ll soon find out.
Mary was angry when Jane found out her secrets.
You may get away with dishonesty for a while, but you’ll be found out sooner or later.
Integrating skills
7. I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end. 我记得当时脑子里一片空白，以为我的生命就要结束了。
remember to do sth
remember doing sth
remember … for 因为……而记住
remember … as 作为……而记住
remember me to … 代我向……问好
8. Cells either divide too fast or at the wrong time, making it difficult for the body to function properly. 细胞要么分离太快，要么就是时候不当，这使身体功能难以协调起作用。
making it difficult for … 作结果状语。此外还可以表时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。
9. They helped me find the strength I needed to recover and they kept me from feeling sad and lonely. 他们帮助我找到了我需要恢复的力量，让我不再感觉到悲伤和孤独。
(1) recover vt. & vi. 恢复；收回；取回
I recovered the money I had lost. 我找回了丢失的钱。
She soon recovered herself and stopped crying. 她很快就恢复了常态，不哭了。
(2) keep … from doing sth prevent sb from doing sth stop sb from doing sth
You can’t stop us (from) going if we want to. →We can’t be stopped from going if we want to.
Nobody can prevent us (from) getting married.→We can’t be prevented from getting married.
The church bells keep me from sleeping.
常用搭配
keep away 使离开；扣下；留下
keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留
He can keep nothing back from his friends. 他向朋友什么也瞒不住。
The boss keeps back $50 a month towards my uniform. 老板每月扣我50美元服装费。
keep in touch with
keep off 避开；不接近
Keep off the grass!
My doctor has warned me to keep off sugar. 医生劝我别吃糖。
keep on 继续；保持
He just kept on writing.
注意区分：He kept standing at the school gate for half an hour without moving..
keep out 关在门外；不准入内
keep out of 躲开； 置身于……之外
Do you try to keep out of trouble! 你得躲开这麻烦。
Keep out of the sun.
keep to 坚持；保持；不离开
He always keeps to his promise. 他总是说话算数的。
We kept to the roads we knew. 我们不离开我们认识的路。
keep to oneself 对……守口如瓶
He kept his conclusions to himself. 他对他的结论守口如瓶。
keep up 继续；坚持；保持；维持
The high cost of materials keeps up prices. 材料的昂贵费用使价格居高不下。
keep up with
keep … adj.
For some, medicine can help keep them alive, but the treatment is expensive and does not cure them.
Please keep the classroom clean all day long.
10. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that never be completely free from it.
for the moment 暂时，目前
at any moment 随时；在任何时候；马上
at moments 时刻，常常
at the last (critical) moment 在最后关头
at the moment 此刻；（正当）那时
every moment 时时刻刻
for a moment 片刻
in a moment 一会儿，不久；立即，马上
the (very) moment (that …) = as soon as
the moment 立刻，马上；刚才
11. Living with cancer has made me realize how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest.
take a chance / take one’s chance / take chances 冒险，碰碰运气，利用一下机会
take no chance 不冒险，力求万全
by chance = by accident 偶然，意外地
一.Unit7单词
license [?laIsns ] n. (= licence) 证;证件 safety [?seifti] n. 安全;安全性 smoke [sm?uk] v. 冒烟;吸烟 n. 烟 part-time [?pɑ:(r)t ?ta?m] adj.兼职的 pierce [pi?s][pirs] v. 扎;刺破;穿透 earring [?i?ri?][??r??] n. 耳环;耳饰 flash [fl??] n. 闪光灯;闪光 v. 闪光，闪耀 tiny ['ta?n?] adj. 极小的，微小的 cry [kra?] v. & n. 哭;叫喊 field [fi:ld] n. 田野;场地 hug [h?g] n. & v. 拥抱;搂抱 lift [lIft] v. 举起;抬高 n. 电梯;搭便车 badly [?b?dli] adv. 严重地;差;非常 talk back 回嘴;顶嘴 awful [??:fl] adj. 很坏的;讨厌的 teen [ti:n] n.(13至19岁之间的)青少年 regret [ri?gret] v. 感到遗憾;懊悔 poem [?p?uim] n. 诗;韵文 community [k??mju:n?ti] n. 社区;社团 keep away from 避免接近;远离 chance [t?a:ns] [t??ns] n. 机会;可能性 make one’s own decision 自己做决定 educate [?ed?ukeit] v. 教育;教导 manage [?m?nid?] v. 完成(困难的事);应付(困难局面) society [s??sai?ti] n. 社会 get in the way of 挡……的路;妨碍 support [s??p?:(r)t] v. & n. 支持 enter [ent?(r)] v. 进来;进去 choice [t???s] n.选择; 挑选 Picasso [pi'k?s?u] 毕加索(西班牙画家)
二.Unit7知识梳理
【重点短语】1.get his driver’s license 取得驾驶执照2.no way没门，不行3.sixteen-year-olds 十六岁的人sixteen-year-old 十六岁的4. be worried about=worry about 担
5. have part-time jobs 做兼职工作6. get one’s ears pierced 打耳洞7. get / have / make sth. done 使某物被做……8. stop doing sth 停止做某事9. stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事10. spend time with sb. 花时间和某人在一起11.take photos, take a photo 照相12.use a flash 使用闪光灯13.all night 整夜14.stay by my side 呆在我身边15.make sure = be sure 确保，确定16.keep sb. (away) from sth使某人远离某物17. hurt oneself 伤害某人自己18. give sb. a hug = hug sb. 拥抱某人19.lift sb.up 举起某人20. cough badly 剧烈地咳嗽21. talk back 回嘴22. an adult 一个成人23. think back to 回想起24. regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事25. make one’s own decision 做某人自己的觉得26.too + adj.+ to do sth. 太…而不能做某事27.learn…from…从…...学到…...28.agree with sb 同意某人的观点29.disagree with sb. 不同意某人的观点30.move out 搬出去
【重点句型】1.I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.我认为不应该允许12岁的孩子穿耳孔。2. They talk instead of doing homework.他们聊天而不是做作业。
3. He is allowed to stay up until 11:00 pm.
允许他们熬到晚上11点。
4. We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often.
我们应该被允许更加经常的花些时间多做这类事情。
5. What school rules do you think should be changed?
你认为学校的哪些制度应该改一改了?
6. The two pairs of jeans both look good on me.
这两条牛仔裤穿在我身上都适合。
7. The classroom is a real mess.
教室太脏了。
8. Should I be allowed to make my own decisions?
我应该被允许自己做决定吗?
9. Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream.
只有这样我才能实现我的梦想。10. They should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much a s they want.应该允许他们对业余爱好想练多长时间就练多长时间。11. We have nothing against running.我们没有理由反对他跑步。
三.词汇精讲
1. choosechoose作动词，意为“选择，挑选”，后接宾语，常用搭配如下： choose sth. for sb. 为某人选择某物; choose sb. to do sth. 选择某人做某事;choose + wh从句(where，what，when等引导的特殊疑问句)例如： We has chosen a birthday present for you. 我们已经为你选择了一个礼物。 I’d like to choose Jim to go there with me. 我选择吉姆和我一起去。 Our teacher will let us choose where we should have our picnic. 我们老师要我们选择哪儿野炊。
2. chance(1) chance表示“机会”，是可数名词，要表示“做某事的机会”，其后可接 to do sth. 或 of doing sth.。例如： It is a good chance to study English. 这是学习英语的好机会。 I have a chance of going to Beijing. 我有机会去北京。(2)表示“希望”、“可能性”，可用作可数名词或不可数名词。要表示“做某事的可能性”，通常后接“of doing” 形式。例如： He has a good chance of winning. 他很有希望获胜。 There is still chance that you will pass the exam. 你考试及格还是有希望的。(3)用于 by chance, 意为“偶然地”、“无意中”。例如： He met her by chance. 他是偶然遇到她的
3. manage (1) 作动词，意为“管理;经营;处理”。例如： He manages a hotel for his father. 他替他父亲经营一家旅馆。 (2) 作动词，还意为“控制;照管;驾驭”。例如： She doesn’t know how to manage her naughty children. 她不知道怎样管好自己的顽皮孩子。(3) 作动词，还指“设法做到”。例如： How did you manage to get their approval? 你怎么得到他们的同意的?
【拓展】辨析：manage to do 与try to domanage to do… 则表示“设法做某事而且成功了”。try to do… 意为“尽力做某事”，但是不一定做成。例如： He managed to pass the examination. = He succeeded in passing the examination. 他成功地通过了考试。 He tried to get the work done with little help. 他尽量在没有什么帮助的情况下完成工作。
4. support(1)support用作动词，意为“支撑、负担重量”。例如： Is the bridge strong enough to support heavy lorries? 这个大桥是足够结实支撑这个重的货车吗?(2)support用作动词，意为“养(家);维持(生活);负担(费用)等”。例如： It’s difficult for him to support himself on such a small salary. 对于他用这么低的薪水养家很困难。 They encouraged me, and they supported me with money.
他们不仅鼓励我，而且与我以金钱上的支持。(3)support用作动词，还表示“支持，赞成”。例如： His family supported him in his decision. 他的家庭支持他的决定。(4)in support of 表示“支持，证明 (作状语)”。例如： He spoke in support of the plan. 他发言支持这项计划。
5. enter(1)enter作动词，意为“进入”。等同于go into, come into。注意enter后面不能跟into。例如： She entered the room quietly. = She went into the room quietly. 她悄悄地进入屋中。(2)enter还可意为“参加，加入;使参加;开始从事;登陆，将……输入”。例如： TheUnited Statesdid not enter the war until April 19, 1917. 美国直到一九一七年四月十九日才参战。 They entered their child at a private school. 他们让他们的孩子在一所私立学校就读。 He showed me how to enter data into the computer. 他告诉我如何将数据输入计算机。
6. hurthurt为普通用语，既可指肉体上的伤害，也可指精神上、感情上的伤害。例如： You hurt her feelings when you said she was fat. 你说她胖，伤害了她的感情了。 I hope you haven’t hurt yourself. 但愿你没有受伤。
【拓展】表示人体某部位“痛”时的几种结构：(1)have a + 身体部位名词后加-ache构成。例如： have a headache 头痛 have a toothache 牙痛 have a stomachache胃痛(2)have a sore + 身体部位名词。例如： have a sore throat 喉咙痛 have a sore arm 胳膊痛(3)身体部位 + hurt/ache。例如： My eyes hurts. 我眼睛痛。 My legs ache. 我腿疼。(4)have a pain in/ on + the + 身体部位。例如： I have a pain in the arm. 我胳膊痛。(5)There is something wrong with + one’s + 身体部位。例如： There is something wrong with your eyes. 你的眼睛有毛病。
7. achieve(1) achieve作及物动词，意为“完成,实现”。例如： You will never achieve anything if you spend your time that way. 你若总是这样消磨时间,就永远不会有所成就。 Everybody should be given the chance to achieve their aims. 要让每个人都有机会实现自己的目标。 No one can achieve anything without effort. 谁也不可能不努力而有所作为。(2) achieve作及物动词，意为“达到,赢得”。例如： The actor achieved fame when he was only nineteen. 那位演员十九岁时就成名了。 She achieved no success. 她有没获得成功。
【拓展】achievement作名词，意为“成就,成绩”。例如： The invention of the computer is a great achievement. 发明电脑是一大成就。
8.dreamdream意为“做梦”，作不及物动词，常用于短语dream of/about doing sth.意为“梦想/梦见做某事”。例如： He often dreams at night. 他在晚上经常做梦。 She often dreams of / about her grandmother. 她经常梦到她的奶奶。 Many young people dream of/about becoming famous basketball player. 许多年轻人都梦想成为有名的篮球运动员。
四.句式精讲
1. Teenagers should be allowed to …(1)be allowed to do sth.意为“被允许做某事”，是含有情态动词的被动语态。它的结构是：情态动词+be+动词的过去分词。例如： The work can be finished in two days. 这件工作可以在两天后完成。(2)它的否定形式是在情态动词的后面加not。 Smoking can’t be allowed in the classroom. 吸烟在教室里是不被允许的。(3)一般疑问句是把情态动词提到句子开头。 Can your work be finished today? 你的工作今天能完成吗?(4)动词短语allow somebody to do something的意思是“允许某人做某事”。 My parents allow me to go swimming after school. 我的父母允许我放学后去游泳。
2. Anna wants to get her ears pierced.get their ears pierced 意为“穿耳洞”。 get / have sth. done意为“让/使(别人)做某事”。例如： I get my car repaired. == I have my car repaired. 我让别人修好我的车。
【拓展】(1)get后面只接宾语，意为“获到”、“得到”。例如： We get light and heat from the sun.我们从太阳那里得到光和热。(2)“get+宾语+宾语补语(形容词、不定式、过去分词、介词短语或副词)”，其中get作“使得、让”解。例如： Get the tools ready.(形容词作宾语补语) 把工具准备好。 He got his clothes wet.(形容词作宾语补语) 他把衣服弄湿了。 They will get a student to bring on a topic.(不定式短语作宾语补语) 他们将让一个学生提出题目。(3)“get+形容词”表示“变得……”。例如： The days are getting longer and longer.白天变得越来越长了。
3. But sometimes these can get in the way of their schoolwork…get in the way of意为“阻碍，妨碍……”。例如： Her social life got in the way of her studies. 她的社会生活妨碍了她的学习。
【拓展】(1)in the way有“挡路”的意思，还有“用这种方法”的意思。例如： Sorry, you are in the way. 对不起，你挡路了。 In this way，he has collected a great many stamps。 用这种方法他收集了大量的邮票。(2)on the way 意为“在去某地的路上”。例如： On the way to the station，I bought some chocolate。 在去车站的路上我买了些巧克力。(3)by the way意为“顺便说一声”。例如： By the way，have you seen Harry recently? 顺便说一句，你最近见过哈里吗?(4)in a way意为“从某种意义上说”。例如： In a way，it is an important book。 在某种意义上，这是一本重要的书。
4. I was safe and kept me from danger.(1)keep用作及物动词，意为“保存;保留;保守”。例如： Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗? I’ll keep a seat for you. 我给你留个座位。 Can you keep a secret? 你能保守秘密吗?(2)keep用作连系动词,后常接表语形容词，意为“保持处于某种状态”。例如： You must look after yourself and keep healthy. 你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。 She knew she must keep calm. 她知道她必须保持镇静。(3)keep的常用句型：keep doing sth. 意为“继续干某事“，表示不间断地持续干某事，后须接延续性的动词。例如： He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。 keep on doing sth. 意为“持续做某事”。例如： The pupil kept on asking me the same question. 这个学生不断地问我同一个问题。keep...from doing sth.意为“阻止/防止……做某事”。例如： The heavy snow kept us from going out. 大雪使我们不能出去
5. Liu Yu, a fifteen-year-old boy from Shandong, is a running star.fifteen-year-old既可以作形容词，也可以作名词，意为“15岁的(孩子)”。 My pen pal is a sixteen -year-old boy. 我的笔友是16岁的男孩。 Sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 应该允许16岁的孩子选择自己的服装。
【拓展】
英语合成形容词主要有如下几类：
(1)数词+名词 a five-minute walk 一段步行五分钟的路程
(2)数词+名词+形容词 a six –year-old girl 一个六岁的女孩
(3)形容词+名词 a full-time school 一所全日制学校
(4)名词+现在分词/过去分词 an English-speaking country 一个说英语的国家
The First Period Warming up and Speaking
Time: November 9
Teaching goals 教学目标
1. Target language目标语言：
a. 重点词汇和短语
AIDS, drug, cocaine, heroin, smoking, drinking, in one’s opinion
b. 交际用语 supporting and challenging an opinion
In my opinion,
I think that..., because...
First,...
One reason is that…
For example，...
If we/they were to ..., we/they could ...
Perhaps, but what if/about ...?
Have you thought about ...?
What makes you think that ...?
Could you please explain ...?
If I were you, I would ...
2. Ability goals能力目标
Enable the students to decide which of the four problems is the most serious and tell the other members why the problem is the most serious. Enable the students to talk about some serious problems in English and support and challenge an opinion with suitable expressions.
3. Learning ability goals 学能目标
Help the students learn how to decide a serious problem.
Teaching important points教学重点
Let Ss learn to use the structures of supporting and challenging an opinion.
Teaching difficult points 教学难点
How to challenge an opinion.
Teaching methods教学方法
1. Looking at the pictures (individuals). 2. Work in groups of four. (cooperative learning).
Teaching aids教具准备
1. A computer 2. A projector
Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方法
Step Ⅰ Revision
The Ss check their writings each other.
