以下是小编整理的英语有技巧的开题报告(共含20篇),仅供参考,希望能够帮助到大家。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“小别野”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
最新英语有技巧的开题报告
一. 课题的名称 娱乐记单词
二. 课题提出的背景 随着教育的改革, 教材也随之改变, 课本内容的娱乐性和知识性的确提高了。
可是, 单 词的数量也随之大增而特增。于是,学生们整天枯燥地记忆着单词,而 各种单词记忆法也争奇斗艳,什么音标记忆法,死记硬背法,按部就班法,实践法等等。
这 些方法的确不错,但是唯一忘却地是——学生们本来就是边学课文边记单词的。所以,效果 并不佳。 课题研究的意义 研究的意义:
三. 课题研究的意义:
(1) 有利于广大教师和学生的教学和学习单词量大而又枯燥难记,作为一名英语老师,我把各种方法都试过,但是还是效果 不佳。 学生没有兴趣, 又不得不记。时间一长,没记住的越来越多,导致老师没法上课, 学生学习跟不上, 英语成绩一塌糊涂。 而学生又特别想学好英语, 因为它实在太重要了。
(2) 为平时的练习和考试带来方便平日的英语学习中,我们教师也苦于学生的单词记不住,他们也时常埋怨单词又多 又难记又容易忘,可是又很重要。若能按照这上面的方法去做,那将会为我们平时的练习和考试带来方便。
(3) 有利于学校升学率的提升 高中是直接关系到孩子未来的重要阶段, 而英语一科就占 150 分, 这无形中是学生 和学校致胜的法宝。若单词不过关,做题没法下手,为孩子高考种下了隐患,致使学生 前途无望。若平时能加强对学生英语单词的训练影响,加强对英语单词的重视,提高他 们的兴趣,那么对我们学校的升学率的提高会有很大的帮助。
(4) 有利于引起学校领导对英语的重视和参与。 单词只要记住了,成绩也自然而然的提高了。学校的领导也会重视英语这门学科, 会举办和参与一些英语活动,更加加强学生的英语学习。
四. 课题研究的理论依据 英语学科的特点,学生的心理特点,教育学理论,教育实践理论
五. 课题研究的'内容: 包括高考涉及的 8 个模块的单词,词汇以及延伸到语法,习题等等。
六. 课题研究的方法 实践法 调查法 搜集法 比较法
七. 课题研究的步骤 1. 课题的申报 1)、整理课题申报相关资料,完成课题申报、立项。
2)、收集有关学生学习方式研究的理论及实践资料。
3)、制定研究方案及研究计划,培训研究人员,做好实验准备。
2. 开题报告的撰写 3. 实践阶段 1)、在班级组织进一步加强宣传学习,并深入实践研究。
2)、对课题研究计划进行检查,实施中期评估。
3)、开展案例分析、教学设计、撰写经验小论文活动。
八.课题人员的组成
雷晓梅:独立完成
高中英语教 师,任教 10 年,已经从高一到高三循环了三次。今年又在高一任教
九. 课题研究的预期效果
(一) 中期阶段的成果 .
1)在班级完美地实践,并取得一定效果。
2) 推荐此方法在其他班级实行。
3)能够由学校组织实行,并取得一定效果。
(二)实践类成果
1、学生的学习能力、对数学的喜爱、学生的英语素质和学业成绩得到提高.
2、课题组教师的教学水平和研究能力得到提高.
3、 促进学校形成有自身特色的校本行动研究模式, 成为名副其实的教研教改实验学校样板 学校。
(三) 最终研究成果 .
