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Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
英语开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss,1982:217)
英语开题报告(2)
题目：从违反合作原则角度研究《生活大爆炸》的幽默会话
A Study of Humor Produced by Violatingthe Cooperative Principle in Conversationsof The Big Bang Theory
学生姓名：刘**
专业：英语
班级学号：***
指导老师：王*
指导教师职称：讲师
选题的目的意义：
本文从语用学角度出发，运用合作原则分析当下美国情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》的言语幽默，对人们分析、理解、欣赏英语语言幽默提供了一些有效的建议。
国内外研究现状：
许多学者对于幽默的研究已有多个角度，如社会学、心理学、修辞学等，Grice的合作原则和Austin的言语行为理论等对于幽默的研究呈现出了多视角。
《生活大爆炸》自开播以来就深受美国广大观众的喜爱，尤其是大量年轻人。其角色之间的巧妙对话最能引起观众兴趣。由于其新颖性，对其研究很少，本文通过运用合作原则及相关知识，分析情景喜剧中幽默语言的会话含义的产生，是一种尝试。能够使观众和英语学习者更好的身临其境去感受不同的语言，文化，思维。同时为英语口语练习者提供更多更好的机会。
研究基本思路和方法：
论文主要是依据《生活大爆炸》具体实例剧情，从该情景喜剧语言中违反合作原则而产生的幽默话语进行研究，结合语言运用、文化交际等背景知识对《生活大爆炸》的典型对白进行剖析，首先概述理论体系，然后探究其别具特色的人物语言特征，从而概括出该剧的会话特色。论文主要分析具体的例子并对其归纳分类于合作原则。
研究的主要内容：
本文主要是展现角色间独具特色的语言魅力，同时揭示出日常生活中正常对话的重要依据，通过了解和学习不同的文化语言幽默，从中掌握人际交往中的技巧。
本文主要分析研究两个问题：第一，该情景喜剧中的幽默语言是如何通过合作原则及其各准则的违反来实现的;第二，通过对该剧情景喜剧幽默语言的研究，对我们的英语学习有何启示。
预期结果：
该剧《生活大爆炸》的对话特点十分突出，其幽默形式更是新颖独特。本论文首先介绍了《生活大爆炸》的人物性格，然后进一步探究语言特色及主要人物的话语言说方式，既从形式上对该剧进行了剖析，又在内容上揭示了美国生活，文化现实，论述了其对语言形成的影响。
通过研究，本论文认为，小说作者通过运用违反合作原则分析特色的人物语言的运用，分别从违反数量原则，质量原则，关系原则和方式原则具体剖析剧情归纳分类，总结其对幽默语言所产生的效果，从而为有效的日常交际提供一些技巧，并为英语语言的学习和使用带来一些启示。
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
英语开题报告格式
为进一步严格学术规范，加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的'盲目性，外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系，认真撰写开题报告，英语开题报告范文。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定：
I. 英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文(填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文)。
II. 开题报告写作步骤为：
1. Title (论文题目)
2. Thesis Statement (中心论点)
3. Purpose and Significance of Study (研究目的和意义)
4. Situation of Study (研究现状)
5. Difficulty of Study (研究难点)
6. Detailed Outline (详细提纲)
7. References (参考文献)。
III. 学生按规定时间完成开题报告后，指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。
IV. 指导教师同意后，学生方可进行论文写作。
V. 本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面，商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。
VI. 下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面，汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。
VII. 参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。
VIII. 页面设置
纸型：A4(210 X 297毫米)即宽度：21厘米，高度29.7厘米。
页边距：上1.8厘米、下1.35厘米;左2.2厘米、右1.8厘米。装订线位置：左侧，装订线：0厘米，距边界：页眉1.6，页脚1.6。每页：32行，跨度23.5磅。
··········
······· 外 语 系
20xx-1
潼 城 大学
外 语 系
Tongcheng University
(B.A. Thesis Proposal)
论文题目：······
(英文题目在上、汉语题目在下)
专 业：······
指导教师：······
学 生：······
班 级：······
学 号：······
日 期：······
1. Title
2. Thesis Statement
3. Purpose and Significance of Study
4. Situation of Study
5. Difficulty of Study
6. Outline
7. References
开题过程：
···· 论文小组长(签名)：
··· 日 期：
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
日 期：
【一】英语论文的开题报告范文
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.
from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.
among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective.
translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.
therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.
the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive.
the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.
translation phenomena are noted down.
with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.
i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts.
“norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.
function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.
translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions.
two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.
1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product.
i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.
2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.
3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria.
some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.
4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts.
translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.
5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation.
suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.
translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.
【二】商务英语毕业论文开题报告
---绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响
姓名:XX 班级:03544 学号:xx05040416 专业:商务英语(商务英语毕业论文开题报告(1))
一、论文的来源，目的，意义，国内外概况和预测
xx年11月10日深夜,世界贸易组织第四届部长级会议通过了中国加入世界贸易组织的决定。
无论按什么标准来撰写中国改革开放的历史,加入世界贸易组织都将会被列入这一时期最重大的事件之一。
加入世界贸易组织是中国改革开放的必然结果，中国加入世界组织必将加快改革开放的步伐。
可以说，中国加入世贸对中国绝大部分行业的发展是有利的，但有机遇同样就会有挑战，尤其是对中国农业的发展。
目前，中国农业正在进入一个新的发展阶段，中国加入wto，农业面临一个新的国际环境，新阶段新环境将把中国农业推向市场竞争的巅峰。
论文百事通中国农业的市场竞争会由国内竞争转向国内国际双重竞争，农业资源也会由国内配置转向国内国际双重配置。
中国入世，绿色壁垒逐步取代了关税和配额，成为我国农产品出口面临的最大障碍。
在这样的背景下，中国农业如何应对将会是一个亟待做出抉择的问题。
研究如何有效地利用wto规则和机制来保护和促进我国农业的发展将是一个重要的课题。
鉴于此，我选择了中国加入wto后的外贸研究这个论文课题，希望通过自己论文写作的过程，来加深对wto的了解。
二、有关论文课题调查和研究情况，预计论文达到的目的，要求由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想，因而篇幅不必过大，但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚，应包含两个部分：总述、提纲。
1 总述
开题报告的.总述部分应首先提出选题，并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。
2 提纲
开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的，是一个研究构想的基本框架。
可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。
在开题阶段，提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架，没有必要像论文目录那样详细。
3 参考文献
开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录
4 要求
开题报告应有封面页，总页数应不少于4页。
版面格式应符合以下第3部分第2)项“格式”的规定。
开 题 报 告
学 生：
一、选题意义
1、理论意义
2、现实意义
二、论文综述
1、理论的渊源及演进过程
2、国外有关研究的综述
3、国内研究的综述
4、本人对以上综述的评价
三、论文提纲
前言、
一、
1、
2、
3、
·
二、
1、
2、
3、
··
三、
1、
2、
3、
结论
四、论文写作进度安排
毕业论文开题报告提纲
一、开题报告封面：论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师
二、目的意义和国内外研究概况
三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容
四、研究条件和可能存在的问题
五、预期的结果
六、进度安排
【三】function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.
from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.
among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective.
translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.
therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.
the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive.
the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.
translation phenomena are noted down.
with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.
i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts.
“norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.
function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc. 2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm. 2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study. 2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random. 2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also. (Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.) .
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考) “It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217) ‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation C Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988. Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152. 张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990. 戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“1条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，(5).