Step Ⅱ Preparation
Showing the courseware to the Ss.
T: Look at the pictures on the screen. Each of them is a picture about a problem. What do you see in the pictures?
(the pictures about AIDS patient in hospital, a drug-user, a smoking person and a drinking person)
Sa: In Picture 1, a person who has got AIDS is being treated in hospital.
Sb: In Picture 2, a person is using drugs by injecting.
Sc: In Picture 3, a person is smoking.
Sd: In Picture 4, a person is drinking.
T: All of you are right. And you know AIDS, drugs, smoking, drinking, and so on are serious social problems. And today we will talk about these problems. Please open your books on Page 50.Let’s come to the part--SPEAKING. At first please look at the requirement. Here I have four kinds of role cards. On each role card there is a word AIDS or drugs or smoking or drinking, which stands for one of the four problems listed. You will choose one role card. For example, if you choose a card with AIDS, you think AIDS is the most serious and you must try to find enough proper reasons to prove your view. Of course if you think some other problem is the most serious, you can make your own role card. Are you clear?The teacher can let each group choose one of them freely
Ss: Yes.
Give out the role cards.
T: OK. You have several minutes to prepare. And each should state your reasons why you think the problem is the most serious. When you state, you can use the useful expressions given below on Page 50. OK. Please begin.
Step Ⅲ Speaking
T: OK. It’s time for you to do some oral practice. Each group should choose one student to state your reasons.
Ga: We think drinking is the most serious problem. One reason is that drinking too much is bad for our health. Many diseases are caused by drinking. The second reason is that sometimes drinking may ruin some important meetings, negotiations and so on. And the last one is that drinking can threaten our lives. It is reported that many traffic
accidents are caused by drinking too much. So we think drinking is the most serious one.
Gb: We don’t agree with you. Have you carefully thought about smoking? In our opinion, smoking is the most serious.
Step Ⅳ Homework
1. Tell the other students why you think one of the four problems is the best one, using at least four or five sentences.
2. Do the Talking on page 124 in groups. (If in class there is no time to do the talking on page 124)
Record after teaching : The Ss are familiar with AIDS and they are active in class .
2nd Period Reading Time: November 10
Teaching aims : Let the students know more about AIDS.
Important & difficult points : How to improve the Ss’ reading ability .
Teaching methods : 1. Fast reading to get the general idea
2. Careful reading to master the detailed information .
3. Discussion to help the students understand the passage better
StepⅠPre-reading 1) Q1: What do they look? Show the picture of a father
and his son. (The father looks caring, gentle and energetic and the son gives us an impression of being lovely and cute. They appear so healthy that you would never guess that they are living and dying with AIDS.)
2) Q2: Have you ever seen an AIDS patient? How do they look? Show the students some pictures of AIDS patients. (If nothing is done, there is no doubt that all the people infected with AIDS will be like them, no matter how healthy they are now.)
3) Q3: Are they bad people? Do they deserve it? Show more pictures of people infected with HIV or AIDS. (I?m afraid not. Like any father, ?Jeremy is my whole life. Every dad dreams of watching his kid grow up and graduate from high school. I never thought that would happen for us because Jeremy and I are both HIV positive. But thanks to our new family clinic, we both have access to the treatments we need. Now maybe I will see Jeremy walk down the aisle with the class of ?.[Here give the students several minutes to chew and digest these words.] Like any 12-year-old child, Xiaohua is a happy girl who smiles a lot and likes to talk to her friends after school. However, she has lost her mother and will lose her father and she herself was born dying with AIDS.)
4) Q4: Do you want to know more about their life? Our text is about Xiaohua?s life. What questions do you think will be answered in the text? 1._______________ 2._______________ 3._______________ 4._______________ II. While-reading 1) Skimming: Q: What’s Xiaohua’s attitude towards her disease?
Step Ⅱ Scanning:
Q1: In what ways does AIDS spread?
Q2: How many children were infected in ? 3)
Step Ⅲ Summary：
1. Xiaohua is a 12 -year-old girl living and dying with AIDS. (para1)
2. What is AIDS? (para2)
3. How was Xiaohua infected? (para3)
4. Thousands of children become infected with HIV every day. (para4)
5. Xiaohua devotes much of her left time to helping others. (para5, 6, 7)
2.AIDS is a hidden enemy. If a person doesn’t know he has got AIDS and he offers blood, there will be a lot of people who can be infected. In this way, many people will suffer this kind of incurable disease. And people can contract AIDS in other ways such as unprotected sex, birth, injection and so on.
Gd: But if we improved our medical condition and treatments, we would find good ways to cure AIDS patients. And people who have got AIDS have normal minds and can make contributions to society for some years. But What about taking drugs? As we know, drugs like cocaine and heroin are disastrous substances. Once people take drugs, they will be addicted to it day by day. Even when they realize that they are wrong, they can’t control themselves. They can do nothing but spend endless money on drugs until they have nothing left. And at last they will end up in terrible and unbearable death. Taking drugs not only can do harm to one’s health and spirit, but the family, even society. So I think it is the most serious social problem.
AIDS is an incurable disease, the AIDS virus cannot be transmitted to others by communicating between people. Therefore it is safe
to stay with people with AIDS. And I think we should keep it a secret because it is good for my son and others. In this case, others will not look down upon my son and
it cannot cause others’ fear.
StepⅣ Post-reading
1) Questions (Much of the answers to these questions can be referred to the reading material on P127.) Q1: Why is AIDS a deadly disease? (Break down/ defenseless/treatment/not available/incurable)
Q2: Why do the young suffer the most? (As with many diseases, children seem to suffer the most from AIDS, mainly because of a lack of proper health care, prevention and education. Even if they themselves are not infected, the disease can ruin their lives. They may have to care for sick relatives and are often unable to go to school. Living with a parent or parents who have AIDS is painful and difficult. Because the parents cannot work, the children may not have enough food and must help take care of the family.)
Q3: What do they suffer from? (Not only the disease itself and inevitable death, but also people’s not knowing, misunderstanding and fear of the disease.)
Q4: What can be done to improve the situation? (By the government: By specialist and doctors: By other people: By the patients themselves: )
Q5: As an AIDS patient, what does Xiaohua do? (not discouraged/ encourage/ visit, support, cheer up/create a network, persuade/talk to people)
Q6: What are her wishes? (I wish I could remember If I were to live long … I wish people could… If I were you …
Q7: How do you find her?
Q8: Next time if you meet an AIDS patient, will you regard him or her as a bad and dangerous person? What would you do? 2) Creation ? AIDS Day is approaching, our school is planning some theme activities and it is collecting ideas from the students. ? Is it a good idea to invite Xiaohua to give us a lecture? If you were Xiaohua, what would you say to us? Please prepare a speech. StepV Homework
1. Preview Integrating Skills-DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER: THE DAY MY LIFE ENDED … AND BEGAN! (p. 54)
2. Learn the whole text by heart.
Record after teaching : It’s easy to understand the text , the Ss could do the reading exercises correctly .
Time: November 11
Teaching aims : 1.Learn the useful expressions well .
2.Understand the text exactly
Important points : a lack of , persuade, break down, die of/from, b cheer up, suffer from…etc
Difficult points : To understand the sentences with special verb-forms
Used in the Subjunctive Mood .
Language points:
The Forth Period
Teaching Time: November 14
To learn about some antonyms?
To practice using some useful words and phrases in the text
TEACHING PROCEDURES
StepI. Lead-in
Ask students some questions about Xiaohua. On one hand, they can review what they have learned. On the other hand, teacher can lead them to the learning of the useful words and phrases in this way
Q1. Do you still remember Xiaohua?
Q2. What has happened to her?
Q3. What is her attitude towards the disease? (She is a brave girl. She is not discouraged by AIDS, instead, she tries her best to encourage and help other AIDS patients.)
StepII. Learn and practice using some antonyms
1) Ask students to pay attention to the two words in bold and explain to them their meanings, pointing out that they have opposite meanings and this kind of words are called antonyms.
2) Let students have a competition. Try to find the antonyms of the following words. Let's see who can do it correctly and quickly. Defenseless -- defensive infect with -- immune to protected -- unprotected incurable -- curable discourage -- encourage visible -- invisible
3) Practice using these antonyms through exercises. (Complete the sentences using the antonyms)
1. In February some people got ____ a strange disease and died within a month.
2. Although she met many difficulties, Helen was not _____. She continued struggling with the disease.
3. People think it a serious crime to attack _______ children.
4. AIDS can be transmitted by having ______ sex.
5. Having found out that the girl has got a disease which is ______ and will die soon, the boy decide to help her to make the last days of her life beautiful and meaningful.
StepIII. Practice using some useful words and phrases in the text.
(Translate the following sentences with the help of Chinese or italic words.)
1. The doctor ______ (诊断)my illness as a rare skin disease.
2. He has _______ （恢复）from his bad cold and can go out tomorrow.
3. The disease makes her realize how _______ （宝贵）life is.
4. The doctor told him that the wound had been infected, and that the ___________ （受感染的伤口）become deadly if it is not properly treated.
5. They are certain that this virus has been transmitted through the air, yet they have not been able to identify the ___________（传播的病毒）
6. Bad news may discourage a patient, so it is very important that doctors try to cheer up the _______________（灰心丧气的病人）
7. First the doctor takes a blood sample and has it tested. Then he will use the ________ （经过测试的血样）to find out if it is a serious disease.
8. You cannot delay the treatment any longer. You must stop working unless you want to deal with the risks of ______________.（延误的治疗）
IV. Complete the short summary of the text with the proper forms of the following words and phrases. break down the immune system leave defenseless infect with live with live life to the fullest die of available deadly a lack of on the contrary AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune system and leaves a person defenseless against infections and illnesses. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV, the virus that causes the disease. There are millions of people who die of AIDS every year. So far, there is no treatment available for the disease and AIDS patients have to deal with the fact that they might die young. Unfortunately, a deadly disease such as AIDS also frightens others. Because of a lack of knowledge about how it gets transmitted, people often treat AIDS patients as if they were bad or dangerous. Xiaohua is a 12-year-old girl. Though she has been living with AIDS for 12 years, she is not discouraged by the disease. On the contrary, it makes her realize how precious life is and how important it is to live life to the fullest.
StepV. Set a new situation, asking students to write down a short dialogue.
In this way, they can review and use the words and phrases again. Situation: Two women are talking with an AIDS patient. Write a dialogue, using your imagination as well as the useful words and expressions that have been mentioned above.
StepVI. Homework
1. Preview grammar
2. Finish word study exercises on SB and WB
Step V. Record after Teaching
Comparing with the words is very easy to make students grasp the antonymy.
The 5th Period
Teaching Time: November15
To learn the Subjunctive Mood? To make students get familiar with the Subjunctive Mood and master it by using it in different situations
TEACHING PROCEDURES
StepI. Lead-in
1) Show students the picture of Xiaohua and ask them two questions:
Q1. You must be quite familiar with this girl now, right? (Right. She is a Xiaohua, a girl who has been infected with AIDS.)
Q2. How was she infected with AIDS? (She was infected by birth.)
2) Xiaohua was born dying and she has no choices. But many people who really have many choices don’t realize how precious life is and do a lot of harms to themselves.
1. Show students some pictures of people who smoke a lot, drink a lot or even have drugs, pointing out all these can lead to deadly disease.
2. Based on the above talking, teacher raise the following questions: If they go on doing this, what would happen? If you were Xiaohua, what would you like to tell them? If you were a doctor, what would you do? If you were one of them, what would you do?
3. Some people do not take Xiaohua or doctor's advices. Finally, they die. If they had not drunk so much wine, he would not have died at such an early age. If he had (not)..., he would (not) have... Ask students to make more similar sentences, using the Subjunctive Mood.
StepII. More Situations
1. The woman in the picture is Helen, who has been living with AIDS for many years. Now she is celebrating her birthday with her dog. If you were Helen, what kind of wishes would you make?
2. It is said that a falling star can let your dream come true. If you saw a falling star, what kind of wishes would you make?
3. Besides a falling star, a magic lamp can also let your dream com true. If you had a magic lamp, what would you ask it to do for you ?
StepIII. Homework
1. Finish all the grammar exercises on SB and WB
2. Review the whole unit
StepIV. Record after Teaching
The Ss couldn’t remember the rules quiet well .
The sixth Period Writing
Teaching Time: November 16
Aims : Learn more about
Do some writing practice to improve the Ss’ writing ability .
Important & difficult points : How to write a personal narrative essay .
Step I. Leading in
Hello, everyone. We have learned a lot about HIV and AIDS. Today let’s learn about something else about illness. When you not sure about your illness, you must see a doctor. What will happen when you go to see a doctor? See the picture and talk about it. When the doctor tells you what is wrong with you, what do you react? If you have a serious illness, what’s your reaction?
Picture 1: Mother, you and a doctor at a clinic.
Picture 2: The doctor is giving you some medicine and telling you to have a good rest.
Picture 3: The doctor says you probably have HIV or AIDS.
Step II. Discussing
Now you are divided into groups and discuss the following questions:
(1) How did cancer change the writer’s life?
(2) What would you do if you suffer from a serious illness?
(3) Describe how happy you are when you meet a pleasant event.
StepIII. Pre-writing
1. Ss read the passage on P127 and get the general idea about it.
2. Explain the skills on how to organize a paragraph.
While-writing
1. Ss write a short paragraph to explain why you think that the problem you have chosen is most important and suggest what could be done to solve the problem.
2. Ss exchange their writing and correct the mistakes.
3. Ss rewrite the process again.
After-writing
Choose some samples and show them in class.
Tips on writing:
Pay attention to reasoning.
Pay attention to the tense while writing.
Pay attention to the structures of the sentences.
Teachers can use this period freely.
Suggestion: Teachers can use this period to let Ss sum up what they have learned and explain what Ss couldn’t understand very well in this unit. Teachers can also add more practice in this period to consolidate what the Ss have learned. Finally, ask the Ss to finish Assessing on page 129. It is very important to improve their learning and let them have a sense of achieving gradually.
Step V. Record after Teaching
__________________________________________________________________
Writing is difficult for the Ss
The seventh Period
Teaching time: 17
本单元检测题
第一节 单项填空(共15小题,每小题1分，满分15分)
从 A,B,C,D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
11. ---I am looking for ______ sweater for my son.
---OK. Here\'s _______ nice cotton one for $38.
A. a; the B. the; a C. a; a D. the; the
12. He is ____ old man. He lost his left leg when he was _____; at the age of_____ he last his parents.
A. 80-year-old; 8; 18 years old B. a 80-year-old; 8 years old; 18
C. an 80-years-old; 8 years; 18 D. an 80-year-old; 8; 18
13. Chen Wei and Susan were walking down the street _______ they saw an accident. Susan stayed to look after the wounded _________Chen Wei went to make a telephone call.
A. while; when B. when; while C. when; when D. while; while
14. I was really anxious about you. You ________ home without a word.
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
15. It ________ last night, for the ground is still so wet .
A. must rain B. must have rained C. might rain D. should have rained
16. With all my homework __________ in time, I went home happily.
A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. had finished
17. Please do be careful while __________ the road as the traffic is so heavy.
A. cross B. to cross C. crossing D. crossed
18. Can you ______ the difference between the two villas?
A. say B. explain C. tell D. speak
19. This is the only one of the books __________by all the middle school students.
A.which is enjoyed B. that are enjoyed C. that is enjoyed D. that enjoys
20. Is it really true ________ Bob asked all the airlines to fly the pop stars for free?
A. how B. that C. why D. whether
21. --Excuse me, is this case mine, Betty?
--Sorry, but it belongs to ________, though it is similar to ________.
A. me; yours B. mine; yours C. me; you D. mine; you
22. Mrs Pattis gave us another wonderful talk, _______ of great importance to our English study.
A. I think which is B. I think it is C. which I think is D. which I think it
23. --There\'s a flower show in the nature park. Shall we go and see it?
--__________.
A. Quite well B. Yes, please C. Good idea D. No problem
24. Paula refused the invitation to David\'s party the next week, ________ of course made
him puzzled.
A. what B. where C. when D. which
25. Sorry. I took your schoolbag ___________.
A. by mistake B. by a mistake C. without a mistake D. with mistake
第二节 完形填空（共20小题，每小题1分，满分20分）
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意，然后从26---45各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中,选出最佳选项。
Ben and his wife Susan were on their way to have dinner with their friends, Ian and Betty. It was a dark, 26 night, and they did not know the road very well. They 27 through Cookstown, until they found 28 they thought was the road to Dorling, where Ian and Betty 29 . But it soon became 30 that they were not on the road to Dorling at all. The road that they were on was getting 31 , and there were no other 32 on it. The wind was blowing 33 with every minute that passed.