1、完成课题研究报告。
2、进行总结提炼和实验成果的综合评估,撰写结题报告,提交课题组鉴定、验收。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
英语开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss,1982:217)
英语开题报告(2)
题目:从违反合作原则角度研究《生活大爆炸》的幽默会话
A Study of Humor Produced by Violatingthe Cooperative Principle in Conversationsof The Big Bang Theory
学生姓名:刘**
专业:英语
班级学号:***
指导老师:王*
指导教师职称:讲师
选题的目的意义:
本文从语用学角度出发,运用合作原则分析当下美国情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》的言语幽默,对人们分析、理解、欣赏英语语言幽默提供了一些有效的建议。
国内外研究现状:
许多学者对于幽默的研究已有多个角度,如社会学、心理学、修辞学等,Grice的合作原则和Austin的言语行为理论等对于幽默的研究呈现出了多视角。
《生活大爆炸》自开播以来就深受美国广大观众的喜爱,尤其是大量年轻人。其角色之间的巧妙对话最能引起观众兴趣。由于其新颖性,对其研究很少,本文通过运用合作原则及相关知识,分析情景喜剧中幽默语言的会话含义的产生,是一种尝试。能够使观众和英语学习者更好的身临其境去感受不同的语言,文化,思维。同时为英语口语练习者提供更多更好的机会。
研究基本思路和方法:
论文主要是依据《生活大爆炸》具体实例剧情,从该情景喜剧语言中违反合作原则而产生的幽默话语进行研究,结合语言运用、文化交际等背景知识对《生活大爆炸》的典型对白进行剖析,首先概述理论体系,然后探究其别具特色的人物语言特征,从而概括出该剧的会话特色。论文主要分析具体的例子并对其归纳分类于合作原则。
研究的主要内容:
本文主要是展现角色间独具特色的语言魅力,同时揭示出日常生活中正常对话的重要依据,通过了解和学习不同的文化语言幽默,从中掌握人际交往中的技巧。
本文主要分析研究两个问题:第一,该情景喜剧中的幽默语言是如何通过合作原则及其各准则的违反来实现的;第二,通过对该剧情景喜剧幽默语言的研究,对我们的英语学习有何启示。
预期结果:
该剧《生活大爆炸》的对话特点十分突出,其幽默形式更是新颖独特。本论文首先介绍了《生活大爆炸》的人物性格,然后进一步探究语言特色及主要人物的话语言说方式,既从形式上对该剧进行了剖析,又在内容上揭示了美国生活,文化现实,论述了其对语言形成的影响。
通过研究,本论文认为,小说作者通过运用违反合作原则分析特色的人物语言的运用,分别从违反数量原则,质量原则,关系原则和方式原则具体剖析剧情归纳分类,总结其对幽默语言所产生的效果,从而为有效的日常交际提供一些技巧,并为英语语言的学习和使用带来一些启示。
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their r
elationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
英语开题报告格式
为进一步严格学术规范,加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的'盲目性,外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系,认真撰写开题报告,英语开题报告范文。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定:
I. 英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文(填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文)。
II. 开题报告写作步骤为:
1. Title (论文题目)
2. Thesis Statement (中心论点)
3. Purpose and Significance of Study (研究目的和意义)
4. Situation of Study (研究现状)
5. Difficulty of Study (研究难点)
6. Detailed Outline (详细提纲)
7. References (参考文献)。
III. 学生按规定时间完成开题报告后,指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。
IV. 指导教师同意后,学生方可进行论文写作。
V. 本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面,商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。
VI. 下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面,汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。
VII. 参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。
VIII. 页面设置
纸型:A4(210 X 297毫米)即宽度:21厘米,高度29.7厘米。
页边距:上1.8厘米、下1.35厘米;左2.2厘米、右1.8厘米。装订线位置:左侧,装订线:0厘米,距边界:页眉1.6,页脚1.6。每页:32行,跨度23.5磅。
··········
······· 外 语 系
20xx-1
潼 城 大学
外 语 系
Tongcheng University
(B.A. Thesis Proposal)
论文题目:······
(英文题目在上、汉语题目在下)
专 业:······
指导教师:······
学 生:······
班 级:······
学 号:······
日 期:······
1. Title
2. Thesis Statement
3. Purpose and Significance of Study
4. Situation of Study
5. Difficulty of Study
6. Outline
7. References
开题过程:
···· 论文小组长(签名):
··· 日 期:
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
日 期:
【一】英语论文的开题报告范文
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.
from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.
among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective.
translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.
therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.
the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive.
the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.
translation phenomena are noted down.
with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.
i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts.
“norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.
function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.
translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions.
two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.
1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product.
i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.
2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.
3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria.
some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.
4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts.
translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.
5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation.
suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.
translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.