附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文) 对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文 论品牌名称翻译的特殊性 专 业：
研究方向：
作 者：
导 师：
写作时间： ― 对外经济贸易大学
英语学院 (英文)
School of International Studies
University of International Business and Economics Pragmatic Strategies
in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of
University of International Business and Economics
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the degree of Master of ArtsApril
Beijing, China
题 目 An Analysis of the Character Portia in the Merchant of Venice
一、本课题的研究目的及意义
(一)研究目的
莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术大师，被马克思称之为“最伟大的戏剧天才”。透过似真似幻的舞台和匠心独具的故事，莎翁塑造了一系列不朽的人物典型。尤其是塑造了众多而鲜明的人物形象。在莎士比亚的剧作中出场的女性人物有一百多人，在众多的女性人物中上至贵族，下至平民百姓，几乎是各不相同。而《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚更是被公认为莎士比亚笔下别具风采的女性形象。众多评论家认为莎士比亚戏剧中刻画的女性形象大都非常贴近生活，具有巨大的认识价值。。在这一讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚美丽、善良、机智、自信、富有才华和胆识，正体现了莎士比亚从男性的视觉自发塑造的理想中的新女性。作为新女性的鲍西亚，具有一定的判逆性格，不甘于被命运摆弄做逆来顺受的“家庭天使”，在一定程度上体现了莎士比亚对人文主义精神的追求。然而，从女性主义的视角来分析，在男性为中心的社会里，鲍西亚绝非真正具有女性的自我意识，而是甘于向父权社会妥协的不完美的新女性。本课题通过对《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象的分析，让读者了解鲍西亚思想上、性格上的先进性与局限性，对现代女性起到一定的启示作用。
(二)研究意义
莎士比亚通过对生活细致入微的观察，对人性深刻的剖析，创作出《威尼斯商人》这部极具讽刺性的喜剧。在莎士比亚的笔下，女性的感情与理智平分秋色，女性是以与男性平等的形象出现的。这在鲍西亚这一角色身上表现最为突出。鲍西亚美丽温柔、忠贞不渝、善良可爱、机智勇敢、足智多谋。她掌握着自己的命运，不仅在自主选择丈夫方面，而且在与夏洛克的斗争中起到了关键性的作用。在当今的现实生活中，鲍西亚光彩照人的女性形象也可以带给人们启迪和借鉴。鲍西亚在金钱和爱情的杠杆上，选择了爱情。在她的内心深处爱情价更高，是金钱、物质所无法取代的。她对于爱情忠贞不渝和执着，值得现代生活中个别只追求物质享受的女人去学习。在现实生活中，个别人不应该由于自己的优越条件而歧视别人，更要学会不用有色眼光去看待别人。在法庭上，讲义气、才智非凡的鲍西亚女扮男装以法律博士的身份出场，使剧情有了戏剧性的转折，使夏洛克一步步在不知不觉中陷入她的计策。她成功的妙计足以显示出其学问深厚，机智敏锐，有胆有识的特点，这种女性形象也是我们所认同和赞赏的。《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚人物形象具有生动鲜明，栩栩如生，有血有肉等特点。本文通过对《威尼斯商人》主要人物鲍西亚的分析，力图从新的视角去尝试发觉人物的真实性和人物的多面性，给现实生活中的人们以启迪和借鉴。
二、已了解的本课题国内外研究现状
(一)国外研究现状
欧洲的14到16世纪，是人类文化发展史上的一个重要时期。发源于意大利的强大的人文主义运动很快席卷欧洲各国。它从反对封建专制，教会权威和禁欲主义的历史要求出发，肯定人的价值，赞美人的理性和智慧，提倡人对现世幸福的追求和个性自由。这一时期的欧洲戏剧以英国和西班牙为主流，其中莎士比亚的许多剧作是世界戏剧宝库中珍品。从17世纪开始，莎士比亚戏剧渐次传入了德、法、意、俄、美等国，对各国戏剧产生了深远的影响。他虽说生活在400多年前，直到今天各国都有许多研究、评论莎士比亚和他作品的学者，评论家。17世纪有德莱登;18世纪有卜普、约翰生和莫尔根;19世纪有兰姆、柯勒律治;20世纪有道登和布雷德莱。世界各国许多著名的文学家和文艺评论家如德国的歌德，法国的伏尔泰、雨果，俄罗斯的普希金、托尔斯泰等人，都对莎士比亚作品有过精彩的评论。英国著名文学评论家萨缪尔.约翰逊认为莎士比亚的戏剧是生活的镜子，“谁要是被其他作家们捏造出来的荒.唐故事弄得头昏眼花，读一下莎士比亚用凡人的语言所表达的凡人思想感情就会医治好他的颠三倒四的狂想”。《威尼斯商人》的一大成就，就是在轻松的喜剧描写中不忘反映时代，并非只在台词里述说介绍，而是通过情节、人物和人物关系等几个方面，来显示时代风貌和生活要求。