Now they went past a small church, and then two houses without 34 on. There was nobody to find who could tell them 35 they were. Just then Ben caught sight of a telephone 36 , fifty metres or so ahead. They planned to telephone Ian and Betty for 37 , so they moved a little bit and 38 their car in front of it. Ben got out of the car and was trying hard to 39 the door of the box when Susan saw a 40 making telephone in the box. They had to 41 for quite a long time in the freezing wind 42 the door opened, and 43 came the young lady. It was
44 else but Betty, one of the friends they had been 45 for.
26. A. sunny B. fine C. windy D. snowy
27. A. looked B. walked C. came D. drove
28. A. how B. which C. where D. that
29. A. lived B. worked C. stayed D. studied
30. A. sorry B. certain C. clear D. known
31. A. longer B. shorter C. wider D. narrower
32. A. buses B. trucks C. cars D. people
33. A. harder B. faster C. stronger D. weaker
34. A. phones B. lights C. radio D. window
35. A. what B. which C. where D. who
36. A. box B. card C. call D. message
37. A. ideas B. advice C. information D. help
38. A. slowed B. found C. started D. stopped
39. A. break B. shut C. open D. knock
40. A. boy B. man C. friend D. woman
41. A. keep B. stay C. sit D. wait
42. A. as B. after C. until D. when
43. A. up B. out C. down D. in
44. A. nobody B. anybody C. somebody D. everybody
45. A. sending B. waiting C. looking D. asking
第三部分： 阅读理解（共20小题，每题2分，满分40分）
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
There are many songwriters, but none quite like Noralee Dahl from Torrance, California. The 55-year-old songwriter will write a song for anyone. Just give her a call, and in about thirty minutes she will play an original (最初的) song just for you over the telephone.
Noralee calls her operation “phone-a-song.” As soon as she receives a request by telephone, she starts writing. The cost is fifteen dollars a song, plus three dollars for a tape of her song.
Noralee’s songs are a blend (混合) of country and popular music. She does the singing --- which she has been doing since she was three years old --- and the guitar playing. So far, Noralee figures she has wrote about 500 songs.
46. Who does Noralee write songs for?
A.Some pop stars. B. Anyone who calls to ask for songs.
C. Those who love her songs. D. Anyone who telephones her.
47. What does the word “figures” mean?
A. numbers B. wishes C. learns D. hopes
48. The best title is _____.
A. Noralee’s phone-a-song B. Selling songs
C. Over the phone D. Songwriters and Noralee
B
Among other buildings in a certain town, there is a house for poor people. They go there when they have no money and no where to live. It’s called a workhouse.
Oliver twist was born there. His mother, a young woman, lay ill in bed. A doctor and an old woman stood by her side.
“Let me see the child, and die,” she said.
“Oh, you must not talk about dying yet,” said the doctor.
“No, dear,” said the old woman. “You are too young to die.”
The young woman shook her head and held out her hand towards the child.
The doctor put the child in her arms. She pressed her cold white lips (嘴唇)to its face, and then fell back --- and died.
“She’s dead,” said the doctor. “Where did she come from?”
“She was brought here last night,” said the old woman. “She was lying in the street. She had walked a long way and her shoes were worn out. Nobody knows where she came from, or where was she going to.”
The doctor said “Goodbye” to the old woman and left. He went home to his dinner.
The old woman sat down on a chair in front of the fire and began to dress the baby. She dressed him in the very old clothes used for a baby born in the workhouse --- a poor child without father or mother, born into a world which had no love or pity for him.
49. People would go to the workhouse when they ________.
A. were out of work B. had no money and no place to live in
C. were very ill D. were dying
50. Before the young woman died, she _______.
A. kissed her child B. walked a long way
C. was lying in the street D. shook her head
51. What kind of life would Oliver lead?
A. A happy life B. A simple life C. A quiet life D. A terrible life
C
How men first learned to invent words is unknown, in other words, the origin of language is mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other, and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters , which could be combined to represent those sounds and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken, or written in letters, we call words.
The power of the words, then, lies in their associations--- the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience, and the longer we live , the more certain words recall us the glad and sad events of our past, and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases.
Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should, there, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar.
52.The origin of language is_______
A a legend handed down from the past B.a matter that is hidden or secret
C a question difficult to answer D.a problem not yet solved
53.One of the reasons why men invented certain sounds to express thoughts and actions was
that_______.
A.they could agree upon certain signs
B.they could write them down
C.they could communicate with each other
D. they could combine them
54.In expressing their thoughts, great writers are able ______
A.to confound the readers B to move men to tears
C.to move us to action D to confuse our feeling
55.Which of the following statements about the real poet is NOT true?
A.He is no more than a master of words
B.He can convey his ideas in words which sing like music
C.His style is always charming
D.His poems can move men to tear
第四部分：写（共两节，满分30分）
第一节 短文改错（共10小题，每题1分，满分10分）
此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行作出判断：如无错误，该行右边横线上画一个勾（√ ）；如有错误（每行只有一个错误，则按下列情况改正：
此行多一词：把多余的词用斜线（/）划掉；在该行右边横线上写上该词，并也用斜线划掉。
此行缺一词：在缺词处加一个漏字符（∧），在该行右边的横线上写上该加的词。
此行错一词：在错的词下划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
注意：原行没有错的不要该。
Bob Geldof had a idea of organizing two big pop 66___________
concerts on the same day, one in England and other in the 67___________
USA. He persuaded all the world-famous pop stars come 68___________
and sing at one of these concerts of free. He also persuaded 69___________
other people to providing money or to give help. He told the 70___________
BBC that he had wanted 17 hours of non-stop TV time so that 71___________
both concerts could be shown on television. On July 13th 1985 72___________
the concerts held. 85% of the world’s TV sets were 73___________
turned on and about 1.5 billion people in 160 country 74___________
watched the program. The two concerts costed 4 million dollars. 75___________
第二节：书面表达（共1题，满分20分）
有一英国教育代表团即将访问我国，请你写一书面材料，在他们出发前简单介绍一下中国的情况。内容要点如下：
1）中国历史悠久，首都北京是政治、经济和文化中心；
2）有13亿人口，世界第一；
3）幅员辽阔，气候不同，冬天北方寒冷且漫长，南方温暖且湿润；
4）石油、煤炭等资源丰富。
注意： 1）要有标题；
2）介绍须包括所有要点；
3）词数100左右。
选择题答案
第一、二、三部分（Key to 1---65）
1----5 BCBAC 6----10 BBCCA
11---15 CDBBB 16---20 CCCCB 21---25 ACCDA
26---30 CDBAC 31---35 DCABC 36---40 ADDCD 41---45 DCBAC
46---50 BAABA 51---55 DBCDA 56---60 DBADB 61---65 BBCAB
第四部分：
第一节：
66. aàan 67. Other前加the 68. Come 前加to 69. ofàfor 70. providingàprovide
71. 去掉had 72. √ 73. held前加were 74. countryàcountries 75. costedàcost
第二节：
One possible version:
China is a great country with a long history. Beijing is the capital of the country, which is also the center of politics, economy and culture.
The population of the country has reached 1.3 billion. It is considered the largest country in population in the world.
The weather is different from area to area. In the north, the winters are long and cold while in the south, it is warm and wet. It is rich in coal, oil and so on..
高二Unit 7 教案
TEACHING PLAN FOR UNIT 7 (Book 2A)
LIVING WITH DISEASE
I. Brief statements Based on the Unit
This unit mainly talks about deadly diseases and attitudes towards AIDS, cancers, etc. All the activities, including Warming up, Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing, focus on this topic. Through this topic, the students not only get more information about diseases, but also learn how to keep a right and positive attitude towards disease and people with disease.
In addition, the students can learn some useful language points through the materials provided in each part, especially a lot of words and phrases, which are very helpful for the students to build up vocabulary about diseases. The Grammar-the Subjunctive Mood is also important. The given materials and exercises give the students an opportunity to learn grammar by using it. It helps the students learn to talk about things that are not certain to happen as well as imaginary or unreal events and situations.
All of the activities are helpful for the students to improve their knowledge about language and their skills to use language.
II. Teaching Goals
1. Talk about deadly diseases and attitudes towards AIDS, cancers, etc.
2. Practise talking about imaginary situations.
3. Practise supporting and challenging an opinion.
4. Learn to use the Subjunctive Mood (1): If I were you, … I wish I could …
5. Write a personal narrative.
III. Teaching Plan: (Six Periods)
1st period: Warming-up, Listening (WB) & Talking (Optional)
2nd period: Speaking
3rd period: Reading-Born Dying
4th period: Integrating Skills (SB)
5th period: Language Study-Word Study
6th period: Language Study-Grammar
The First Period
GOALS:
To focus on talking about deadly diseases (esp. AIDS) as warming up and listening practice.
To learn some basic knowledge about AIDS.
To help students build the right attitudes towards AIDS.
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Warming up
1. Lead-in
1) Show a picture of AIDS logo to lead in the subject-AIDS
Are you familiar with this red ribbon?
What’s it related to?
What doesn’t it mean? Do you know?
(Possible answer: Red ribbon is related to AIDS. It means that we should give AIDS patients love and care, understand and support.)
2) Show a picture of Pu Cunxin and other stars to show that AIDS is a worldwide problem.
Do you know them?
What is their job besides acting?
Is it just the problem in China?
(Possible answer: It’s not just the problem in China. It’s a worldwide problem. And besides some famous stars, some ordinary people also work very hard to tell others the harm of this disease.)
2. Brainstorming
Q1: While talking about AIDS, what other diseases can you think of?
Individual work: Let students brainstorm the names of diseases, such as cold, headache, toothache, diarrhoea, cut, coughing, scald, insomnia, heart attack, cancer, AIDS, etc.
(With the development of science and hi-tech, many diseases can be cured. But for now, AIDS is still incurable, so it’s a deadly disease.)
3. How much do you know about AIDS?
1) Pair work-questions for discussion
What’s the full name of AIDS?
Can AIDS be transmitted?
In what ways can it be transmitted?
What kinds of people are likely to get AIDS?
Do people with AIDS look healthy at first?
Is it safe or dangerous to stay or to be friends with them? Why?
(Students don’t have to give the exact answers. These questions will help them think about this disease-AIDS.)
2) AIDS QUIZ (individual work)
1) AIDS quiz (p.49)-check students’ knowledge about AIDS.
2) Picture quiz -Can the AIDS virus transmitted via the following routes?
Summary: Medical studies show that the AIDS virus cannot be transmitted via the following routes: cups, glasses, toilet seats, swimming pools, mosquitoes, other insects or giving blood. So it’s safe to be friends with AIDS patients.
II. Listening (WB)
1. Pre-listening: Go through EX1&2 in Part1 and guess “What do the letters HIV and AIDS stand for?”
2. While-listening: Listen to the tape and finish exercises in Part1&2.
(Make good use of some pictures and a flash “HIV-cycle” in the PowerPoint)
3. Post-listening: Suppose you are a publicist of AIDS, please give an oral report about it to the whole class.
III. Talking (Optional)
Role play: Work in groups. Imagine that the headmaster of a school has found out that one of the students has HIV. The student’s family has kept it a secret until now and the headmaster only learnt the truth last week. He had called a meeting to decide what to do.
(Opinions can be based on their knowledge of AIDS and also the characteristics of the roles.)
IV. Homework
1. Preview Speaking (p. 50) and find some information about AIDS, drugs, smoking or drinking to support your idea.
2. Learn the new words of this unit by heart.
The Second Period
GOALS:
To practise supporting and challenging an opinion.
To practise listening comprehension.
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Revision
Do you still remember this logo? What can you learn from it?
Q1: Do you remember what it means?
Q2: In what ways is AIDS transmitted?
II. Speaking
1. Pre-speaking
1) Do you agree that getting AIDS is a personal problem? Why or why not?
(Through these questions-
Raise the idea of social problem and come to Speaking part.
Introduce the useful expressions of supporting and challenging an opinion on p.50. And throughout the whole class, teachers should try to use these expressions as many as possible to raise students’ awareness.
2) As has just been talked about, AIDS is not only a personal problem, but also a social one. Because when we talk about social problems, we mean crimes such as drug use, murder, theft or robbery and broken families. These social problems cause sadness, unhappiness, harm, fear and even wars in the world or in society. Besides, there are quite a few other social problems. Can you tell some? Can you use your own sentence to describe one of these social problems?
(Possible answer: crime, health, homelessness, poverty, gambling, family violence, divorce, unemployment)
3) Information input
Give students some information about how serious these problems are and ask them to take notes. Then they can decide what is the most serious.
(Refer to the PowerPoint Proper explanation is needed).
About AIDS
1. How many AIDS patients all over the world? Where are they? And are they young or old?
2. What kinds of social problems can AIDS cause?
3. How about the situation in China?
About drugs
1. Is the use of drugs such as heroin, serious? Why do you think so?
2. What should we do with it?
About Smoking
1. Nearly everyone knows that smoking is harmful to our health. But why do people smoke?
2. What kinds of danger can it cause to our body?
3. Can you think of the other dangers of smoking?
About drinking
1. Do your parents drink? Do you think drinking is good or not, or it depends? Give your reasons.
2. Can drinking cause some problem to our body? What are they?
3. Will drinking cause some social problems? Give some example.
T: These four are all social problems, as they all will cause sadness, unhappiness, harm, fear and even wars in the world or in society.
2. While-speaking
If you were an expert on social problems, what is the most serious problem today, AIDS, drugs, smoking or drinking?
Role play
Group of four
Each acts as the expert on AIDS, drug, smoking and drinking.
Use the expressions to support your opinion or challenging other’s opinions. (p.50)
Language input (Useful expressions)
--Repeat it to strengthen students’ ability of use it.
Supporting an opinion Challenging an opinion
I think that …, because … Perhaps, but what if / about …?
First, … Have you thought about …?
One reason is that … What makes you think that …?
For example, … Could you please explain …?
If we / they were to …, we / they could … If I were you, I would …
3. Post-speaking
Conclusion-Class discussion
Q: Could these social problems be avoided? Or could we get rid of social problems in modern times? What can we do to deal with them?
(Social problems are around us. They can’t disappear in modern society. But we can do something optimistic or positive to reduce the harm they cause. That’s why we youth are asked to get away from AIDS, drugs, etc. That’s why we youth should develop good habits. That’s why many people including famous stars are busy with telling others the harm. In this way, we can stay healthy both physically and mentally.)
IV. Homework
1. Finish Listening (P.50) exercises
2. Read the passage “FIGHTING THE VIRUS: HIV/AIDS IN AFRICA” (P127) and finish the Pre-reading exercises (p. 51).
The Third Period
GOALS:
To learn more knowledge about AIDS.
To help students understand the attitudes and spirits of living with disease
To learn some useful language point
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Pre-reading
1) Q1: What do they look?
Show the picture of a father and his son.
(The father looks caring, gentle and energetic and the son gives us an impression of being lovely and cute. They appear so healthy that you would never guess that they are living and dying with AIDS.)
2) Q2: Have you ever seen an AIDS patient? How do they look?
Show the students some pictures of AIDS patients.
(If nothing is done, there is no doubt that all the people infected with AIDS will be like them, no matter how healthy they are now.)
3) Q3: Are they bad people? Do they deserve it?
Show more pictures of people infected with HIV or AIDS.
(I’m afraid not. Like any father, “Jeremy is my whole life. Every dad dreams of watching his kid grow up and graduate from high school. I never thought that would happen for us because Jeremy and I are both HIV positive. But thanks to our new family clinic, we both have access to the treatments we need. Now maybe I will see Jeremy walk down the aisle with the class of 2017”.[Here give the students several minutes to chew and digest these words.] Like any 12-year-old child, Xiaohua is a happy girl who smiles a lot and likes to talk to her friends after school. However, she has lost her mother and will lose her father and she herself was born dying with AIDS.)
4) Q4: Do you want to know more about their life?
Our text is about Xiaohua’s life.
What questions do you think will be answered in the text?
1._______________
2._______________
3._______________
4._______________
II. While-reading
1) Skimming:
Q: What’s Xiaohua’s attitude towards her disease?
2) Scanning:
Q1: In what ways does AIDS spread?
Q2: How many children were infected in 2002?