【二】商务英语毕业论文开题报告
---绿色壁垒对中国农产品出口的影响
姓名:XX 班级:03544 学号:xx05040416 专业:商务英语(商务英语毕业论文开题报告(1))
一、论文的来源,目的,意义,国内外概况和预测
xx年11月10日深夜,世界贸易组织第四届部长级会议通过了中国加入世界贸易组织的决定。
无论按什么标准来撰写中国改革开放的历史,加入世界贸易组织都将会被列入这一时期最重大的事件之一。
加入世界贸易组织是中国改革开放的必然结果,中国加入世界组织必将加快改革开放的步伐。
可以说,中国加入世贸对中国绝大部分行业的发展是有利的,但有机遇同样就会有挑战,尤其是对中国农业的发展。
目前,中国农业正在进入一个新的发展阶段,中国加入wto,农业面临一个新的国际环境,新阶段新环境将把中国农业推向市场竞争的巅峰。
论文百事通中国农业的市场竞争会由国内竞争转向国内国际双重竞争,农业资源也会由国内配置转向国内国际双重配置。
中国入世,绿色壁垒逐步取代了关税和配额,成为我国农产品出口面临的最大障碍。
在这样的背景下,中国农业如何应对将会是一个亟待做出抉择的问题。
研究如何有效地利用wto规则和机制来保护和促进我国农业的发展将是一个重要的课题。
鉴于此,我选择了中国加入wto后的外贸研究这个论文课题,希望通过自己论文写作的过程,来加深对wto的了解。
二、有关论文课题调查和研究情况,预计论文达到的目的,要求由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题说清楚,应包含两个部分:总述、提纲。
1 总述
开题报告的.总述部分应首先提出选题,并简明扼要地说明该选题的目的、目前相关课题研究情况、理论适用、研究方法、必要的数据等等。
2 提纲
开题报告包含的论文提纲可以是粗线条的,是一个研究构想的基本框架。
可采用整句式或整段式提纲形式。
在开题阶段,提纲的目的是让人清楚论文的基本框架,没有必要像论文目录那样详细。
3 参考文献
开题报告中应包括相关参考文献的目录
4 要求
开题报告应有封面页,总页数应不少于4页。
版面格式应符合以下第3部分第2)项“格式”的规定。
开 题 报 告
学 生:
一、 选题意义
1、 理论意义
2、 现实意义
二、 论文综述
1、 理论的渊源及演进过程
2、 国外有关研究的综述
3、 国内研究的综述
4、 本人对以上综述的评价
三、 论文提纲
前言、
一、
1、
2、
3、
·
二、
1、
2、
3、
··
三、
1、
2、
3、
结论
四、论文写作进度安排
毕业论文开题报告提纲
一、开题报告封面:论文题目、系别、专业、年级、姓名、导师
二、目的意义和国内外研究概况
三、论文的理论依据、研究方法、研究内容
四、研究条件和可能存在的问题
五、预期的结果
六、进度安排
【三】function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.
from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.
among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective.
translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.
therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.
the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive.
the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.
translation phenomena are noted down.
with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.
i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts.
“norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.
function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc. 2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm. 2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study. 2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random. 2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also. (Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.) .
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考) “It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217) ‘“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation C Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982. Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988. Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152. 张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州:海峡文艺出版社,1990. 戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“1条龙”体系,外语教学与研究,(5).
附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)(中文) 对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文 论品牌名称翻译的特殊性 专 业:
研究方向:
作 者:
导 师:
写作时间: ― 对外经济贸易大学
英语学院 (英文)