(二)国内研究现状
莎士比亚的名字是由传教士在1856年介绍过来的。清末，我国思想界代表人物严复、梁启超等都在译著中提到莎士比亚的名字。而他的戏剧直到19五四运动以后，才用白话文和戏剧的形式翻译过来。新中国成立以后，特别是20世纪50年代，出现了许多新译本，其中就有方平译的《威尼斯商人》，也是在这一时期我国学者开始阐释并莎士比亚及其作品《威尼斯商人》中的基督教文化内涵，这不仅是我国莎学研究的进一步补充与完善，更是与国际学术接轨的重大举措，是理性沉思后的再审视。20世纪60年代方平先生在他的莎学研究中仍然突出了意识形态与阶级斗争。他认为，莎士比亚的喜剧《威尼斯商人》所表现的“积财就是积富”和“守财就是进财”，表明资本主义经济势力开始在历史舞台上露头，构成了它的互为补充的两套道德教条。而自1985年到的来我国大陆的莎士比亚喜剧研究像《威尼斯商人》，发现大致可分为三个方面，喜剧本质研究、人物形象的研究和比较研究。对莎翁喜剧本质关注的角度主要在于探讨其喜剧体现出来的喜剧精神、喜剧艺术、喜剧美学。人物研究集中在对夏洛克和女性人物分析，主题定位于爱和友谊。
三、本课题的研究内容
摘要
(一) 本课题研究的目的及意义
(二)本课题相关的研究综述
(三)本课题研究的基本思路和主要内容
简单介绍《威尼斯商人》中的作者背景和历史背景
对《威尼斯商人》中女性人物鲍西亚的分析
鲍西亚的本质
鲍西亚的人文主义精神
鲍西亚的女性自我意识
三、《威尼斯商人》中女性局限性的表现
(一)父权社会对女性的控制
(二)以丈夫为中心
(三)社会对女性的忽视
四、威尼斯商人对现代女性的启示
(一)夫妻间的两性关系
(二)爱情独立性和平等性的探求
(三)社会对女性的压力
五、对课题《威尼斯商人》的总结
四、本课题研究的步骤、方法及进度安排
研究的步骤：1.审理清楚课题的意思和研究方向
2.了解课题的研究现状和查找相关的资料
3.在图书馆和网络上收集相关的书籍和资料，整合资料并做好笔记
4.拟写开题报告
5.拟写大纲
6.着手写正文
7.论文修改与定稿
研究的方法：文献法、理论研究法(到图书馆查找纸质及电子资料)
讨论法(与同学讨论相关的研究内容)
实证研究法(通过相关的例子又发思考)
进度安排：.12 .12---2011.12.20 选题
.02.10 定题
2012.02.15--- 2012.03.10查找资料，初定提纲和开题报告
2012.03.15---2012.04.05 论文初稿并修改
2012.0.4.10---2012.04.30论文修改并定稿
五、主要参考文献
[1]Jameson. Shakespeare’s Heroines. London: Longman, 1961.
[2]Wilson, John Dover. Shakespearian Comedies. Chicago: Northwest University Press, 1962.
[3]方平. 和莎士比亚交个朋友吧[M]. 成都：四川人民出版社，1983.
[4]郭元波, 唐爽. Humanistic Interpretation of the Merchant of Venice [J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)(3):94—96.
[5]胡健生，朱祖林. The Excellent Use of “Abrupt Turn” and the Elaborate Construction of “Behind—the—Screen characters”—A Novel Interpretation of the Artistic Features of the Venice Merchant[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学报), (2):42-46
[6]黄必康. 莎士比亚名篇赏析[M]. 北京：北京出版社，.
[7]栗沙. 亦喜亦悲两相宜-《威尼斯商人》解释[J].贵州师大学学报:(2).
[8]黎会华. 从《威尼斯商人》的女性人物塑造看莎士比亚的女权主义倾向[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版)， (2):23-26.
[9]欧华恩. 论夏洛克性格的多元组合[J]. 邵阳学院学报(社会科学版)，2005(4):16-19.