3) Summary：
1. Xiaohua is a 12 -year-old girl living and dying with AIDS. (para1)
2. What is AIDS? (para2)
3. How was Xiaohua infected? (para3)
4. Thousands of children become infected with HIV every day. (para4)
5. Xiaohua devotes much of her left time to helping others. (para5, 6, 7)
III. Post-reading
1) Questions
(Much of the answers to these questions can be referred to the reading material on P127.)
Q1: Why is AIDS a deadly disease?
(Break down/ defenceless/treatment/not available/incurable)
Q2: Why do the young suffer the most?
(As with many diseases, children seem to suffer the most from AIDS, mainly because of a lack of proper health care, prevention and education. Even if they themselves are not infected, the disease can ruin their lives. They may have to care for sick relatives and are often unable to go to school. Living with a parent or parents who have AIDS is painful and difficult. Because the parents cannot work, the children may not have enough food and must help take care of the family.)
Q3: What do they suffer from?
(Not only the disease itself and inevitable death, but also people’s not knowing, misunderstanding and fear of the disease.)
Q4: What can be done to improve the situation?
(By the government:
By specialist and doctors:
By other people:
By the patients themselves: )
Q5: As an AIDS patient, what does Xiaohua do?
(not discouraged/ encourage/ visit, support, cheer up/create a network, persuade/talk to people)
Q6: What are her wishes?
(I wish I could remember
If I were to live long …
I wish people could…
If I were you …
Q7: How do you find her?
Q8: Next time if you meet an AIDS patient, will you regard him or her as a bad and dangerous person? What would you do?
2) Creation
AIDS Day is approaching, our school is planning some theme activities and it is collecting ideas from the students.
Is it a good idea to invite Xiaohua to give us a lecture? If you were Xiaohua, what would you say to us? Please prepare a speech.
IV. Homework
1. Preview Integrating Skills-DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER: THE DAY MY LIFE ENDED … AND BEGAN! (p. 54)
2. Learn the whole text by heart.
The Forth Period
GOALS:
To learn some information of cancer and the attitude towards it.
To write a personal narrative.
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Pre-reading
Life is not always smooth, but with submerged rocks here and there, now and then. When faced with unexpected diseases or disasters or even death, what attitude to choose is a question.
Q: For example, if you found out that you had an incurable disease, how do you think your life would change? And how would you act towards the change?
-- Born dying with AIDS, Xiaohua says, “My life may have to be short, but there’s no reason why it can’t be beautiful.”
-- Diagnosed with cancer, ‘I’ also have something to say to you. Now let’s see what ‘I’ will say to you.
II. While-reading
Questions:
Q1: How did cancer change the writer’s life?
Q2: Compare the writer’s situation with that of Xiaohua. In what way are their experiences similar or different?
Q3: Do their experiences strike you?
Q4: What have you learnt from them?
(Get the students to put emphasis on some language points, especially how the writer expresses what he thinks. e.g.
I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end.
There were days when I wished that I were dead so that I would not have to feel so sick.)
III. Writing
Life is like a moon, sometimes round, sometimes not. We have happy times and also sad moments. If we draw a timeline, we will find it is not always straight. Take myself for instance…
Steps to follow
Step one: think about your past days: what were some events that made you very happy? What made you very sad?
Step two: draw a timeline of your life and mark the best times (the highs) and the worst times (the lows).
Step three: talk about the happy and sad things to your partner, with reference to the timeline.
Step four: choose one event, either happy or sad, which impresses you most. Try to remember all the details of it, especially how it made you feel, what it made you think and why it is important in your life. Prepare for writing it down.
Step five: work out an outline of what you are going to write.
Step six: read an example.
Step seven: begin to write.
IV. Homework
1. Write an essay about an important event in your life.
The Fifth Period
GOALS:
To learn about some antonyms
To practice using some useful words and phrases in the text
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Lead-in
Ask students some questions about Xiaohua. On one hand, they can review what they have learned. On the other hand, teacher can lead them to the learning of the useful words and phrases in this way
Q1. Do you still remember Xiaohua?
Q2. What has happened to her?
Q3. What is her attitude towards the disease?
(She is a brave girl. She is not discouraged by AIDS, instead, she tries her best to encourage and help other AIDS patients.)
II. Learn and practice using some antonyms
1) Ask students to pay attention to the two words in bold and explain to them their meanings, pointing out that they have opposite meanings and this kind of words are called antonyms.
2) Let students have a competition. Try to find the antonyms of the following words. Let's see who can do it correctly and quickly.
defenceless -- defensive
infect with -- immune to
protected -- unprotected
incurable -- curable
discourage -- encourage
visible -- invisible
3) Practice using these antonyms through exercises.
(Complete the sentences using the antonyms)
1. In February 2003 some people got ____ a strange disease and died within a month.
2. Although she met many difficulties, Helen was not _____. She continued struggling with the disease.
3. People think it a serious crime to attack _______ children.
4. AIDS can be transmitted by having ______ sex.
5. Having found out that the girl has got a disease which is ______ and will die soon, the boy decide to help her to make the last days of her life beautiful and meaningful.
III. Practice using some useful words and phrases in the text.
(Translate the following sentences with the help of Chinese or italic words.)
1. The doctor ______ (诊断)my illness as a rare skin disease.
2. He has _______ （恢复）from his bad cold and can go out tomorrow.
3. The disease makes her realize how _______ （宝贵）life is.
4. The doctor told him that the wound had been infected, and that the ___________ （受感染的伤口）become deadly if it is not properly treated.
5. They are certain taht this virus has been transmitted through the air, yet they have not been able to identify the ___________（传播的病毒）
6. Bad news may discourage a patient, so it is very important that doctors try to cheer up the _______________（灰心丧气的病人）
7. First the doctor takes a blood sample and has it tested. Then he will use the ________ （经过测试的血样）to find out if it is a serious disease.
8. You cannot delay the treatment any longer. You must stop working unless you want to deal with the risks of ______________.（延误的治疗）
IV. Complete the short summary of the text with the proper forms of the following words and phrases.
break down the immune system leave defenceless
infect with live with
live life to the fullest die of
available deadly
a lack of on the contrary
AIDS is a disease that breaks down the body's immune system and leaves a person defenceless against infections and illnesses. People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV, the virus that causes the disease. There are millions of people who die of AIDS every year.
So far, there is no treatment available for the disease and AIDS patients have to deal with the fact that they might die young. Unfortunately, a deadly disease such as AIDS also frightens others. Because of a lack of knowledge about how it gets transmitted, people often treat AIDS patients as if they were bad or dangerous.
Xiaohua is a 12-year-old girl. Though she has been living with AIDS for 12 years, she is not discouraged by the disease. On the contrary, it makes her realize how precious life is and how important it is to live life to the fullest.
V. Set a new situation, asking students to write down a short dialogue. In this way, they can review and use the words and phrases gagin.
Situation: Two women are talking with an AIDS patient. Write a dialogue, using your imagination as well as the useful words and expressions taht have been mentioned above.
VI. Homework
1. Preview grammar
2. Finish word study exercises on SB and WB
The Sixth Period
GOALS:
To learn the Subjunctive Mood
To make students get familiar with the Subjunctive Mood and master it by using it in different situations
TEACHING PROCEDURES
I. Lead-in
1) Show students the picture of Xiaohua and ask them two questions:
Q1. You must be quite familiar with this girl now, right?
(Right. She is a Xiaohua, a girl who has been infected with AIDS.)
Q2. How was she infected with AIDS?
(She was infected by birth.)
2) Xiaohua was born dying and she has no choices. But many people who really have many choices don’t realize how precious life is and do a lot of harms to themselves.
1. Show students some pictures of people who smoke a lot, drink a lot or even have drugs, pointing out all these can lead to deadly disease.
2. Based on the above talking, teacher raise the following questions:
If they go on doing this, what would happen?
If you were Xiaohua, what would you like to tell them?
If you were a doctor, what would you do?
If you were one of them, what would you do?
3. Some people do not take Xiaohua or doctor's advices. Finally, they die.
If they had not drunk so much wine, he would not have died at such an early age.
If he had (not)..., he would (not) have...
Ask students to make more similar sentences, using the Subjunctive Mood.
II. More Situations
1. The woman in the picture is Helen, who has been living with AIDS for many years. Now she is celebrating her birthday with her dog. If you were Helen, what kind of wishes would you make?
2. It is said that a falling star can let your dream come true. If you saw a falling star, what kind of wishes would you make?
3. Besides a falling star, a magic lamp can also let your dream com true. If you had a magic lamp, what would you ask it to do for you ?
III. Homework
1. Finish all the grammar exercises on SB and WB
2. Review the whole unit
IV. Background Information
What is AIDS?
--www.aids.org/factSheets/index.html#Preventing
WHAT DO “AIDS” MEAN?
AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome:
Acquired means you can get infected with it;
Immune Deficiency means a weakness in the body's system that fights diseases.
Syndrome means a group of health problems that make up a disease.
AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If you get infected with HIV, your body will try to fight the infection. It will make “antibodies”, special molecules that are supposed to fight HIV.
When you get a blood test for HIV, the test looks for these antibodies. If you have them in your blood, it means that you have HIV infection. People who have the HIV antibodies are called “HIV-Positive”. Fact Sheet 102 has more information on HIV testing. Being HIV-positive, or having HIV disease, is not the same as having AIDS. Many people are HIV-positive but don't get sick for many years. As HIV disease continues, it slowly wears down the immune system. Viruses, parasites, fungi and bacteria that usually don't cause any problems can make you very sick if your immune system is damaged. These are called “opportunistic infections” (see Fact Sheet 500).
HOW DO YOU GET AIDS?
You don't actually “get” AIDS. You might get infected with HIV, and later you might develop AIDS.
You can get infected with HIV from anyone who's infected, even if they don't look sick, and even if they haven't tested HIV-positive yet. The blood, vaginal fluid, semen, and breast milk of people infected with HIV has enough of the virus in it to infect other people. Most people get the HIV virus by:
Having sex with an infected person.
Sharing a needle (shooting drugs) with someone who's infected
Being born when the mother is infected, or drinking the breast milk of an infected woman.
Getting a transfusion of infected blood used to be a way people got AIDS, but now the blood supply is screened very carefully and the risk is extremely low.
There are no documented cases of HIV being transmitted by tears or saliva, but it is possible to be infected with HIV through oral sex or in rare cases through deep kissing, especially if you have open sores in your mouth or bleeding gums.
In the United States, there are about 800,000 to 900,000 people who are HIV-positive. Over 300,000 people are living with AIDS. Each year, there are about 40,000 new infections. In the mid-1990s, AIDS was a leading cause of death. However, newer treatments have cut the AIDS death rate significantly.
IS THERE A CURE FOR AIDS?
There is no cure for AIDS. There are drugs that can slow down the HIV virus, and slow down the damage to your immune system. But there is no way to get all the HIV out of your body.
There are other drugs that you can take to prevent or to treat opportunistic infections (OIs). In most cases, these drugs work very well. The newer, stronger anti-HIV drugs have also helped reduce the rates of most OIs. A few OIs, however, are still very difficult to treat.
HOW CAN YOU PROTECT YOURSELF AND OTHERS?
Unless you are 100% sure that you and the people you are with do not have HIV infection, you should take steps to prevent getting infected. This fact sheet provides an overview of HIV prevention, and refers you to other fact sheets for more details on specific topics.
Sexual Activity
You can avoid any risk of HIV if you practice abstinence (not having sex). You also won't get infected if your penis, mouth, vagina or rectum doesn't touch anyone else's penis, mouth, vagina, or rectum. Safe activities include kissing, erotic massage, masturbation or hand jobs (mutual masturbation).
Drug Use
If you're high on drugs, you might forget to use protection during sex. If you use someone else's equipment (needles, syringes, cookers, cotton or rinse water) you can get infected by tiny amounts of blood. The best way to avoid infection is to not use drugs.
Vertical Transmission
With no treatment, about 25% of the babies of HIV-infected women would be born infected. The risk drops to about 4% if a woman takes AZT during pregnancy and delivery, and her newborn is given AZT. The risk is 2% or less if the mother is taking combination antiviral therapy. Caesarean section deliveries probably don't reduce transmission risk if the mother's viral load is below 1000.
Contact with Blood
HIV is one of many diseases that can be transmitted by blood. Be careful if you are helping someone who is bleeding. If your work exposes you to blood, be sure to protect any cuts or open sores on your skin, as well as your eyes and mouth. Your employer should provide gloves, facemasks and other protective equipment, plus training about how to avoid diseases that are spread by blood.
THE BOTTOM LINE
HIV does not spread easily from person to person. To get infected with HIV, infected blood, sexual fluid, or mother's milk has to get into your body. HIV-infected pregnant women can pass the infection to their new babies.
To decrease the risk of spreading HIV:
Use condoms during sexual activity
Do not share drug injection equipment
If you are HIV-infected and pregnant, talk with your doctor about taking anti-HIV drugs
If you are an HIV-infected woman, don't breast feed any baby
Protect cuts, open sores, and your eyes and mouth from contact with blood.
If you think you've been exposed to HIV, get tested and ask your doctor about taking anti-HIV medications.
高二英语unit7课件
一、教案背景
1，面向学生： 高二
2，学科：高二英语选修七Unit 1 Living well 3，
课时：period 2 4，
学生课前准备：
①小组内相互预习新单词。
②各小组派代表讲述每一段的大意。
③布置预习任务，要求学生以学习小组为单位在课前通过查阅书籍和英特网等收集残疾人及其生活、学习和工作等的故事。
二、教学目标
1. 知识目标
a. 掌握以下重点词汇和短语
ambition, disability, fellow, independent, beneficial, encouragement, in other words, all in all, out of breath, make fun of.
b. 理解和运用以下重点句型 1. I have to adapt to my disability.
c. Just accept them for whom they are and give them encouragement to live as rich and full a life as you do.
2. 能力目标
a. 通过对段落结构的分析，使学生掌握scanning的阅读技巧。要提高他们的阅读速度和快速寻找信息的能力，培养他们分析和概括能力。
b. 让学生理解残疾人及其生活情况，使学生明白身体有残疾并不意味着生活不如意，但 他们在日常生活和工作中比健全人面临着更大的挑战。
3.情感目标
a. 结合个人经历，充分体验残疾人的感受，提高学生理解、尊重、关心和帮助残疾人意识。加强合作意识、陶冶情操，培养正确的审美观和价值观。
b. 在师生互动的活动中，加强教师的亲和力，增进彼此的了解与沟通，充分发挥情感教学的优势。
三、教材分析
Living well高中英语选修7 第一单元的内容。本单元以残疾及残疾人生活为中心，介绍了一些残疾人凭借顽强的毅力和社会的关爱克服生活中的种种困难，以积极的态度面对人生的挑战。本课时是第一课时，包括Warming Up，Pre-reading，Reading和Comprehending四部分。通过本节课的学习，提高学生理解、尊重、关心、帮助残疾人意识，使残疾人与健全人一样共享美好生活。它在整个单元教学中占有十分重要的地位。这是对新课程目标中情感态度与价值观培养目标的全方位体现。
四、教学过程
Step1.Leading in(导入)
从提问入手引出残疾人的话题，通过观看影片和猜测游戏让学生了解这些残疾人的顽强意志及其取得的辉煌成就。
1)Ask students a questions
Do you know her name? What’s her disability? What’s she famous for? Play a video for students to watch.
视频：(播放《千手观音》片断)
2)A guessing game
Who are they? What are their disabilities? What’s their achievements?
Show the pictures of Edison, Stephen Hawking, Beethoven, Hellen Keller and Zhang Haidi.
Step2. Warming up
让学生将书本上的四幅图对应的人物与其取得的成就进行配对。让他们了解残疾的种类，简短地讨论各种残疾给人们的生活带来的种种不便。尽管如此，仍然有许多残疾人在不同领域取得了非凡成就，为本单元的.Reading部分精彩故事做好了铺垫。
Gao Qiang 1. represented her country in an athletics competition and won a gold medal in the 50-meetre race.
Barry 2. owns a personal website on the Internet.
Sally 3. played a major part in the school play; takes singing and dancing lessons after school.
Rada 4. passed the university entrance exam; will train to be a teacher.
Step3. Pre-reading
通过介绍“Family village”，让学生说出这一网站的目的，重点在于该网站不仅对残疾人大有帮助，而且对健全人也同样有所裨益。以激发学生的阅读兴趣。
1.To give ordinary young people with a disability the chance to tell their personal stories.