School of International Studies
University of International Business and Economics Pragmatic Strategies
in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of
University of International Business and Economics
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the degree of Master of ArtsApril
Beijing, China
硕士研究生开题技巧报告
1. 选题依据
计划在今天已逐渐成为一门显学,大至国家事务,小至个人日常生活,社会各个领域都离不开计划,各类大大小小的成功项目,很大程度上都自觉或不自觉地导入,实施了相应的计划活动。计划学的兴起是知识经济时代资源整合化的大势所趋。而反映到艺术设计学的领域,我们可以发现,计划同样有极大的发展空间:如何设计,如何保证优良的设计,这都需要科学的调查研究,需要精准的分析定位,需要详实的设计依据,需要合理的组织安排,这些与我们通常理解的形式,风格的赋予层面的“设计”相异而相成的工作,就是设计计划的内容。而如何正确进行设计计划,存在着一个方法论的问题。在学科间的交叉融合成为当前学术主流的大环境下,设计计划应该可以打通各设计专业间的藩篱,为取得成功的设计提供行之有效的方法上的支持。
在设计先进国家,对设计计划方面已有一定程度的研究。尤其在设计方法研究方面,已取得比较成熟的结果,出现了一些有效的方法,如技术预测法,科学类比法,系统分析设计法,创造性设计法,逻辑设计法,信号分析法,相似设计法,模拟设计法,有限元法,优化设计法,可靠性设计法,动态分析设计法,模糊设计法等。这些方法侧重于不同的专业设计方向,而设计计划面临不同设计专业,更需要的是一种整合的灵活的解决问题的计划方法。这就需要我们针对计划自身的学科特点,从现有的成型的方法群中进行提炼,总结出一套适应现在情况的设计计划方法来。
2. 创新性及难度
本文将参考管理决策方法与相关设计方法研究的成果, 试图寻找一套对于我国设计师来说,明确可行的跨专业设计计划的方法体系。
本文致力于从简明实效的角度,为设计计划人员提供易于操控,而且便于和各个专业设计师进行沟通、交流的方法。要求该方法不仅对专业设计团队的计划环节有用,对个体设计人员的的设计工作也应具有指导作用。这就需要针对我国设计现状,从国内外各学科领域名目众多的相关方法中进行精心挑选,合理安排,科学综合的处理,创造出一套高效的计划方法来。虽然国外的相关成果业已成熟,但如何在众多不同侧重角度的方法中总结出理想的计划方法,需要我们对所有已知方法深入地认识和理解,同时明了我们设计各专业的工作规律,以期做到跨专业的有效性。
本文具有一定的难度。首先在对计划的理论性分析与研究中,需要树立对计划的正确理解与认识,进而廓清设计计划的概念。接着将在设计计划方法论层面的研究上,对设计计划及其方法论进一步阐述。鉴于国内现在并没有对设计计划有深入的的系统的研究,该书内容基本上属此方面问题的首次讨论,面临着缺乏大量相关经验及理论借鉴的景况,所以需要作者在目前积累的实践性资料和相关学科的研究成果中加以总结与深化。
本文最大的难度在于资料的搜集上,国内相关资料匮乏且本方向的研究缺乏交流的气候,而由于我院互联网情报系统的不完善和出于对技术保密的考虑,也很难从互联网上得到理想的资料。作者只能从书店,图书馆和其他专业的老师和同学手中求取所需要的信息。当然本研究方向的直接信息是很缺少的`,更多是从其它方向的研究成果中搜集所需要的信息资料。方法的研究是一个涉及面很广的课题,也需要从很多领域进行比较分,探索总结。而从一个学科到另一个学科的跳跃性研究,需要迅速转换思维及反复调整视点,这也对作者的思维技能,思考方式,学术视野及知识积累等方面的研究素质提出了很大的挑战。
3. 研究方案的可行性和合理性
由于国际设计交流间的局限和我国设计界的特殊情况,尤其是国内设计教育上的某种封闭性和滞后性,我国业界对设计计划方法的认知尚不够深入,还缺乏一套完整的,在教学和实践中简明且易于操作的设计计划方法。经初步调查,当前学界内仅有的几本相关著作,也仅限于对西方某些设计方法与程序的简单的介绍,没有很专业地从计划的层面进行系统阐述,而市场上连篇累牍的相关书籍主要是从市场营销和工商管理方面着手,对设计类诸专业的设计计划,并不具备现实指导作用。所以亟待有这么一套专业性较强的设计计划方法及其论著出现。在某种程度上,本书的出现将对设计计划这一门新兴学科,起到填补教学用书空白的作用。而从技术的角度而言,本书的完成也有相当的可行性,在分院近几年来的设计策划课程的教学中,已为之积累了大量新鲜的实践性,经验性资料。而分院的教育架构,亦为这个跨专业的研究项目做好了充分的人力物力资源上的准备。
4.预期成果
本书预期字数为12万字,分为理论与方法两大版,仅阐述设计计划的相关内容,更重要是推出设计计划的概念与方法。所涉及范围主要包括管理学,决策学,认识论,方法论,创造学,心理学,行为组织学,人类学,社会学,设计学,史学等诸多学科领域,最终将完成一本集科学有效的方法程序,大量生动案例及实际操作指导于一身的,具有教学指导作用的专业书籍。现在本书工作已大致完成资料收集阶段任务,在下阶段三个月的时间内,我将就所收资料进行分析总结,完成方法程序的完善工作。
由于开题报告是用文字体现的论文总构想,因而篇幅不必过大,但要把计划研究的课题、如何研究、理论适用等主要问题写清楚。写开题报告的时候大致包括以下几个方面:
(1)论文名称
1,名称要准确,规范。文章题目要体现研究的侧重点,要呈现研究对象以及要解决的问题;切忌简单的罗列对象或者陈述事实;文章题目不宜使用公文式的标题。
2,名称要简洁,一般不超过20字。
(2)论文研究的目的、意义
研究的目的和意义也就是为什么要研究它,具体有什么价值。写的时候要有针对性,注重资料分析基础,注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要。可以主要从以下几个方面谈:1.课题提出的背景;2.在现实中的应用;3.在理论和学术上的价值,方案实施后在学术上有什么推动作用。
(3)国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)
要以查阅文献为前提,所查阅的文献应与研究问题相关,但又不能过于局限。要注重分析研究,善于发现问题,突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点;要摒弃偏见,例如不引用与导师及本人观点相悖的观点就是一个明显的错误。综述的对象,除观点外,还可以是材料与方法等。