[10]王述文. On Images of Heroines in Shakespeare’s Four Greatest Comedies[J].四川外语学院学报, 2000(4)：16.
[11]王佐良，祝钰. European Culture An Introduction[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，.
[12]温祖荫.世界名著介绍与欣赏[M].福州：福建教育出版社.1983.
[13]肖四新.论莎士比亚的人性观[J].宁夏大学学报(社会科学版), 2006(2):12.
[14]张祥和，杨菲翡. Function of Disguise in Shakespeare’s Comedies [J]. 南京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2004 (3):27-29.
[15]智量.外国文学名作自学手册[M]. 上海：上海艺术出版社，1985.
一、选题的目的和意义：
当今世界高校的大学英语( 非英语专业的英语学习) 都相继走上了ESP 教学的道路( 蔡基刚，20xx， 20xx)，而我国大学英语却始终停留在General English( 普通英语) 上( 蔡基刚，20xx) ，我们河南理工大学地质工程的大学英语教学还处于普通英语教学时期，虽然开设了一门《地球科学》双语课程，但是没能实现大学英语教学与双语教学的融合，这方面没有老师进行专门用途英语教学的实践。
本篇论文首先对我国高校地质工程专业大学英语教学现状进行调研，并分析阻碍本专业大学英语由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移的因素。通过本次调研可以让我们更清晰的认识到我国地质工程专业的大学英语的教学现状，为本专业英语教学由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移提供参考数据。
《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》以获得上海市教育委员会批准，上海市专门用途英语( ESP)又向前迈进了一大步;地质是矿业的基础，作为我国矿业高等学校的发源地的河南理工大学，更要做矿业方面专门用途英语教学的开拓者甚至领头羊，我们学校应该加大这一学科的探索研究。河南理工大上学地质工程专业的《地球科学》双语课在20xx年已经建成为国家级双语教学示范课程，地质工程专业大学英语教学与双语教学融合为专门用途英语教学的探索可能是这一平台将来的发展方向。我呼吁我们学校外国语学院与资源环境学院尽快进行沟通合作，这也是我写这篇论文的目的。本篇论文的提出不仅对我校地质工程大学英语教学走向专门用途英语教学有促进意义，同时对其他专业也有借鉴参考作用。
二、国内外研究综述：
我国大学英语教学大致分为三个阶段：
第一阶段是从建国后到七十年代末，起初我国的外语教育以俄语为主，62年开始推广英语教学，当时的英语教学是典型的传授式以传统系统知识为目的，后因“”刚刚开始的公共英语教学也就此折腰;
第二阶段是从改革开放初至世纪末，一批归国学者从国外引进了二语习得 、语言共核 、功能意念 、语言技能 、English for General Purposes (EGP ) 等当时的先进理论，形成以培养学生阅读能力为主的教学模式。 1986年末 ，国家教育部高等教育司开始筹备大学英语教学的评价系统一一大学英语四 、六级考试，并沿用至今。
第三阶段是从21世纪初至今，新世纪以来 ，随着国际国内形势的不断变化 、高科技的发展 、网络技术的普及 ，社会对大学生的英语 水平及语言应用能力又有了更高的要求 。明确了大学英语的教学目 标是：“培养学生的英语综合应用 能力 ，特别是听说 能力 ，能用英语有效地进行交际 ，同时增强其自主学习能力”。大学英语四 、六级考试在20xx年和20xx年也进行了改革，以适应这一要求。
国际专门用途英语起源于第二次世界大战之后， 时间大致是二十世纪的六十年代， 其标志是年月于英国伦敦召开的一次关于二语教学作为影响亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲国家和地区发展的一个因素的国际性会议)。(周平。《山东农业大学学报(社会科学版)》20xx年02期)。国际专门用途在研究领域方面，不管是学术论文还是书评，占主导地位的研究方向是语篇分析。而在专门用途英语类别方面，还是以学术英语和经贸英语为主。在英语技能方面，大多数研究者主要关注写作方面的研究。(张维军。《中国ESP研究》20xx年01期)
我国专门用途英语 的教学研究起步较晚，直到20 世纪70 年代末才开始，大致经历了3 个发展阶段：
第一阶段是从20 世纪70 年代末至80 年代末。这一阶段国内的专门用途英语教学以科技英语为主。
第二阶段大致为20 世纪90 年代。这一阶段以介绍推广专门用途英语教学的理念为主。随着国内外经济交往的频繁，商务活动的增多，对商务英语的教学研究在这一时期逐渐取代科技英语研究成为主流。另外还产生了对金融、旅游和医学等领域英语教学的研究。
第三阶段从2000 年至今， 专门用途英语研究在中国全面扩大和深入。随着中国加入世贸组织，对外交流扩大到了整个社会，扩大到了科学技术经济的各个领域……一般的外语技能已很难满足市场需要，社会对专门用途英语教学的需求比以往任何时候都更迫切了。随着我国经济高速发展， 专门用途英语教学迎来了全新的发展时期。
地质工程专门用途英语是专门用途英语的一部分，其专门用途英语教学正处于起步发展阶段。地质工程专业英语教育发展较迅速，但是真正的地质工程专门用途英语教学的发展还处于萌芽阶段。
三、毕业设计(论文)所用的主要技术与方法：
图书馆查阅资料，网上下载论文，在河南理工大学、中国矿业大学和中国地质大学实地调研，通过整理调研资料对数据进行分析。网上下载本专业大学英语课程及双语课程视频。翻译地质工程《地球科学》双语教材，从翻译实践中总结理论。与学校老师及管教学的领导交谈，整理分析交谈笔记。
四、主要参考文献与资料获得情况：
[1] 郭剑晶。专门用途英语
. 北京：知识产权出版社，20xx.1.
[2] 蔡基刚。我国第一份以学术英语为导向的大学英语教学指导文件的制定与说明[J]. 外语教学理论与实践，20xx(04)。
[3] 蔡基刚。误解与偏见：阻碍我国大学ESP教学发展的关键[J]. 外语教学，20xx(01)。
[4] 蔡基刚。高等教育国际化背景下的外语教学评价体系调整[J]. 外语电化教学， 20xx(01)。
[5] 蔡基刚。专业英语及其教材对我国高校ESP教学的影响[J]. 外语与外语教学， 20xx(02)。