2. Other disabled people also find the website beneficial.
3. The website is also a way for non-disabled people to understand more about how challenging life can be for people with disabilities.
Step4 . Reading
课文是一篇以第一人称表述Marty身残志坚，以积极的态度快乐生活的故事。课文以网页的形式展示，能够吸引学生的注意力，引起学生的极大兴趣。
让学生通过略读填写下面信息表，以帮助学生了解Marty的疾病给生活带来的困难和他如何克服这些困难并取得成就的;并掌握scanning的阅读技巧，提高他们的阅读速度和快速寻找信息的能力。
五、教学反思
本节课通过形象的视频展现给学生逼真的画面，让学生更加的懂得残疾人和我们一样，我们应该尊重他们，而且要学习他们自强不息，坚忍不拔的精神。通过快速阅读和细读的训练，学生的阅读水平有了进一步的提高，另外还需要加强学生对课文的概括能力。
知识归纳（BII，U1）
1．undertake vt. 承担(工作、责任等)；承办；着手做；从事
The lawyer undertook a new case． 那位律师承办了一件新的案子。
He undertook the difficult task willingly．他欣然承担那项困难的工作。
I will undertake the responsibility for you．我会为你负担起责任。
He undertook a new experiment．他着手一项新的实验。
Vt. 保证；担保；后接动词不定式或that从句。
He undertook to finish the work by Monday．他担保在星期飞以前完成工作。
I can't undertake that you will win in the election．我不能保证你在选举中会赢。
2．within prep．(表示时间、距离)“在……以内”
You will have to finish the work within an hour．你必须在一小时内完成工作。
He lives within two miles Of the school. 他家距离学校不到两英里。
The station is within walking distance away. 车站离此不远.
Stay within hearing distance of the house．不要走得太远．免得家人呼叫不到。
(表示范围、程度)“在… 范围之内”
Medicine should not be 1eft within reach of small children．
药品不可放在幼儿伸手可及的范围内．
They finally come within sight of the shore. 他们终于来到看得见海岸的地方．
It wasn’t within my power to help her. 帮助她井非我力所能从之事。
3．similar adj．相似的；类似的
Our cars arre similar only 1n color． 我们的车子只是颜色类似，
My wife and I have similar tastes in music. 我妻子与我有相似的音乐爱好。
be similar to… 与……相似
My opinions are similar to his. 我的看法与他的相似．
Wheal is similar to barley. 小麦与大麦很相似．
4．go by 走过；过去
A squad car went by at full speed. 一辆巡逻车全速驶过．
He was not，n when I went by． 我过访的时候．他不在家。
Several years went by before they met again.他们过了好几年后才再度见面。
As time goes by．His hair is turning gray．随着时光飞逝。他的头发变白丁．
5. engage vt. 使订婚；常用过去分词作表语。
be get engaged(to sb)(与某人)订婚
engage sb．to sb． 使某人与某人订婚
be engaged to sb. 与某人订婚(表状态)
get engaged to sb． 与某人订婚(表动作)，
My daughter is engaged to a young teacher．我女儿和一位年轻的老师订婚了．
They got engaged last summer．他们于去年夏天订了婚．
vt.使从事于；使忙于
engage (oneself)in sth 或be / get engaged in sth．“从事于某事；忙于做某事”
He wants to engage himself in foreign trade．他想从事对外贸易。
He was engaged in writing letters. 他在忙着写信。
I cannot go with you. I am engaged. 我不能跟你去．我现在很忙。
… 雇用
He engaged my sister as his secretary．他雇用我妹妹当秘书．
6. use up用完；用尽；(用于被动语态)筋疲力尽
He has used up all his money他花光了所有的钱，
We used up all the bread al breakfast. 早饭我们吃光了所有的面包．
The so1dters were after the long battle.
士兵们在经过漫长的战斗后已经筋疲力尽了．
7．dream梦想；梦到
She dreamed of success in few years．她梦想几年后能成功。
I often dreamed of becoming a doctor. 我时常梦想成为一位医生。
I dreamed of her last night. 我昨夜梦见她了。
I wouldn't dream of cheating you. 我做梦也没想要欺骗你呀。
Little / Never did I dream of being elected. 我做梦也没想到会当选。
I never dreamed of there being such a good hotel in this town.
我真没想到这个城镇中还有这么好的宾馆。
8．seek vt．寻找；探索；追求
He is seeking an answer to the problem．他正在寻找该问题的答案。
They sought shelter from the rain． 他们找寻避雨的地方。
He found订worthless to seek fame． 他发现追求名声是不值得的。
Seek one's／a fortune 追求财富；碰运气
seek for／after 寻找；追求
She sought for a solution to the problem．她寻找解决该问题的办法。
He is seeking after wealth and power and position.他追求财富、权势和地位。
vt．尝试；试图；后常接动词不定式作宾语。
He sought to deceive his parents but in vain．他试图欺骗双亲，但白费心机。
They sought to punish him for his crime but he escaped．
他们试图惩罚他的罪行，但他却逃跑了。
9．Turn out结果(是)；证明(是)；原来(是)；后常接“(to be)+ adj.／n．”，亦可接副词。
The night turned out cold and rainy．那个晚上结果是寒冷且下雨。
The rumor turned out(to be)true．那谣言后来证明是真的。
The plan turns out well． 那项计划结果很圆满。
He turned out(to be)a spy．他竟然是一名间谍。
可构成句型：It turns out that…“结果是……；后来证实 ．．．．．”。
It turns out that she has never been married．结果是她根本没结过婚。
It turned out that two travellers had been killed．后来证实有两位旅客丧生。
10．curious adj.好奇的；好求知的；爱打听隐私的
Don't be so curious! 别那么好奇!
She is too curious about her neighbors’business．她太好管邻居的闲事。
He was curious to know what would happen．他很想知道会发生什么事。
I am curious(as to)why she didn't come．我很想知道她为什么没来。
curiously adv． 好奇地；奇怪地
They looked at her curiously．他们好奇地看着她。
Curiously enough，he didn't Like music．说也奇怪，他并不喜欢音乐。
11．punish vt.惩罚；处罚
The murderer was punished by death． 那杀人犯被处以死刑。
Drunken driving should be punished severely by the law．
酗酒开车应受到法律严惩。
He narrowly escaped being punished．他差一点受到惩罚。
常用于punish sb．For doing sth．结构。
His father punished him for telling lies．他父亲因他说谎而处罚他。
The teacher punished him for cheating On the exam．
老师因为他考试作弊而处罚他。
12． Make a difference产生差别；有影响；起重要作用
I admit that makes a difference．我承认那与众不同。
Your support will certainly make a difference in our cause．
你的支持当然会对我们的事业起作用。
常用 it 作形式主语，后接wh-从句。
It makes a difference which you choose．你选择哪一个，事关重大．
It makes no difference which you choose． 不管他去或是不去，对我无关紧要。
13．march，nt，suit
match v.和……相配；和……相称；使较量”， 一般指两样东西互相匹配或两人的能力势均力敌．互为对手．
fit v.“使适合；使相配”，一般指衣服、鞋帽等合体、合身．强调大小、尺寸与某人的身材合适．
suit v．“适合于；相配”一般指气候、食物、花色．款式、设计等适合某人。
This hat matches your jacket perfectly. 这顶帽子跟你的夹克十分相配.
We must find carpets that’ll match the curtain.
我们必须寻找可和这些窗帘搭配的地毯.
I can't match her at chess. 我下棋比不上她.
The two pieces of furniture don't match. 这两件家具不搭配．
These shoes fit me very well. 这双鞋子我穿着大小正合适．
I don't think this jacket fits me; it's rather too small.
我想这件上衣不适合我，大小了。
This climate doesn't suit her. 这种气候不适合她。
Rich food doesn't suit my stomach. 油腻的食物不适合我的胃口。
The color of the dress suits her very well. 这衣物的颜色很适合她．
14． What if倘使……将会怎样；即使……又有什么要紧
What if they should be thieves? 如果他们是贼的话怎么办？
What if she finds out that you have lost her book?
倘使她发现你弄丢了她的书，怎么办?
What if we fail/failed/should fail? 万一我们失败了，怎么办？
What if a storm should come up? 暴风雨要是来了怎么办？
What if I fail? 即使我失败了又能怎样？
what if 还可以用来表示“建议、邀请或要求”，从句中常用一般现在时或一般过去时．
15. (辨析)observe与watch
observe vt. 观察，察觉，遵守，庆祝
(1)当“观察”讲时，observe相当于watch carefully，尤其用于实验或研究等场合。
(2)observe可意为“察觉到”(see and notice)，watch意为“盯着看”
(keep one’s eyes fixed on)
(3)watch可意为“观看(比赛、电视、电影)等”，observe没有此意。
(4)watch还有“照料”之意，相当于take care of，也可意为“当心”，相
当于be careful with，pay attention to，observe没有此意。
He often observes the behaviour of birds.
The policeman observed the man open the window.
He observed that it had turned cloudy.
Do they observe Christmas Day in that country? 那个国家的人过圣诞节吗?
Anyone who comes here must observe the rules．来的人都必须遵守规定。
She has observed the stars all her life．她一生都在观察星星。
They were observed entering the bank at 8：32。他们被看到在8：32进了银行。
They watched the games while sitting under the trees．他们坐在树下看比赛。
She watched the train until汁disappeared from sight．
她一直看着火车消失在视线之外。
I'll watch the baby while you are away．你不在时由我照料婴儿。
You'd better watch Smith；I think he is a thief．
你最好当心史密斯，我想他是个贼。
Watch that the milk doesn't boil over．注意别让牛奶煮溢了。
16. doubt
固定句式：There’s no doubt that…
There was no doubt that he had been misunderstood.
There is little doubt that he will succeed.
There is some doubt whether he is guilty.
There's no doubt about／of his honesty．毫无疑问他是诚实的。
(提示)There's no doubt后接名词时，需用介词about或of. 如：
(链接)doubt作动词用时，肯定句中可用whether, if，that引起宾语从句，否定句中只能用that。如：
He doubted whether they would be able to help． 他拿不准他们是否能帮上忙。
I doubt if he's honest．我怀疑他是否诚实。
I doubt(that)he will come to the party． 我认为他未必会来参加聚会。
He never doubted that they would win the game．
他从来不怀疑他们将赢得那场比赛。
17. debate
debate作动词用，意为“辩论，争论，参加辩论”，既可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词。如：
The question Of whether war can be abolished has often been debated．
战争能否废除是人们常常争论的一个问题。
They were debating about a foolish question．他们在争论一个愚蠢的问题。
(拓展)debate也可用作名词。如：
After much debate Harry was chosen captain of the football team．
经过许多辩论以后，哈利被选为足球队长。
After a long debate the bill was passed by the House Of Com-
mons．经过长时间的辩论以后，该议案在下议院通过。
(辨析)debate，argue，discuss与quarrel
(1)debate to argue about sth. ,usually in an effort to persuade other
people 辩论的目的在于说服对方
(2)argue to present reasons for or against sth．，especially clearly
and in proper order 条理清楚地提出赞成或反对某事的理由
(3)discuss to talk about(sth．with sb．)from several points of view
从不同的观点出发，讨论某事
知识归纳（BII，U2）
A: Key Words and Expressions:
1. Which of the news media above is the most reliable? 以上的新闻媒体中哪一种最可靠？
reliable adj. 可信赖的; 可依靠的； 确定的
They are reliable friends. 他们是可信赖的朋友。
Is the source of the information reliable? 那个消息的来源可靠吗？
[链接] reliably adv. 可靠地；确实地 reliability n. 可靠性；可信赖性
2. The man was fired. 那个人被解雇了。
fire的动词用法
(1) 解雇，开除
The company fired him for not coming to work on time. 那个公司因他不按时上班解雇了他。
(2) 发射
He fired his gun at the big snake. 他开枪打那条大蛇。
(3) 激发（人、感情等），使充满热情
The story fired his imagination. 这个故事激发了他的想象力。
3. The man faced difficulties.
(1) face v.t. 面临（困难等），应付， 面对；（危险、困难等）迫近
可与介词 to/ towards / on连用
We must face our trouble and bear it. 我们必须正视我们的困难并勇于承受。
The house faces south／the south／to the south．那房子面朝南。
Vt.面临(困难、危险等)
He faced the difficulty with courage．
He faced the enemy bravely．
[短语]
be faced with 面临，面对 face up to面对；承担
face the music接受（不愉快的后果或情况）(对自己的行为结果)负起责任；接受批评)
I was faced with a new problem. 我面临了新问题。
She couldn’t face up to the fact that she was no longer young.
她无法面对自己不再年轻的现实。
The boy was caught cheating in the examination and had to face the music.
那个男孩被发现考试作弊，不得不接受惩罚。
I must face the music and accept responsibility．我一定接受批评并承担责任。
If anything goes wrong，“is 1 who will have to face the music．
如果出了什么问题，负责任的是我。
(2) difficulty表示“难，困难”时用作不可数名词，表示“难题，难事”时用作可数名词。
e.g. She learned to speak English without difficulty. 她毫无困难地学会了讲英语。
We will face many difficulties in the future. 将来我们要面临许多难题。
l'm in a bit of a difficulty over paying my rent．我对付房租有点困难，
在下列句式或短语中，difficulty是不可数名词。
have(much／no／1ittle)difficulty with sth．
have／find(much／no／little)difficulty(in)doing sth．
There is(no／1ittle／much)difficulty(in)doing sth．
with／without difficulty困难地／轻易地
I don't have much difficulty with English grammar．我对学英语语法没什么困难。
She had no difficulty in finding the house．她毫无困难地找到了那间房子。
The patient had difficulty breathing．那个病人呼吸困难。
She found no difficulty in solving the problem．她发现解决那个问题没什么困难。
There was little difficulty in understanding him．理解他的意思没什么困难。
She calmed her daughter with some difficulty．她费了力气才使女儿平静下来。
He finished the work without much difficulty．他很轻松地完成了工作。
4. The man was generous.
generous adj. 慷慨的；大方的；宽容的；豁达的；丰富的，丰盛的
e.g. He is generous with his money. 他出手大方。
He gave me a generous lunch. 他请我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。
[链接] generous adv. 慷慨地 generosity n. 慷慨大方
5.Below is a list of ten things that happened today. 以下列出了今天发生的十件事。
本句为倒装句，正常语序应为：A list of ten things that happened today is below.
below看作副词，表示方位，当表示方位的状语或表语位于句首时，句子采用全部倒装的结构，即把谓语动词的所有组成部分都移到主语之前。这类作状语或表语的词常见的有：away, down, in, off, out, over, up, above, below, here, there及介词短语与分词。
Here is a seat for you.这儿有你的一个座位。
There goes the bell!铃响了。
Written on the blackboard are the names of those who were late yesterday.
黑板上写着昨天迟到的人的名字。
6.France elected a new president.
elect v.t. 选举，推选
e.g. They elected a president. / They elected him as President.
他们选举了总统。/ 他们选举他为总统。
注意：若选举某人担任某职位，且该职位只有一个时，通常不用冠词。
e.g. Our classmates elected him as/to be/our/as our monitor.
They elected the old man to be chairman of the club.他们推选那位老人为俱乐部主席。
[辨析] elect, pick out, choose
elect是指通过正式手续的选举。
e.g. Roosevelt was elected four times to the presidency of the U.S.A.
罗斯福四次当选为美国总统。
choose通常指在所提供的对象中，凭个人的判断力进行选择。
e.g. We had to choose between leaving early and paying for a taxi.
我们不得不在早点动身和雇计程车中间作出选择。
There are ten to choose from.
pick out比较通俗，指按个人喜好或希望进行挑选，多用于有行的东西。
e.g. She picked out a scarf to wear with the dress.
她挑选了一条围巾以配上她穿的衣服。
7.Food prices are going up. 食品价格在上涨。
go up上升，增长，提高
e.g. The temperature has gone up.
The lift went up to the fourth floor. 电梯升到了四楼。
8.A house in your city burnt down. Nobody was injured.
你们镇上一座房子被烧毁。无人员伤亡。
(1)burn down 烧毁；使烧毁【强调破坏性】；（由于燃料烧尽）火力减弱
These houses were burnt down to the ground. 这些房子被烧毁。
The fire is burning down, get some more coal please.
[比较] burn up烧尽，烧光【强调动作的结果】；（火，炉等）烧起来，旺起来
e.g. Put some wood on the fire and make it burn up.