一般包括:掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台、研究的特色或突破点。
(4)论文研究的指导思想
指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是政府的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。
(5)论文写作的目标
论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题,即本论文写作的目标定位,确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。
常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确; 目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。
确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考虑实际的工作条件,确保在现实中的可操作性及可实现性。
(6)论文的基本内容
研究内容是要和将来的毕业设计结合起来的。所以在决定研究内容的时候要注意工作量和涉及的内容。研究内容一般是2~3点,1,对研究的对象,研究的问题,研究的方法的解释;2,对相关的术语、理论等的解释。当然,包含的内容也可以根据实际情况增加。
在写研究内容时一定要有科学依据,确保方案的可行性。
(7)论文写作的方法
选题确立后,最重要的莫过于方法。即便是已研究过的课题,只要采取一个新的视角,采用一种新的方法,也常能得出创新的结论。具体的写作方法可从下面选定:观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、 个案法、比较研究法、文献资料法等。
(8)论文写作的步骤
论文写作的步骤要充分考虑研究内容的相互关系和难易程度,一般都是从基础问题开始,分阶段进行,每个阶段从什么时间开始,至什么时间结束都要有规定,对于每个阶段的'主要任务、阶段目标、在各个阶段具体由谁负责、由谁处理相关事项等也要精确的给出。
开题报告到这里基本就完成了,在这里再次强调一下,在写的时候一定要注意以下四个问题:1,题目的准确性;2,框架的完整性;3,内容的逻辑性;4,选用术语的准确性。
(一)开题报告名称
第一,名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么,研究的对象是什么交待清楚,论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致,不能太大,也不能太小,要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。
第二,名称要简洁,不能太长。不管是论文或者课题,名称都不能太长,能不要的字就尽量不要,一般不要超过20个字。
(二)开题报告研究的目的、意义
研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述,指出现实当中存在这个问题,需要去研究,去解决,本论文的研究有什么实际作用,然后,再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点,有针对性一点,不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括:(1)研究的有关背景(课题的提出):即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。(2)通过分析本地(校)的教育教学实际,指出为什么要研究该课题,研究的价值,要解决的问题。
(三)本开题报告国内外研究的历史和现状(文献综述)
规范的开题报告应该有文献综述,如果是小课题可以省略该部分。文献综述一般包括:其研究的广度、深度和已取得的成果;寻找有待进一步研究的问题,从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、研究的特色或突破点。
(四)开题报告研究的指导思想
指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向,符合什么要求等,这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论,也可以是政府的教育发展规划,也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。
(五)开题报告写作的目标
论文写作的目标就是课题最后要达到的具体目的;要解决哪些具体问题,就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标,也是本论文写作的目标定位。确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。
常见存在问题是:不写研究目标;目标扣题不紧;目标用词不准确;目标定得过高,对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。
确定论文写作目标时,一方面要考虑课题本身的要求,另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。
(六)开题报告的基本内容
研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现,目标与内容不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候,往往考虑的不是很具体,写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊,把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。
基本内容一般包括:(1)对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点:研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。(2)本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。
1、自己为什么选择这个课题?
2、研究这个课题的意义和目的是什么?