[6] 蔡基刚。解读《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》[J]. 中国外语，20xx(02)。
[7] 申婷。大学英语教学发展历程[J]. 中国共产党贵州省委党校学报，20xx(02)。
[8] 张维军。 国际学术界ESP 研究历史与现状：《国际专门用途英语》期刊论文分析[J]. 外语教学理论与实践，20xx(03)。
[9] 严玲。 中国专门用途英语的教学发展趋势 [J]. 长江大学学报，20xx(04)。
五、毕业设计(论文)进度安排(按周说明)
第一阶段：确定论文题目，收集资料，尽可能多的收集相关书籍、文章、期刊等;
第二阶段：20xx年3月7日(第二周)前完成选题，交论文开题报告;
第三阶段：20xx年4月18日(第八周)前完成初稿，交导师审阅;
第四阶段：20xx年5月9日(第十一周)前接受论文中期检查;
第五阶段：20xx年5月19日(第十二周)前 完成修订初稿，交导师审阅;
第六阶段：20xx年5月23日(第十三周)前完成论文终稿，交稿。
六、指导教师审批意见：
指导教师： (签名)
年 月 日
the Application and Innovation
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。
根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。
二、研究方案
1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲) 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果(大纲):
1.A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic
1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels
1.2.1 Historical Reasons
1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance
1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity
1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself
1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful
2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme
2.1.1 Good and Evil
2.1.2 Revenge
2.2 Characters Description
2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl
2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery
2.3.3 Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference
2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;
可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见
1.研究进度安排
(1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周)：学生完成初稿。
(2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周)：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
(3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周)：学生交论文第二稿。
(4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周)：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
(5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周)：定稿
(6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周)：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
(7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周)：本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。
(8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周)：星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。
2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献 [1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20.
[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.
[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. .The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.
[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.
[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.
[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页.
[7] 肖明翰. . 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.