(2) injure v.t. 使受伤；损害，伤害（感情）
She injured herself while skating．她在滑冰时受了伤。
The earthquake killed people and inured 3000。
地震造成2000人死亡，3000人受伤。
He got badly inured in the accident．在这次事故中他受了重伤。
The injured were taken to hospital．伤员被送往医院。
Smoking will inure your health．吸烟会损害你的健康。
I hope l didn't inure her feelings．我希望没有伤害她的感情。
Her refusal inured his pride．她拒绝了他，伤了他的自尊心。
[辨析] injure, wound, hurt, harm的区别：
injure伤害，损害（感情），损害（名誉）。普通用词，常指各种性质的身体上或精神上的伤害。多指事故中人或物的损伤，包括容貌、生理、身体等。
e.g. In the traffic accident, two were killed and three get injured.
在交通事故中，两人遇难，三人受伤。
He was so injured in his pride that he stayed at home all day without meeting anyone.
他的自尊受到了如此的伤害以至于他成天待在家里，不见外人。
wound使受伤，伤害，损害，主要指外界暴力或用武器造成身体上较重的伤害，像刀伤、枪伤、刺伤等。多指战场上受伤，还可以指精神上的创伤。
e.g. The soldier was badly wounded in the head.这个士兵头部受了重伤。
The bullet wounded his arm.子弹打伤了他的胳膊。
hurt伤害（感情）。普通用词，没有injure正式，常用于口语。多用于有生命的东西常指肉体上的伤害，也可以指精神上的痛苦或感情上的伤害。作不及物动词，表“疼痛”。
e.g. Luckily no one was seriously hurt in the car accident.
The girl fell off her bike, and one of her legs hurt.
harm常用于口语，表示肉体或精神上的伤害均可以，有时可引起不安，不便。
e.g. There was a fire in our street, but no one was harmed.
Getting up early won’t harm you! 早起对你没有害处。
9.Newspapers and other media do more than simply record what happens.
报纸和其他媒介并不仅仅记录已发生的事情。
(1) 该句中的do是助动词，起强调作用，用以加强说话者的语气。
e.g. Do remember to remind me to return the book I borrowed from you.
(2) more than不仅仅；极为，非常；多于；难以；不能
e.g. She’s more than a teacher to us.
The boy more than smiled but laughed. 这男孩不仅是微笑，而是放声大笑了。
We are more than pleased with the results. 我们对结果极为满意。
He has more than 300 pictures.
This room is three time larger than that one.这个房间比那个房间大两倍。
The old man is two times older than I am. 这个老人的年龄比我大一倍。
That is more than I can tell. 那是怎么回事我实在难说。
①more than + 数词，意为“……以上；多于……；……有余”。
More than 20 club members attended the meeting．
有20多个俱乐部成员出席会议。
②more than+名词，意为“不只；不仅仅”。
Peace is much more than the absence Of war．和平不仅仅是意味着没有战争。
③more than+形容词或副词，意为“非常；十分；更加；岂止”。
He is more than selfish．他非常自私。
I am more than happy to hear that．听到这我非常高兴。
Her performance was more than good；it was perfect．
她的表演岂止是好，简直是完美无缺。
④more than + 动词，意为“十分；大大地；不仅仅”。
He more than smiled；he laughed outright．他岂止是微笑，他简直是大笑了。
⑤more than．”can／could，意为“不能……”。
The beauty of Hang zhou is more than words can describe．
杭州之美是语言所不能描述的。
That's more than l can tell you，Sir．这一点我是不能告诉您的，先生。
10.Experienced editors and reporters make informed decisions about what events to report and how to report them.
经验丰富的编辑和记者对于该报道什么事件以及如何报道作出明智的决定。
(1) 句中的experienced(富有经验的)和informed(见识广的，有知识的) 都是动词的过去分词作定词，修饰动词。单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前面。
e.g. a fallen tree一棵倒下的树 a broken chair一把破椅子stolen cultural relics被盗的文物
(2) informed adj. 明智的，有知识的，了解情况的
e.g. He is a well-informed man.他是个消息灵通的人。
inform的用法:
inform sb. of sth.告知某人某事 inform sb. that/wh-…告知某人
inform sb.＋疑问词＋不定式
e.g. The singer informed us of their arrival.歌手们把他们到来的消息告诉了我们。
The nurse informed me that visiting hours were over.护士告诉我探病时间已经结束了。
Who informed you when to start? 是谁告诉你们出发时间的？
11.They also make sure that readers can relate to the stories.
他们还要确保报道的内容与读者的生活密切相关。
relate v.i. & v.t （和～）相关；涉及；把～与～关联起来
e.g. It is difficult to relate the two cases. 很难把两个案子联系起来。
We should learn to relate the results to the causes.
我们应该学会把结果与原因联系起来看问题。
Light industry is closely related to the people’s life.轻工业与人们的生活有密切的关系。
12.The two reporters agreed to switch roles for once and be the interviewees rather than the interviewers in order to let us know about their work and how the news we read in made.
两位记者同意交换角色，作一次受访者而不是采访者，让我们了解他们的工作，了解我
们读到的新闻是怎样制作和编写出来的。
(1) switch v. 转换，改变
e.g. He is always switching jobs. 他总变换工作。
He switched the recorder to the “off” position.他将录音机拧到“关”的位置。
(2) for once 就这（那）一次
e.g. For once they broke the rule.这一次，他们违规了。
For once our manager came late. 我们的经理这次来晚了。
He beat me for once.他只有一次赢了我。
(3)rather than“而不是；而没有”
rather than很像一个连词，前后常用一种平行结构，即前面用名词，后面也跟名词；
前面用动词原形，后也要接动词即要求前后成分要一致。
He decided to write to rather than (to) phone.他决定写信而不打电话了。
I’d like to go there in autumn rather than in summer.我愿意秋天去那里而不愿意夏天去。
He was engaging in writing a letter rather than reading a newspaper.
他正忙着写信而不是看报纸。
He is an artist rather than a politician．他是一位艺术家，而不是政治家。
The colour seems green rather than blue．颜色好像是绿的，不是蓝的。
It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter．
是你而不是我应该在这封信上签字。，
They were screaming rather than singing．他们在尖叫，而不是在唱歌。
He was engaged in writing rather than reading the newspaper．
他在忙着写东西。而不是在读报纸。
She telephoned rather than wrote．她打了电话，而没有写信。
I am going to forget the whole affair，rather than cause trouble．
我打算把整个事情忘掉，而不是打算惹麻烦。
rather than后接动词不定式时，可省略不定式符号to.
She likes to keep things rather than(to)throw them away．
Rather than go there，I'd prefer to stay here on my own．
13.After the interview, the reporter must present the material in an organized way and make sure that the article reflects events and opinions truthfully.
采访后，记者一定要提交出组织严密的材料，并确保文章的真实反映事实和舆论。
(1) present vt.呈现；描述；介绍；赠送
e.g. When will you present your report?你什么时候提出报告？
The government presented cars to the hospitals. 政府向医院赠送了一些车。
Allow me to present Mr. Brown to you. 请允许我把布朗先生介绍给你。
(2) reflect vt. 反映；表现；反射；映出
This letter is sure to reflect our real opinion.这封信会反映出我们的真实意见。
Does this letter reflect your real opinions? 这封信反映出了你真正的观点吗?
Her face reflected how angry she was． 她的脸表示出她多么生气。
vt．反射；回响
The water reflected the sunlight．日光反射在水面上。
The mirror reflected the heat．那面镜子反射热气。
Mirrors reflect light.镜子能反射光线。
vt．映出；照出
The lake reflected the trees．湖面映现着树木的影像。
She was looking at her face reflected in the mirror．
她看着自己在镜中映出的脸
14.My favourite article is the one I wrote about the efforts to bring stolen cultural relics back to China.我最喜欢的文章是我写的一篇关于如何努力把被盗的文物带回中国。
(1) 本句中的one是代词，用来指代article。one常用来代替前文提到的一种可数的事物。
e.g. I haven’t a pen. Can you lend me one? 指代可数名词复数用ones。
e.g. On the desk there is a red pencil and two black ones.
(2)effort n. [U,C]努力；艰难的尝试；努力的结果
e.g. He did it without effort.他毫不费力地完成那件事
[短语] make an effort努力，尽力 spare no effort不遗余力
15.I want to write about people you seldom read about, for example people who have AIDS or who are addicted to drugs.
我想报道那些你们很少能了解的人，如艾滋病患者或者是染上毒瘾的人。
(1) seldom adv. 很少；不常；难得
[扩展] 表示否定意义的状语位于句首时，句子通常采用倒装句。
e.g. Seldom does he quarrel with others.
Never did I dream of seeing him in America.
Never before have so many people come to see him.
Not a single word did she say.
(2)be / get / become addicted to sth. / doing sth.对…成瘾/成癖
e.g. It doesn’t take long to become addicted to these drugs.
服用这些毒品不要多长时间就会上瘾。
It’s a pity that her child has got addicted to smoking.真可怜，她的孩子抽烟上瘾了。
Some children are addicted to computer games / TV.(喻)
一些孩子玩电脑游戏/看电视上了瘾。
He is addicted to practicing Chinese Gongfu.他醉心于练习中国功夫。
16.We shouldn’t ignore what happens even if it is difficult for people to accept some stories.
即使人们对一些现象很难接受，我们也不应该无视眼前发生的事情。
(1) ignore v.t. 不理睬；忽视
e.g. You shouldn’t ignore your father’s advice.你不该无视父亲的忠告。
I tried to tell her but she ignored me.我打算告诉她，可是她不理睬我。
(2) even if / even though即使，尽管
e.g. The young man didn’t lose heart even if he had failed many times in finding a job.
这个年轻人没有放弃，尽管他多次未能找到工作。
17.The media can often help solve problems and draw attentions to situations where help is needed.媒介常可帮助解决难题，使人们关注需要得到帮助的情况。
draw attention to关注某事 draw / attract one’s attention引起某人的注意
e.g. This article will draw attention to farmers and agriculture.
这篇文章奖让人关注农民和农业问题。
The fallen leaves drew /attracted the worker’s attention.这些落叶引起了那个工人的注意。
He drew my attention to a mistake in my homework.他要我注意作业中的一处错误。
18.The result is a better understanding of the world on all sides, leading to a future world where people from all countries are respected and different views and opinions are tolerated.结果会使人们更好地了解世界地各个方面，给人们带来一个人人受到尊重，不同观念得到包容地未来世界。
(1) on all sides(=on every side) 在各方面，四面八方
e.g. They were trapped with enemies on all sides.他们四面楚歌。
The enemy were attacking on all sides.敌人从四面八方发起进攻。
(2) tolerate v.t. 容忍，忍受，允许
e.g. I can’t tolerate that loud music / that kind of behavior
.我无法忍受那么响的音乐/那种行径。
Cheating on exams cant’ be tolerated. 考试作弊是不能容忍的。
19. I would not believe it, but I might check other sources and maybe change my mind.
change one’s mind改变主意
e.g. Since getting to know him better, I have changed my mind about him.
更深入地了解以后，我改变了我对他地看法。
[相关短语] bear / keep in mind 记住 call/bring to mind 使人想起 out of one’s mind 精神错乱，发狂 never mind 不要紧，没关系 have sth. in mind 记得某事，想起某事
20.Famous people are often asked for their opinions on current affairs.
名人经常接受采访、被问及对时事地看法
current affairs 当前的事件；时事
affairs复数形式表示“重要事件，事务”（常用复数形式，且一般不与定冠词连用）
e.g. The minister deals with important affairs of State.这位大臣处理重要的国务。
current adj. 此刻的，现时的，当前的
e.g. current fashions时装 current events时事
21. Nine out of ten women who were interviewed about the product said they liked it.
nine out of ten(=nine in ten)十之八九，百分之九十
e.g. Nine out of ten people will not agree with you.
也可以说
Four out of the ten children there can go to school.在那里十个孩子中只有四个可以上学。
22. And I like the way the fans look up to them.
look up to尊敬，敬仰（反义：look down on轻视，看不起）
The young should look up to the old.年轻人应该尊敬老人。
Schoolboys usually look up to great athletes．学生通常尊敬伟大的运动员。
He is a fine chap．I've always looked up to him．他是个好小伙子，我一直尊敬他。
We should look up to him as an example Of devotion to duty．
我们应该尊敬他，把他作为尽心尽职的典范。
23. Americans will fall in love with this game too.
fall in love with爱上（表示动作，不延续）
e.g. I fell in love with her at first sight.我对她一见钟情。
She fell in love with the house as soon as she saw it.
[比较] be in love (with) 相爱，喜欢（表示延续状态）
e.g. If you’re really in love with art, you don’t mind hard work.
24. Brave and strong, the activists talked to workers outside the factory…
brave and strong是形容词作状语，形容词或形容词短语作状语，通常说明主语行为的原因、方式、伴随状况等。
e.g. Cold and hungry, he decided to stop and have a rest. （表原因）
又冷又饿，他决定停下来休息一会儿。
Ripe, the oranges taste sweet.（表方式）这些橘子熟了，味道甜美。
25. The peaceful meeting ended when the company sent out a group of angry men armed with sticks to fight with the citizens.
arm v.t. 武装，用武器装备
The robber was armed.那个强盗有武器。
The soldiers were armed to teeth.士兵们武装到牙齿
arm oneself with ．．．“装备……；以……为武器”
They armed themselves with machine guns．他们装备了机关枪。
The crowd armed themselves with sticks and stones．那些群众以棍棒和石头当武器。
be armed(with…)“武装起来；有武器”
He is armed to the teeth．他全副武装。
The robber was armed．那强盗有武器。
The warship is armed with nuclear weapons．那艘战舰有核武器。
n．(常用复数)武器；兵器
a man of arms战士
The people were quick to take up arms to defend their freedom．
那些人迅速拿起武器保卫他们的自由。
26. I’m sure they won’t feel disappointed.
disappoint v.t. 使失望 disappointing adj. 令人失望的 disappointed adj. 失望的
e.g. The book disappointed me.这本书令我失望。
The news was really disappointing.那个消息真令人感到失望。
Are you very disappointed about losing the game?你是不是因为比赛输了而感到很失望?
27.inform vt.通知；告知
常用于句式：inform sb．of sth．
I informed her mother of her safe arrival．我通知她母亲她已平安抵达。
She returned and informed us of their decision.她回来告知我们她们的决定。
后可接从句作宾语。
We were informed that a big fire had broken out in the next town．
我们获知邻镇发生了大火。
His letter informed us how and when he was expected to arrive in Beijing．
他来信通知我们他预定来北京的时间和搭乘什么交通工具。
常用于被动语态或复合结构中。
Has he been informed Of his father's death yet? 告知他父亲去世的消息了吗?
Please keep me informed Of fresh developments．请随时告知我最新的进展情况。
28.relate vi．把……联系起来
relate…to／with…把．．．．与．．．．联系起来
It is difficult to relate these results with／to any known cause．
很难把这些结果与任何已知的原因联系起来。
I can't relate what he does to what he says．
我无法把他做的与他说的联系在一起。
常用于被动语态：be related to …“与……有关系”
His fear of people is deeply related to his unhappy childhood．
他对人的畏惧和他不幸的童年有着密切的关系。
Physics is closely related to mathematics．物理学与数学有着密切的关系。
vi. 有关；涉及；常与介词t。连用。
I want to ask you a question that relates to politics．
我想问你一个有关政治的问题。
That does not relate to him．这并不涉及他。
This letter relates to the sale of the house．这封信有关那房子的销售。
29．tolerate vt．忍受；容忍
I can't tolerate your bad manners any more．我再也不能容忍你的不礼貌了。
She didn't tolerate his selfishness．她不容许他的自私。
How can you tolerate that rude fellow? 你怎能忍受那个粗野的家伙?
tolerate(sb．／one's)doing sth．“容忍(某人)做某事”
I won't tolerate you／your cheating in the exam．我不会容许你考试作弊。
The government tolerates smoking and drinking but not taking drugs．
政府允许吸烟喝酒但不允许吸毒。
B: 过去分词在句中可承担形容词和副词在句中的作用，充当定语和表语。
1．过去分词作定语
(1) 在句中的位置
单个的过去分词作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词前面；过去分词短语作定语时，位于它所修饰的名词或代词后面。
a broken heart一颗破碎的心 a lost dog丧家之犬 a risen sun已升起的太阳
an organized trip有组织的旅行 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
a trip organized by the league由共青团组织的旅行
a glass broken by the boy被这个男孩打破的玻璃杯
The excited people rushed out of the building.
They found a damaged car at the gate of the park.