3、全文的基本框架、基本结构是如何安排的?
4、全文的各部分之间逻辑关系如何?
5、在研究本课题的过程中,发现了那些不同见解?对这些不同的意见,自己是怎样逐步认识的?又是如何处理的?
6、论文虽未论及,但与其较密切相关的问题还有哪些?
7、还有哪些问题自己还没有搞清楚,在论文中论述得不够透彻?
8、写作论文时立论的主要依据是什么?
对以上问题应仔细想一想,必要时要用笔记整理出来,写成发言提纲,在答辩时用。这样才能做到有备无患,临阵不慌。
一、答辩技巧
学生首先要介绍一下论文的概要,这就是所谓“自述报告”,须强调一点的是“自述”而不是“自读”。这里重要的技巧是必须注意不能照本宣读,把报告变成了“读书”。“照本宣读”是第一大忌。这一部分的内容可包括写作动机、缘由、研究方向、选题比较、研究范围、围绕这一论题的最新研究成果、自己在论文中的新见解、新的理解或新的突破。做到概括简要,言简意赅。不能占用过多时间,一般以十分钟为限。所谓“削繁去冗留清被,画到无时是熟时”,就是说,尽量做到词约旨丰,一语中的。要突出重点,把自己的最大收获、最深体会、最精华与最富特色的部分表述出来。这里要注意一忌主题不明;二忌内容空泛,东拉西扯;三忌平平淡淡,没有重点。
在答辩时,学生要注意仪态与风度,这是进入人们感受渠道的第一信号。如果答辩者能在最初的两分种内以良好的仪态和风度体现出良好的形象,就有了一个良好的开端。有人将人的体态分解为最小单位来研究(如头、肩、胸、脊、腰等)认为凹胸显现怯懦、自卑,挺胸显示情绪高昂D但过分则为傲慢自负;肩手颈正显示正直、刚强,脊背挺拔体现严肃而充满自信。但过于如此,就会被人看作拘泥刻板保守,略为弯腰有度,稍稍欠身可表示谦虚礼貌。孙中山先生曾说过“其所具风度姿态,即使全场有肃然起敬之心,举动格式又须使听者有安静详和之气”他的这番金玉良言,对我们确实有很大的启发。
在听取教师提问时所要掌握的技巧要领是:
沉着冷静,边听边记
精神集中,认真思考
既要自信,又要虚心
实事求是,绝不勉强
听准听清,听懂听明
在回答问题时所要掌握的技巧是构思时要求每个问题所要答的“中心”“症结”“关健”在哪里?从哪一个角度去回答问题最好?应举什么例子来证明?回答问题的内容实质上是一段有组织的“口头作文”。这就要一、文章应有论点、论据。
二、有开头主体与结尾。三、有条理、有层次。四、应用词确当,语言流畅。五、应口齿清楚、语速适度。开头要简洁:单刀直入,是最好的开头,开门见山地表述观点,在答辩中是最好的办法。主体部份的表述可条分缕析,即把所要回答的内容逐条归纳分析,实际上是对自己掌握的材料由此及彼,由表及里地做整理。这样的表述就不会流于表面,而能深入本质。条分缕析可以把自己掌握的一些实际例子合并,整理成若干条目,列成几个小标题:分成几点,一点一点,一条一条地说出。满碗的饭必须一口一口吃,满肚子的道理也必须一条一条讲出来,环环相扣,条条相连,令人听完后有清楚的印象。假如在准备的时候已经准备了一个较完整的提纲,那么沿着回答问题的主线,再穿上一些玉珠(举例子)就可以做到中心明确,条理清楚,有理有例了。
作为将要参加论文答辩同学,首先而且必须对自己所著的毕业论文内容有比较深刻理解和比较全面的熟悉。这是为回答毕业论文答辩委员会成员就有关毕业论文的深度及相关知识面而可能提出的论文答辩问题所做的准备。所谓“深刻的理解”是对毕业论文有横向的把握。例如题为《创建名牌产品发展民族产业》的论文,毕业论文答辩委员会可能会问“民族品牌”与“名牌”有何关系。尽管毕业论文中未必涉及“民族品牌”,但 参加论文答辩的学生必须对自己的毕业论文有“比较全面的熟悉”和“比较深刻的理解”,否则,就会出现尴尬局面。
二、论文答辩DD图表穿插
任何毕业论文,无论是文科还是理科都或多或少地涉及到用图表表达论文观点的可能,故我认为应该有此准备。图表不仅是一种直观的表达观点的方法,更是一种调节论文答辩会气氛的手段,特别是对私人论文答辩委员会成员来讲,长时间地听述,听觉难免会有排斥性,不再对你论述的内容接纳吸收,这样,必然对你的毕业论文答辩成绩有所影响。所以,应该在论文答辩过程中适当穿插图表或类似图表的其它媒介以提高你的论文答辩成绩。
三、论文答辩DD语流适中
进行毕业论文答辩的同学一般都是首次。无数事实证明,他们论文答辩时,说话速度往往越来越快,以致毕业答辩委员会成员听不清楚,影响了毕业答辩成绩。故毕业答辩学生一定要注意在论文答辩过程中的语流速度,要有急有缓,有轻有重,不能像连珠炮似地轰向听众。
四、论文答辩DD目光移动
毕业生在论文答辩时,一般可脱稿,也可半脱稿,也可完全不脱稿。但不管哪种方式,都应注意自己的目光,使目光时常地瞟向论文答辩委员会成员及会场上的同学们。这是你用目光与听众进行心灵的交流,使听众对你的论题产生兴趣的一种手段。在毕业论文答辩会上,由于听的时间过长,委员们难免会有分神现象,这时,你用目光的投射会很礼貌地将他们的神“拉”回来,使委员们的思路跟着你的思路走。
五、论文答辩DD体态语辅助
虽然毕业论文答辩同其它论文答辩一样以口语为主,但适当的体态语运用会辅助你的论文答辩,使你的论文答辩效果更好。特别是手势语言的恰当运用会显得自信、有力、不容辩驳。相反,如果你在论文答辩过程中始终直挺挺地站着,或者始终如一地低头俯视,即使你的论文结构再合理、主题再新颖,结论再正确,论文答辩效果也会大受影响。所以在毕业论文答辩时,一定要注意使用体态语。
六、论文答辩DD时间控制
一般在比较正规的论文答辩会上,都对辩手有答辩时间要求,因此,毕业 论文答辩学生在进行论文答辩时应重视论文答辩时间的掌握。对论文答辩时间的控制要有力度,到该截止的时间立即结束,这样,显得有准备,对内容的掌握和控制也轻车熟路,容易给毕业论文答辩委员会成员一个良好的印象。故在毕业论文答辩前应该对将要答辩的内容有时间上的估计。当然在毕业论文答辩过程中灵活地减少或增加也是对论文答辩时间控制的一种表现,应该重视。
七、论文答辩DD紧扣主题
在校园中进行毕业论文答辩,往往辩手较多,因此,对于毕业论文答辩委员会成员来说,他们不可能对每一位的毕业论文内容有全面的了解,有的甚至连毕业论文题目也不一定熟悉。因此,在整个论文答辩过程中能否围绕主题进行,能否最后扣题就显得非常重要了。另外,委员们一般也容易就论文题目所涉及的问题进行提问,如界能自始至终地以论文题目为中心展开论述就会使评委思维明朗,对你的毕业论文给予肯定。
八、论文答辩DD人称使用
在毕业论文答辩过程中必然涉及到人称使用问题,我建议尽量多地使用第一人称,如“我”“我们”即使论文中的材料是引用他人的,用 “我们引用”了哪儿哪儿的数据或材料,特别是毕业论文大多是称自己作的,所以要更多使用而且是果断地、大胆地使用第一人称“我”和“我们”。如果是这样,会使人有这样的印象:东西是你的,工作做了不少!