题目：A Corpus-based Study on SyntacticFeatures of Business English Correspondence
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.
The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.
1.2 Significance of the Study
This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:
First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.
Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.
Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.
Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:
Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.
Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.
Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.
Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.
Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.
Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.
2 CONTENTS
Abstract in Chinese
Abstract in English
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
2 Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home
2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home
2.3 Summary
3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 Writing Principles of Business English Correspondence
3.2 Lexical Grammar
3.3 Syntactic Theory
4 Methodology
4.1 Corpus-Based Approach
4.2 Research Instruments
4.3 Research Procedures
4.3.1 Data Collection
4.3.2 Data Clean-up
4.3.3 Tokenization
4.3.4 Lemmatization
4.3.5 Part-of-speech Tagging
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Syntactic Complexity Analysis
5.1.1 Analysis of Word Length and Sentence Length
5.1.2 Contrastive Analysis between Content Words and Function Words
5.1.3 Contrastive Analysis between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence
5.2 Syntactic Pattern Analysis
5.2.1 Passive Voice
5.2.2 Interrogative Sentence
5.2.3 Subjunctive Mood
5.3 Syntactic Feature Analysis
5.3.1 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Request and Comfirmation
5.3.2 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Acceptance and Refusal
5.3.3 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Appreciation and Apology
6 Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
6.2 Implications for the Study
6.3 Limitations
Acknowledgement
References
Appendix
Papers published in the period of Ph. M. education
3 进度安排
1.Collecting the related materials and designing theresearch, data analysis: Sep.1st-Dec.31st,20XX
2.Writing the first draft: Jan.1st- Feb.31st, 20XX
3.Writing the second draft:Mar. 1st- Apr. 31st,20XX
4.Writing the final draft: May. 1st- May.31st,20XX
5.Preparing for defense of the thesis: June.1st- June31st,20XX
4 References
[1] Dudley-Evans,T. and St John,M.J. (1998)。 Developments in English for Specific Purposes: AMulti-Disciplinary Approach[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:1.
[2] Corbluth,J.D. (1975)。 English or 'Special English'[J]. English Language Teaching Journal24/4:277-286.
[3] Strevens,Peter. (1977)。 New Orientations in the Teaching of English[M]. Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press:72.
[4] Nelson,M. (2000)。 A corpus-based study of Business English and Business English TeachingMaterials[D]. Unpublished Ph D Thesis. University of Manchester.
[5]胡春雨。语料库与商务英语词汇研究[J].广东外语外贸大学学报， (2)：55-58.
[6]胡春雨。基于商务英语语料库的RATE搭配特征研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(02)：6-12.
[7]陈建平。外贸函电中缩略词的`构词特征及使用要求[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，(02)：78-80.
[8]江进林，许家金。基于语料库的商务英语语域特征多维分析[J].外语教学与研究，(02)：225-236+320.
[9] Pickett,D(1986b)Business English: Falling Between Two Styles[J]. COMLON 26:16-21.
[10] Johnson. C.(1993)。 Business English State-of-the-Art Article[J]. Language Teaching 26:201-209.