(2) 所表示的时间
过去分词作定语时，所表示的动作或者在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或者没有一定的
时间性。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.他很快就能收到昨天寄出的信了。
Have you read the books written by the young writer？你读过那位年轻作家写的小说吗？
(3)语法功能
过去分词或过去分词短语作定语时，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
The stolen bike belongs to Jack.被偷的自行车是杰克的。
The bike which had been stolen belongs to Jack.
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection.
张教授所做的报告是关于环境保护的。
The lecture which was given by Professor Zhang is about the environment protection.
2. 过去分词作表语
(1) 过去分词作表语时，多表示主语所处的状态。
The door remained locked.门仍然锁着。
She looked disappointed.她看上去挺失望。
He seemed quite delighted at the good news.听到这个好消息，他似乎很开心。
(2) 常见作表语的过去分词有：upset, disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried等。
(3) 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
Everything is settled down.一切都解决了。
Thank heavens! The boy is saved.谢天谢地，孩子得救了。
The town is surrounded on three sides by mountains.这座小镇三面环山。
知识归纳（BII，U4）
▲call up召唤；回忆起；调动(力量、人员等)；(给……)打电话
The photograph called up memories of his childhood．
那张照片唤起了他童年时代的一些回忆。
The music calls up old times． 这音乐让人回想起旧日时光。
He was called up right at the beginning of the war.
他是在战争刚一开始的时候被征召入伍的．
Don’t call me up in the morning．不要在早上给我打电话．
▲belong to 属于；是……的成员之一；此短语不可用进行式，也没有被动语态形式。
The car belongs to my uncle．这辆车是我叔叔的．
Who does this bag belong to? 这个提包是谁的？
I belong to the tennis club.我是这个网球俱乐部的会员．
Do you belong to any party?你有没有加入哪个政党?
但常用belong to的-ing形式作定浯
China is a country belonging to the third world．中国属于第三世界国家．
▲come into being出现；形成；产生
We don'1 know when the universe into being．我们不知道宇宙是何时开始存在的。
Later two more armies came into being. 后来又成立了两支部队，
Thus the first workers’league came into being. 这样第一个工人联盟就出现了．
Such custom came into long ago．这种风俗很久以前就有了，
▲ glory n.光荣；荣耀；壮观；[C]光荣的事或人
They fought for the glory of their con．try．他们为了国家的荣誉而战．
He did it for his own personal glory．他为了自己个人的荣誉做了那件事．
the glory of the sunset 落日的壮观
the glories of our past history我们历史上荣耀的事
He is glory to his profession．他是他所从事的专业的光荣，
▲comparison l比较；对照；类似
He made an interesting comparison between classical music and jazz．
他在古典音乐和爵士乐之间做了有趣的比较．
He made /drew several comparisons between the two poets．
他把那两位诗人做了若干比较。
I find the comparison of life to a voyage quite proper，
我觉得将人生比喻为航海十分贴切。
in／by comparison with “…比起来；与……相比”
Living in the country is cheap in comparison with the big cities.
与大城市相比，在乡下生活较便宜．
by comparison 相比之下”
He seems rather weak by comparison. 相比之下，他似平相当弱．
▲apart adv．相隔；相距；除去；单独地
Alice and her husband now live apart．艾丽丝和她的丈夫现在分居．
New York and Tokyo are thousands of miles apart．纽约和东京相隔敷干英里．
The fires broke out a few hours part. 前后两场火灾相隔几十小时。
They planted the trees three metres apart．他们每隔三米种一棵树．
She lives apart from her family. 她跟家人分开住。
A few little things apart．the party was a great success．
除了几件小事之外，那次聚会非常成功．
apart /aside from 除……之外，除开
Apart from a few faults．he is quite a good teacher.
除了几个缺点外，他是十很好的老师．
Apart from the coat, the dress doesn’t suit me.
姑且不论价格．这件衣服也不适合我穿，
▲contribute vt．贡献；捐献；投稿
He contributed a lot of money to the charity.他捐很多钱给慈善机构．
She contributed a lot of good ideas to the discussion．
她在这次讨论中提出很多好的意见．
He didn’t I contribute anything to world peace． 他对世界和平毫无贡献。
I contributed several poems to a literary magazine.我投了几首诗给一本文学杂志。
vi.有贡献，有助于；促成：投稿
contribute to 为……作贡献；有助于……；向……投稿”
The fine weather contributed to the success of the voyage，
良好的天气助成了那次航行。
A proper amount of exercise contributes to good health. 适度的运动有益健康．
The contribution of a highway wil1 contribute to the growth of the suburbs.
建造高建公路将有助于郊区的发展． I make most of my money by writing books but I do contribute to magazines sometimes.
我的钱大部分是靠写书挣的，但找也确实给杂志社投过几次稿．
▲stand out突出；出色；引人注目
David stands out as a computer designer．大卫是十出众的计算机编程员。
He doesn’t stand out in a crowd，他在人群中并不引人注目．
The tower stood out against the blue sky．那座塔衬托着蓝天引人注目，
The hat stood out because of its strange shape．那顶帽子造型奇特而引人注目．
They were all attractive，but she stood out from the others．
她们都很迷人，但是她比其他人更有魅力．
▲next to 几乎；常用于否定词之前。
The speech said next to nothing．这次演说几乎什么都设讲．
The dealer gave us next to nothing for our old car
买主几乎没给钱就买走了我们的旧车．
I knew next to nothing about electricity．对电我几乎是一无所知．
It’s next to impossible to drive in this traffic．
在这种交通状况下开车行驶几乎是不可能的．
▲1ight up点燃；点亮；照亮；使面有喜色；容光焕发
He lit up a cigarette before he began his speech．在开始讲话前他先点上一支烟。
Hundreds of candles lighted up the hall．几百支蜡烛照亮了大厅。
A smile lit up her face．她一笑表情为之开朗。
Her face lit up with joy．她因高兴而容光焕发。
The street lights have lighted up．街灯已点亮。
▲Look up(在字典、时刻表等中)查看；翻查；查找
I looked up(the meaning of)the word in my dictionary．
我在词典中查阅这个词(的意思)。
I often go to the library to look up the information l need．
我常到图书馆查找我需要的资料。
Look up the directory for his telephone number．在电话簿中找找他的电话号码。
absence n．不在；缺席；缺乏
After an absence seven years I went home．外出了年后我返回了故乡。
I soon noticed his absence from sch001．我很快便察觉到他缺课了。
Absence“rain caused the plants tO die．因缺少雨水导致植物枯死。
absence of mind 心不在焉”
His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident．
他驾车时心不在焉，几乎肇事。
In one's absence”某人不在时；某人外出时；背地里”
A lady called in your absence，sir．先生，你不在时，有位女士来访。
They spoke ill of the captain in his absence．他们在背地里说队长的坏话。
▲recommend vt．推荐；介绍；劝告；建议
He strongly recommended her to our firm for the post．
他极力推荐她给本公司担任这职位。
I can recommend her as a good secretary．
我可以推荐她为一名优秀的秘书。
Canyou recommend me a good lawyer?
你能推荐一位好律师给我吗?
recommend sb．to do sth．
相当于advise sb．to do sth．“建议某人去做某事，劝某人做某事”
I recommend you to see her at once．我劝你马上去看她。
The doctor recommended me to take a long rest．医生劝我长期休养。
Recommend doing sth．“建议做某事”
I recommend going by bus．我建议坐公共汽车去。
She recommended buying this dictionary． 她建议买这本词典。
recommend后还可接that从句，从句中谓语动词用should + v.形式，should可省略。
He recommended that they(should)be set free． 他建议释放他们。
The teacher recommended that we(should)read the novel.老师劝我们读读那本小说。
知识归纳（BII）U3
I. 重点词语：
▲ preference n．偏爱；优先
He has a preference for tea to／over coffee．他喜欢茶甚于咖啡。
I have a preference for French films． 我喜爱法国电影。
He has never liked meat，and has always had a preference for vegetables and fruit．
他从不喜欢吃肉，他总是偏爱蔬菜和水果。
His preference was for brandy rather than whisky．
他比较喜欢的是白兰地而不是威士忌，
Wine or beer? Which is your preference? 要葡萄酒还是啤酒?你比较喜欢哪一样?
In preference to “优先于；喜爱甚于”
I'd choose the small car in preference to the large one．
我会选那辆小车，而不会选那辆大的。
Most“Americans drink coffee in preference to tea．
大部分美国人爱喝咖啡甚于红茶。
▲ design vt．设计；计划
She designs dresses for the stager．她为这位歌手设计服装。
A famous architect designed the National Stadium．
国家运动场是由一位著名建筑师设计的。
常用于被动语态，后接不定式或for短语，意为“目的是；打算给……用”。
The experiment is designed to test the new drug．这项实验目的是检验这种新药。
This fund is designed to help poor students．这笔资金是为帮助贫穷的学生用的。
This room was designed for children．这间房子供小孩住的。
This book was designed mainly for parents．这本书主要是给父母看的。
▲ furniture n．(总称)家具；是不可数名词。
a piece of furniture一件家具
two old pieces of furniture 两件旧家具
We had little furniture． 我们几乎没什么家具。
many pieces／articles of furniture好多件家具
The old table was a very valuable piece of furniture．
那张旧桌子是一件很值钱的家具。
[拓展]furnish vt. 陈设，供应
He furnished his house according to his taste．他按他的爱好布置他自己的房子．
No one m the class could furnish the right answer to the question．
班里没有人能提供出读问尾的正确答案．
I'11 furnish you with all you need．我会提供你所需要的一切．
▲ style n．风格；式样；作风；文体
The letter is expressed in a formal style．该信的正式方式快递。
He lives in the Western style． 他过着西式生活。
You'd better change your style of living． 你最好改变一下生活方式。
Her style of painting is unique． 她的绘画技巧独一无二。
You should learn to speak in a friendlier style．
你应该学会以更亲切的态度说话。
Do you have a chair h this style? 你们有这一类型的椅子吗?
in style”流行的；豪华的”
This type of dress is now in style． 这种款式的女装现在很流行。
They are living in style．他们过着豪华的生活。
out of style “不再流行的，过时的”
Her dress is out of style．她的衣服过时了。
I like the style Of your new coat．我喜欢你的新外套的式样。
▲ stand vt．忍受；经受；承担
通常用于否定句或疑问句，不可用进行式，后接名词、代词 或动名词。
I can't stand Tom because he's so stupid．我受不了汤姆，因为他这么愚笨。
She can't stand the pain． 她无法忍受那种痛苦。
She can't stand cold． 她受不了寒冷。
He could not stand being made fun of．他无法忍受被人嘲弄。，
I won't stand your talking to me like that． 我不能忍受你那样对我讲话。
▲glance vi 看一下；一瞥；扫视
The old man glanced at the little boy．那老人看了小男孩一眼。
He glanced through／over the newspaper． 他大略浏览了下报纸。
The teacher glanced round the classroom． 老师环视了下教室。
I glanced over my shoulder and found 1 was being followed．
我扭头一看，发现有人跟踪。
n．乍看；一瞥；扫视
One glance at her face told me that she was tired．
一看她的脸色，我就知道她累了。
He took a glance at the TV programs． 他瞄了一下电视节目。
at a glance”乍看之下；一看就……”
I recognized her at a glance． 我一眼就认出了她。
She could tell at a glance that he was not happy．她一眼就看得出他并不快乐。
at first glance“乍看之下；第一眼就……”
At first glance，汁seemed real． 乍看之下，它似乎是真的。
▲ construct vt．建造；建设
They are planning tO construct a bridge over the river．
他们正计划在这条河上造桥。
When was this building constructed? 这座楼房是何时建造的?
vt．作(文章)；造(句)；建立(理论等)
construct a sentence造句
construct a theory 建立理论
a well-constructed novel一部结构周密的小说
construction n．建造；建设
a house of good construction结构良好的房子
The construction of the dam took several years．建筑这座大坝花了许多年。
The airport is under construction．飞机场正在建设中。
▲ impress vt 铭刻；给……极深的印象；使感动
The book impressed a lot of people． 那本书在很多人心中留下深刻印象。
I was deeply impressed by／at／with his speech．他的演说给我留下深刻印象。
She impressed me as a woman of great kindness．
在我印象中，她是一位非常仁慈的女性。
What impressed me is the beauty of the scenery there．
使我深受感动的是当地风景的美丽。
impress sth．on sb．或impress sb．with sth．“使某人铭记某事”
My father impressed on me the importance of work．父亲要我铭记工作的重要性。
They impressed On their children the virtue of always telling the truth．
他们要孩子们明白讲实话的美德。
impress ．．on．．．把 ..…印在…..上
be impressed by／at／with 被．．．．所感动
be impressed on one's mind／memory被印在脑海里，留下很深的印象
The words“Made in China”was impressed On a metal plate．
“中国制造”的字样印在一块金属板上。
His parents try to impress On him that it。is very important to be honest．
他的父母尽力让他记住诚实是很重要的。
We were deeply impressed by his deeds．他的事迹使我深受感动。
What he said that day was deeply impressed on my memory．
他那天说的话深深地印在我的脑海里。
[拓展] impression n．印象
leave／make a(an)．．．impression on sb．给某人留下……的印象
▲ equal v．等于，和……相等，抵得上
Three plus seven equals ten． 3+7＝10
None of us can equal her in strength．在力气方面我们中无人能比得上她。
[拓展]equal可作形容词，意为“相等的，平等的”，可用于成语be equal to，意为“等于；相当于；能胜任的”。如：
Women demand equal pay for equal work．妇女们要求同工同酬。
All men are born equal． 所有的人都生而平等。
Three times two is equal to six． 3X2＝6
I'm not equal to that task． 我不能胜任那项任务。
▲invited在此表示“被引诱的，被吸引”。invite可表示“邀请；吸引
(attract，tempt)；请求；征求(意见等)”等意。
I decided to invite him to my birthday party．我决定邀请他参加我的生日晚会。
They invited him to thin it over．他们请求他仔细考虑一下。
After the speech，he invited questions and suggestions from us．
讲完话之后，他征询我们的问题和意见。
The beautiful flowers invited many bees．那些美丽的花朵招引来了很多蜜蜂。
The dishes look inviting．这些菜看起来很诱人。
He felt invited to go and have a look．他很想去看一看。
▲ sale n．卖；出售
sale n．卖，出售，(常用复数)销售活动：销售额：贱卖
for sale待售
on sale上市
Fresh vegetables are on sale here every day．这儿新鲜蔬菜天天有售。
The sale of his house made him had．卖了房子使他很悲伤，
Sales are up this month．这个月销售量上升了．
He bought it at a sale. 他是在大贱卖的时候买下来的。
Have you any pictures for sale? 你有没有画要卖?
He received 4000 dollars for the sale of his car． 他把他的汽车卖了4000美元。
The sale of my house hasn't been easy but now Mr．Smith is interested and I hope I'll make the sale today．
我的房子一直不容易卖出去，但现在史密斯先生有兴趣要买，我希望今天能做成这笔买卖.
sale在其他名词首作定语时常用复数. 常表示“销售业务；销售额”。
sales department销售部
salesman n．推销员
saleswoman/ salesgirl女推销员
He is in charge of sales．他负责销售。
Sales have gone up this month． 这个月的销售量上升了。
sale还作“大甩卖；清仓大销售”解。
a sale price特价
I got this coat cheap at a sale．我在大减价时便宜地得到这件上衣。
on sale ”在出售，上市；特价地，廉价地”
Will the new product be on sale as early as next month?
这种新产品最早下个月能上市吗?