1.德育答辩论文开题报告
2.解读开题报告格式与开题报告写作技巧
3.开题报告的格式与开题报告的写作技巧全文
4.英语教学法毕业论文开题报告及答辩技巧
5.本科生毕业论文开题报告及答辩技巧
6.德育答辩论文开题报告怎么写
7.开题报告答辩开场白
8.开题报告的写作技巧
9.课题开题报告格式及技巧
10.研究生开题报告的技巧
硕士研究生毕业论文开题报告的技巧有哪些
开题报告是研究生毕业论文工作的重要环节,是指为阐述、审核和确定毕业论文题目而做的专题书面报告,它是研究生实施毕业论文课题研究的前瞻性计划和依据,是监督和保证论文质量的重要措施,同时也是训练研究生科研能力与学术作品撰写能力的有效的实践活动,
《中国青年报》报道:复旦大学新闻学院xx级研究生所做毕业论文开题报告,仅有不到1/3的博士研究生获一次性通过,而78位硕士研究生,10人没获通过,仅有19人获一次性通过。这在复旦大学乃至于全国研究生教育的历史上都很少见。但据笔者了解,倘若以严肃的眼光审视目前学位与研究生教育的论文开题报告工作,可以说,管理部门、导师、研究生三者均不同程度地存在着认识不足的问题视论文开题报告为走过场、视论文开题报告为形式。除思想上重视不足外,对毕业设计开题报告的撰写方法缺乏了解也是重要原因之一。鉴于此,笔者结合自己的管理工作体会,就毕业论文开题报告的写法和技巧做一探讨。
1 毕业论文选题的原则
毕业论文选题一般要求满足以下原则:
①开拓性:前人没有专门研究过或虽已研究但尚无理想的结果,有待进一步的探讨和研究,或是学术界有分歧,有必要深入研究探讨的问题;
②先进性:硕士毕业论文要有新的见解,博士毕业论文要做出创造性成果;
③成果的必要性:所选课题应有需要背景,针对实际的和科学发展的需要,即应有实际效益或学术价值;
④成果的可能性:课题的内容要有科学性,难易程度和工作量要适当,充分考虑到在一定时间内获得成果的可能性。
以上要求说明,毕业论文题目不是给定的,而是研究出来的,只有在对所研究领域的过去、现在的研究资料等信息进行全面把握、深入分析的基础上,才能够确立满足以上四性要求的选题,从而为完成高质量的毕业论文奠定坚实的基础。无论是结合导师已有科研任务的选题,还是自选课题,选题之前的信息积累与发现问题均是研究生所必须经历的过程,尽管导师已完成了以上过程,但导师并不能替代研究生,这就是研究生学习、研究的独立性要求。
2 开题报告的内容与撰写要求
开题报告的内容一般包括:题目、立论依据(毕业论文选题的目的与意义、国内外研究现状)、研究方案(研究目标、研究内容、研究方法、研究过程、拟解决的关键问题及创新点)、条件分析(仪器设备、协作单位及分工、人员配置)等。
2.1 开题报告毕业论文题目
题目是毕业论文中心思想的高度概括,要求:
①准确、规范。要将研究的问题准确地概括出来,反映出研究的深度和广度,反映出研究的性质,反映出实验研究的基本要求处理因素、受试对象及实验效应等。用词造句要科学、规范。
②简洁。要用尽可能少的文字表达,一般不得超过20个汉字。
2.2 开题报告毕业设计立论依据
开题报告中要考虑:
① 毕业论文的选题目的与意义,即回答为什么要研究,交代研究的价值及需要背景。一般先谈现实需要由存在的问题导出研究的实际意义,然后再谈理论及学术价值,要求具体、客观,且具有针对性,注重资料分析基础,注重时代、地区或单位发展的需要,切忌空洞无物的口号。
② 国内外研究现状,即文献综述,要以查阅文献为前提,所查阅的文献应与研究问题相关,但又不能过于局限。与问题无关则流散无穷;过于局限又违背了学科交叉、渗透原则,使视野狭隘,思维窒息。所谓综述的综即综合,综合某一学科领域在一定时期内的研究概况;述更多的并不是叙述,而是评述与述评,即要有作者自己的独特见解。要注重分析研究,善于发现问题,突出选题在当前研究中的位置、优势及突破点;要摒弃偏见,不引用与导师及本人观点相悖的观点是一个明显的错误。综述的对象,除观点外,还可以是材料与方法等。
此外,文献综述所引用的主要参考文献应予著录,一方面可以反映作者立论的真实依据,另一方面也是对原著者创造性劳动的尊重。
2.3 开题报告毕业设计研究方案
开题报告中要考虑:
① 研究的目标。只有目标明确、重点突出,才能保证具体的研究方向,才能排除研究过程中各种因素的干扰。
② 研究的内容。要根据研究目标来确定具体的研究内容,要求全面、详实、周密,研究内容笼统、模糊,甚至把研究目的、意义当作内容,往往使研究进程陷于被动。