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm。
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
英语毕业论文开题报告范例
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
【摘 要】在英语学习过程中，听、说、读、写四方面缺一不可，中国传统的教学方法过多地注重读写而忽略了听说能力的培养，
话语标记语(discourse markers)在语篇中对保持话语的关联性起到了非常重要的作用。本文通过回顾话语标记语在口语教学领域基于语料库的研究，希望对口语教学起到一些借鉴作用。
【关键词】话语标记语 英语口语教学 语料库
自20世纪80年代起，Chaudron与Richards率先提出话语标记语(discourse markers)的概念，并从功能语言学的角度进行了界定，各国语言研究者开始不断地使用与研究话语标记语。本文通过回顾话语标记语在口语教学领域的研究情况，旨在对其在口语教学中的影响及作用进行深度分析。
一、话语标记语定义
话语标记语(DMs)一直以来都没有一个明确的界定。Chaudron与Richards从功能语言学角度给话语标记语下了定义，他们认为话语标记语是传递话语整体框架和局部句子间的关系信息的符号。Schiffrin讨论话语标记语的使用时，将其定义为“包括语言单位，顺序上不独立的组成部分”。在他的定义中，DMs被认作是一个组成部分而不是一个符号。而何自然、冉永平认为话语标记语传递的不是命题意义或语义意义，不构成话语的语义内容，而只是为话语理解提供信息标记，从而对话语理解起引导作用的程序性意义。
二、关于话语标记语的语料库实证研究
近年来，话语标记语吸引了许多语言学家的关注。王立非、祝卫华运用中国学生的英语口语语料(SECCL)，以英国国家语料库(BNC)中的口语作为参照，研究中国学习者英语口语中话语标记语的使用特点和规律。此研究计算了两个语料库中话语标记语的种类和使用频率，并且记录下话语标记语在语篇中出现的位置，来寻找两个语料库中话语标记语使用规律的差异。对比结果表明：中国学生经常使用的三种话语标记语分别是附加性、强调性和有意义的填充语，其他类型的话语标记语使用的频率很低。例如，英国人在使用对比标记语的时候，频率最高的是“however”，但是中国学生更多的是使用“but”。因此，这项研究有四个最重要的发现：(1)中国学生在口语表达中使用与英国人不一样的话语标记语;(2)与英国人相比，中国学生使用话语标记语的频率低;(3)中国学生过度使用少部分的附加性和强调性标记语;(4)中国学生使用话语标记语的位置与英国人没有显著差异，这意味着母语迁移的影响并不明显。
Loretta与Ronald对在教育情境中母语者与学习者在口语方面使用话语标记语的情况进行对比研究。同样是基于语料库，此研究是对比CANCODE(剑桥・诺丁汉英语话语语料库)和香港小学生课堂交际话语语料库来研究教育情境下两者的区别。在香港，口语水平是日后在学术上和事业上取得进步的必要条件。研究结果显示，在教育语篇中话语标记语的核心功能范式可以分成四类：交际型、指示型、结构型、认知型。话语标记语使用的受限范围和某些特定话语标记语的使用频率反映出，对英语学习者的非自然语言输入和传统以语法为中心的教学法只注重单词的字面或者命题(语义)意义而不是单词在口语中的语用意义。此研究提出需要通过创造改善话语标记语使用的空间来加强学习者口语中的语用能力。
三、结论
通过国内外语言学家对比中国英语学习者和母语使用者话语标记语的使用情况，不难发现中国英语学习者使用话语标记语在位置上与母语使用者没有太大的区别，主要在使用的种类和频率上明显不同于母语使用者。
四、对大学英语口语教学的启示
大学英语学习者经过几年的英语学习，已达到较高级水平，但是在与母语使用者对比中发现，在口语话语标记语的选择和使用上还存在很大的差别，这反映出中国学习者所学到的语言不能很好地应用在口语中，更多关注考试而忽略了口语交流。大量研究表明，适当地使用话语标记语可以帮助提高口语的连贯性和内容的关联性。口语表达中，许多英语学习者都不会运用一定的衔接技巧把句子连接成一个有意义的整体。经过调查发现，这些学生普遍不认为话语标记语在帮助他们构建语篇上发挥着重要作用。在他们看来，交际过程中，只要注意发出正确的发音，注意减少或者避免大的语法错误，使别人能够明白自己的意思，那么交际的目的就达到了。他们在口语表达中表现出来的困境其实就是因为没有充分重视话语标记语的作用导致的，使用话语标记语可以保证听话人付出尽可能少的努力来寻找话语与认知语境之间的关联，缩小听话人寻找话语关联的范围，使话语关联的寻找更加容易，使话语理解更确切。因此，在英语教学中，教师的首要任务就是引导学生认识到话语标记语的重要性，要让他们有意无意地尝试利用话语标记语去交流，应减少母语对英语学习者口语的影响，扩大话语标记语的使用范围和种类，帮助英语学习者提高口语交际能力。
参考文献
[1]何自然、冉永平.话语联系语的语用制约性[J].外语教学与研究，1999(3)
[2]王立非、祝卫华.中国学生英语口语中话语标记语的使用研究[J].外语研究，2005(3)
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