I got this hat on sale； it was very cheap．我是以特价买的这顶帽子，很便宜。
▲ taste n．爱好．嗜好；鉴赏力；滋味，味道
The food has an attractive taste．这食品的味道很诱人。
She showed good taste in water-colours-她对水彩画很有鉴赏力。
Pop music is liked by many people，but it is not to everyone’s taste．
流行音乐有很多人喜欢．但它并不合每个人的口味。
[短语]in good taste雅致；(行 为)高尚 to taste 随食用者的口味
[拓展] taste 可作动词，表示 “品尝(vt./vi．)；吃起来(味道如何link-v．)”
I’ve never tasted snake． 我从未吃过蛇肉。
The dish tastes nice.这菜吃起来味道不错。
When you are ill, you can’t taste properly． 生病时吃什么都没有滋味．
taste作系动词表示“尝起来(味道如何)．其后应跟形容词而非副词作表语．
▲ experience经历，感受，感到
He experienced a strong feeling of sadness．他感到极度的悲哀。
It was the first time that he had experienced the sense of beauty．
那是他第一次感受到那种美感。
He experienced two world wars．他经历过两次世界大战。
experience．．．as感到……是……，其中as后可跟形容词、分词，表示“是……样子”如：
She experienced Mary as very lovely．她认为玛丽很可爱。
He experiences me as being lacking in humor．他给我的印象是缺乏幽默感。
The theory is experienced as very advanced． 此理论被认为非常先进。
▲ fit认适合，适宜，对……符合；合体，合身
The music fits my mood．这音乐适合我的心情。
This jacket fits(me)well．这件夹克很合(我的)身。
It doesn't m the facts．这不符合事实。
[拓展] fit作及物动词，可表示“安装”；作形容词，可意为“适合的，得当的，相称的”。
fit a new lock on the door在门上安把新锁
fit on试穿
fit in with适应，与……处得融洽
fit sb．for．．．使某人能适合或胜任．．．．．
fit sth．to．．．使 ．．．． 与．．．． 相符合／适合
be fit for．．．胜任，适合 ．．．．．
▲ aid，n．援助，支援，帮助；有助益之物，辅助手段，助手
v. 援助，帮助，资助
The UN will go to their aid soon．联合国很快就会去救援他们的。
They got over a11 the difficulties in the end with his aid．
在他的帮助下，他们终于克服了所有的困难。
The dictionary is a good aid in my studies． 这本词典对我的学习很有帮助。
I aided her to continue her study．我帮助她继续她的研究。
(词组)
come／go to one's aid来／去帮助某人
with the aid of．．．在..．． 的帮助下
in aid of．．．作为对”．．”的帮助，起 ..．．作用
first aid急救
teaching aids教具
hearing aid助听器
II. 词组：
▲ act as扮演；担当；充当
A trained dog can act as a guide to a blind man．
经过训练的狗可以给盲人充当向导。
act as 后面所接的名词常可不加冠词。
He acts as manager．他担任经理。
He acted as chairman in my absence．我不在场的时候他来担当主席。
One of his friends acted as go-between．他的一个朋友扮演中间人。
▲ despite prep．不管；不顾；任凭
He came to the meeting despite his serious illness．
他不顾重病还是来出席了会议。
He is very active despite his age． 他年纪虽大，却很活跃。
despite相当于in spite of，但比in spite of更正式。
The boy went out in spite of his father's orders．
那男孩无视父亲的命令，径自出去了。
She can't see very well in spite of her glasses．她尽管戴着眼镜还是看不清楚。
▲ set aside储蓄，保留；搁置(一会儿)；(暂时)把……放在一边
I've set aside some money for this journey． 我为这趟旅行存了一些钱。
Each week he tried to set aside a few dollars of his salary．
每周他都尽量从工资中存下几美元。
Let's set aside our personal feelings． 我们先暂时抛开个人的情感。
Peter set aside the papers and reached for a cigarette．
皮特放下手中的文件去摸烟。
▲ according to“根据，按照’：为短语介词，与名词、代词、动名词连用。
According to this book，a tiger is really a big cat．
按照这本书的说法，老虎实际上就是一种大猫。
The fine weather will keep up for a few days，according to today's paper．
根据今天的报纸，好天气会持续几天。
(提示)若其后跟着的是句子，则不能使用according to，而应使用according as.
You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad．
将依照你工作的好坏而受到奖惩。
The thermometer rises Or falls according as the air is hot or cold．
寒暑表随空气的冷热而升降。
▲made of wood = which is made of wood在句中作后置定语，表示木头做的
be made of 由……制成(制成品能看出原材料来)
be made from 由……制成(看不出原材料)
be made out of 由……制成，由……改制成
be made up of 由……组成
be made into 被制成
be made in 制造于
以上词用于主动时为：make…of．．． 用……制 ……”，make…from, make…out of…,
make up “组成“， make …into “把…制成… “
The world is made up of seven continents and four oceans． 世界是由七人洲四大洋组成的．
The seven people made up a team. 那7个人组成了一 个队。
▲find “发现，找到”，表示 “发现，觉得” 之意时常用于以下结构：
find sth. /sb. + 介词短语或副词
+ doing
+ done
+ 形容词
find + that 从句
How did you find the talk this morning? 你认为今天上午的报告怎样?
I'm so glad to find you in，看到你在家我很高兴。
When l came to，I found myself in prison．我醒来时发现自己在狱里。
When l got there，I found the work done．
当我到那里时，我发现工作已经做完了。
I found them playing football there． 我发现他们在那边踢足球。
I find this book really interesting．我觉得这本书实在有趣。
I find it impossible to finish the work in such a short time．
我发现在这么短的时间内完成这项工作是不可能的。
I found him to be a liar．我发现他是一个骗子。
(提示)现在分词作宾语补足语时表示主动意味(如④)，而过去分词作宾语补足语时则表示动作的被动或完成。
find oneself．．．“发现自己(处于某种状态)，不自觉地……”其后可以接现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等。
He found himself more and more interested in her．他发现自己对她越来越感兴趣。
He found himself walking in the direction of the schoo1．
他不自觉地朝着学校走去。
Then he found himself surrounded by a group of boys．
他发现自己被一群男孩子围着。
Suddenly l found myself face to face with my boss．
突然我发现自己与我的老板面对面。
She found herself out of condition that day． 她发现自己那一天身体不太好。
▲ go against违反，违背(意愿、原则等)；不利于
I’m not go against my own family. 我不会背离我自己的家人的。
He was afraid that the battle would go against them．
他害怕那场战斗会对他们不利。
▲take内含“吸收，利用”之意；example则意为“实例，样本”。
His designs take examples mainly from flowers and plants．
他设计的图案主要是花卉图样。
[拓展]
follow(copy)the example of以．．．．为榜样
for example 例如
let this be an example to sb．把这作为给某人的一个警告
set sb．an example为某人树立榜样
take．．．for example以……为例
▲full of．．．为形容词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句which is full of．．．。
(提示)be full of充满……的，装满……的(表状态)
be filled with装满……的(既可表状态又可表动作)
fill．．．with．．．把……装满……
Her eyes were full of tears．她的眼里饱含着泪水。
The hall was filled with angry people．大厅里满是愤怒的人们。
He filled each of the stockings with Christmas presents．
他把每只长袜塞满圣诞节礼物。
▲ fill up
(1)(＝fill in)填写
fill up the form填表
(2)盛满，装满，占掉(时间)
fill up the bottle(＝fill the bottle up)把瓶子装满
I filled the room up with furniture．我把房间里装满了家具。
Homework fills up almost a11 my spare time every day．
每天家庭作业几乎占掉了我所有的业余时间，
(3)fill up 也用作不及物动词词组，意为“变得满起来，淤积’。
The theatre filled up soon．剧院里很快就坐满了人。
The room soon filled up with people．房间里很快就挤满了人。
The river would soon fill up with mud if not dealt with properly．
如果不妥善处理的话，这条河很快就会积满了淤泥。
▲ join．．．to．．．把 …和…连接在一起，使 ．．．． 与 ．．． 结合在一起
You should never join an electric wire to a water pipe．
你永远也不要把电线连接到水管上。
The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge．
一座桥把那座岛屿与大陆连接在一起。
▲ keep the rain out 遮雨
keep out挡住，使进不去；不要进来
The coat is too thin to keep out the cold．大衣太薄挡不住寒气。
They have shut the door and mean to keep us out．
他们关着门，也就是不想让我们进去。
At the gate，they saw a notice which said，“Keep out!”
在门口，他们看到一则通告，上面写道：“切勿入内”。
You should keep the dog out of the room．你应该别让狗到房间里来。
[拓展]keep out of可表示“不牵扯进去，不惹事，避开”。
You should keep out of these things．你应该避开这些事情。
I warned him to keep out of it，but he wouldn't listen．
我警告他让他别惹事，但他不听。
▲set aside把……放在一边，搁置；拨出，留出；不理会，取消
He set aside the book and turned off the light．他把书放在一边关上了灯。
Each week he tried to set aside a few dollars Of his salary．
每周他都设法从工资中留出几美元。
The judge set aside the decision of the lower court．
这位法官取消下级法院的决定。
He set a11 their offers aside．他拒绝接受他们所有的提议。
[拓展]aside adv．到一边， 向旁边
Move the table aside．把桌子挪向一边。
He opened the door and stood aside for her to pass．他打开门站在一边让她过去。
(短语)aside from 除了…… lay aside 存蓄
Aside from being fun and good exercise，swimming is a very useful skill．
除了既有趣又是一项很好的运动外，游泳还是一种非常有用的技能。
⑧She had managed to lay aside 100 dollars。 她设法存出了100美元。
III.句型：
▲ A is to B what C is to D．是一个句型，意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”。
Air is to us what water is to fish．
空气之于人就如同水之于鱼一样重要。
Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals．
发动机对机器之关系犹如心脏对动物之关系。
We are to them what fish is to water．我们和他们的关系好像鱼儿和水一样。
Reading is to mind what food is to the body．读书之于头脑如同食物之于身体。
An individual is to a country what a screw is to a machine．
一个人对于国家的作用，就如同螺丝钉对于机器一样。
有时也可把what从句放在句首。
What the blueprint is to the builder the outline is to the writer.
写作提纲之于作家，就如同蓝图之于建筑师一样。
What the leaves are to the forest the children are to the world.
儿童之于世界，就像树叶之于森林一样。
知识归纳（BII，U5）
1．consist vi. 由……组成；由……构成
常构成短语：consist of"由… ，组成；由……构成”。
The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland．
联合王国是由大不列颠和北爱尔兰组成的。
This club consists O{more than 200 members．
这个俱乐部由200位以上的会员所组成。
Her diet consisted mainly of bread and vegetables．
她的日常食物主要由面包和蔬菜构成。
比较：consist in“在于；存在于”
The beauty Of this picture consists in its balance of colors．
这幅画的美在于其色彩的协调。
2．advantage n．有利条件；优点；长处；优势
It is an advantage if you know how to type． 如果你会打字，对你将有利。
There’re several advantage in city life．都市生活有几个优点。
She’s got the job because she had the advantages over others of knowing many languages. 因为她有(别人所无的)懂多种语言的长处，所以获得这项工作。
In the first half, we had the advantage over the opposing team.
前半场．我们比对手占有优势。
take advantage of利用
We took advantage of the fine weather to go on a hike.
我们利用晴朗的天气去远足．
I hope that this library is fully taken advantage of．
我希望这座图书馆能被允分利用．
He takes advantage of her kindness and borrows money too often．
他利用她人好心软．三番五次向她借钱。
3. make the most of充分利用；充分展示
We should make the most of our opportunities.我们应该充分利用我们的机会，
You should try 10 make the most of your time.你应尽量利用你的时间．
注：亦可写成make the best of
4. influence n. 影响；作用；势力
have (an) influence on / upon / over “对…有影响”
The book had a great influence on his life.这本书对他的人生影响很大。
A teacher has great influence over his pupils．老师对他的学生很有影响力．
Environment is a great influence on character．环境对性格有很大的影响，
His new girlfriend has been a bad influence on him.他的新女友一直对他影响不好．
vt. 影响,对……有作用
The weather in summer influences the rice crops．
夏天的天气影响稻谷的收成：
What influenced you to do it? 你受了什么影响去做那件事？
5. basis n．基础；根据；基本原则
His theory has a solid basis in fact．他的理论确实有坚实的基础．
What is your basis of / for your idea? 你这个想法的根据是什么?
on a …basis 或on the basis of “以……为基础”
They reached the agreement on an equal basis.
他们在平等的基础上达成了这顶协议。
All customers will be attended on a first-come-served basis.
所有顾客将按先来先办的原则接受服务．
On the basis of those facts，we can reach the following conclusion.
根据那些事实，我们可得出以下结论．
6．run over
(车辆)从……上驶过；碾压
The train ran over the man as he waa crossing the 1ine.
那人在过铁路时被火车轧死了。
The car ran over a dog. 那辆汽车从一只狗身±轧了过去．
匆匆看过一遍；复习一遍
Run over this letter for me, please．请帮我看看这封信。
The speaker ran over his notes before the lecture．
演讲人在开讲前匆匆看了一遍讲演稿．
溢出
The cup was full and the water in it was running over.那杯子已满．水正溢出．
The teapot began to run over.那个茶壶的水开始溢出来．
7．strength n. 力量；力气；体力
He is a man of great strength. 他是个力气很大的人。
He got his strength back slowly after his illness．他病后慢慢恢复了体力．
She doesn’t have enough strength to walk up stairs. 她没有足够的力气走上楼梯．
It will be some time before I recover my full strength．
一段时间后我才能完全恢复体力。
Her strength of will is extraordinary．她的意志力特别坚强．
8. belief n.相信；信任；信念；看法
It is my belief that he will win. 我相信他会胜出．
It was once a common belie that the earth was flat．从前一般人相信地球是平的。
Her belief in God is very firm．她对上帝的信仰很坚定，
He has great belief in the lawyer．他非常信任那位律师．
beyond belief “难以置信，不可信”
The rumour is beyond belief．此谣言不可信．
She was intelligent beyond belief.．她的聪明令人难以置信。
9. approach l向……靠近；接近
We approached the birds quietly and watched them．我们悄悄上前观察那些小鸟。
The old man is approaching ninety. 那位老人年近九十．
My work is approaching completion．我的工作接近完成．
The time for graduation is approaching．毕业的日子近了。
vt. 与……接洽，着手处理（问题等)
Did he approach you about borrowing money? 他有设有跟你接洽借款的事？
We should approach this problem with great care.我们应该非常慎重地处理这个问髓．
n. 接近；入门，途径；方法
With the approach of winter the weather came coder.
随着冬天的接近．天气变得更冷了。
All the approaches to the airport were blocked by the police．
所有通往机场的路都被警察封锁了．
This book provides a good approach to the 1earning of foreign languages．
这本书提供了一个学习外语的好方法。
10。as it is事实上；实际上；实际情况是；按原来的样子；照现在的样子
I thought conditions would get better，but as it is they are getting worse．
我以为情况会好转，但事实上反而更糟了。
If he were not ill，he would go to see the play。As it is，he has to stay at home．
如果他不生病的话，他是要去看戏的。实际上，他只好呆在家里了。
I like the house better as it is . 我更喜欢这所房子现在的这个样子。
They agreed to buy the house as it is．他们同意照房子原样把它买下来。
11．hold together使结合在一起；使团结
Their mutual interest held them together。他们的共同利益使他们团结。
Hold your things together．把你的东西收拾在一起。
The sheets are held together by paper clips．那些纸用纸夹夹在一起了。
12.make up
①构成；组成；凑足；常用被动语态形式：be made up of “由 ……组成”。
We need one more player to make up a team．
我们再需要一名队员就能凑足一个球队。
The committee is made up of seven members． 这个委员会由七个成员组成。
②编造；捏造；虚构
She made up stories to amuse her little brother． 她编故事哄她弟弟开心。
Is she telling the truth，or making it a11 up? 她说的是真话还是全属虚构?
She is very good at making up excuses．她很会找借口。
③弥补，把……补上
I must make up the loss somehow．我必须设法弥补损失。
John must make up the work he missed． 约翰必须把错过的工作补上。
④和解；和好
They quarrelled but soon made up．他们吵了一架，但很快就言归于好。
You don't really hate each other，so why don't you make up?
你们又不是真的恨对方，所以还是和好吧。
⑤化装；打扮
She took over 30 minutes to make up。 她化装花了30多分钟。
13．bear vt. 结(果实)；生育
Can older woman bear healthy babies? 较老的妇女能生下健康的婴儿吗?
She has borne a son．她生了个儿子。
This tree bears no fruit．这棵树不结果。
vt．负担；支撑
The ice on the lake will not bear your weight． 这湖上的冰无法承受你的体重。
Who will bear the expense? 谁要负担这费用呢?
vt. 忍耐；忍受；通常与can ／could连用，用于疑问句或否定句中。
I can't bear the pain any more．我痛得再也忍不住了。
I couldn't bear the thought of being parted with her.想到要与她分手我就受不了，
此时bear后常接动名词或不定式作宾语。
I cannot hear being ignored／to be ignored． 我受不了被人忽视。
I can't bear living／to live a lone．一个人独居我受不了。 vt．耐得住；经得起；常用物作主语，后接动名词作宾语。
That story doesn't bear repeating．那个故事不值得重述。
Will the suit bear washing? 这套西装耐洗吗?