③ 研究的方法。选题确立后,最重要的莫过于方法。假如对牛弹琴,不看对象地应用方法,错误便在所难免,相反,即便是已研究过的课题,只要采取一个新的视角,采用一种新的`方法,也常能得出创新的结论。
④ 研究的过程。整个研究在时间及顺序上的安排,要分阶段进行,对每一阶段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及成果均要有明确的规定,阶段之间不能间断,以保证研究进程的连续性。
⑤ 拟解决的关键问题。对可能遇到的最主要的、最根本的关键性困难与问题要有准确、科学的估计和判断,并采取可行的解决方法和措施。
⑥ 创新点。要突出重点,突出所选课题与同类其他研究的不同之处。
2.4 开题报告毕业设计条件分析
突出仪器设备等物质条件的优势。明确协作单位及分工,分工要合理,明确各自的工作及职责,同时又要注意全体人员的密切合作。提倡成立导师组,导师组成员的选择要充分考虑课题研究的实际需要,要以知识结构的互补为依据。
以上就毕业论文开题报告之构成要素的撰写进行了简要的介绍。要写好开题报告,除了掌握必要的开题报告的写法之外,笔者认为,思想上一定高度重视,平时要勤动笔,并善于学习借鉴他人开题报告的优点。
题 目 An Analysis of the Character Portia in the Merchant of Venice
一、本课题的研究目的及意义
(一)研究目的
莎士比亚作为英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的艺术大师,被马克思称之为“最伟大的戏剧天才”。透过似真似幻的舞台和匠心独具的故事,莎翁塑造了一系列不朽的人物典型。尤其是塑造了众多而鲜明的人物形象。在莎士比亚的剧作中出场的女性人物有一百多人,在众多的女性人物中上至贵族,下至平民百姓,几乎是各不相同。而《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚更是被公认为莎士比亚笔下别具风采的女性形象。众多评论家认为莎士比亚戏剧中刻画的女性形象大都非常贴近生活,具有巨大的认识价值。。在这一讽刺喜剧《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚美丽、善良、机智、自信、富有才华和胆识,正体现了莎士比亚从男性的视觉自发塑造的理想中的新女性。作为新女性的鲍西亚,具有一定的判逆性格,不甘于被命运摆弄做逆来顺受的“家庭天使”,在一定程度上体现了莎士比亚对人文主义精神的追求。然而,从女性主义的视角来分析,在男性为中心的社会里,鲍西亚绝非真正具有女性的自我意识,而是甘于向父权社会妥协的不完美的新女性。本课题通过对《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象的分析,让读者了解鲍西亚思想上、性格上的先进性与局限性,对现代女性起到一定的启示作用。
(二)研究意义
莎士比亚通过对生活细致入微的观察,对人性深刻的剖析,创作出《威尼斯商人》这部极具讽刺性的喜剧。在莎士比亚的笔下,女性的感情与理智平分秋色,女性是以与男性平等的形象出现的。这在鲍西亚这一角色身上表现最为突出。鲍西亚美丽温柔、忠贞不渝、善良可爱、机智勇敢、足智多谋。她掌握着自己的命运,不仅在自主选择丈夫方面,而且在与夏洛克的斗争中起到了关键性的作用。在当今的现实生活中,鲍西亚光彩照人的女性形象也可以带给人们启迪和借鉴。鲍西亚在金钱和爱情的杠杆上,选择了爱情。在她的内心深处爱情价更高,是金钱、物质所无法取代的。她对于爱情忠贞不渝和执着,值得现代生活中个别只追求物质享受的女人去学习。在现实生活中,个别人不应该由于自己的优越条件而歧视别人,更要学会不用有色眼光去看待别人。在法庭上,讲义气、才智非凡的鲍西亚女扮男装以法律博士的身份出场,使剧情有了戏剧性的转折,使夏洛克一步步在不知不觉中陷入她的计策。她成功的妙计足以显示出其学问深厚,机智敏锐,有胆有识的特点,这种女性形象也是我们所认同和赞赏的。《威尼斯商人》中的鲍西亚人物形象具有生动鲜明,栩栩如生,有血有肉等特点。本文通过对《威尼斯商人》主要人物鲍西亚的分析,力图从新的视角去尝试发觉人物的真实性和人物的多面性,给现实生活中的人们以启迪和借鉴。
二、已了解的本课题国内外研究现状
(一)国外研究现状
欧洲的14到16世纪,是人类文化发展史上的一个重要时期。发源于意大利的强大的人文主义运动很快席卷欧洲各国。它从反对封建专制,教会权威和禁欲主义的历史要求出发,肯定人的价值,赞美人的理性和智慧,提倡人对现世幸福的追求和个性自由。这一时期的欧洲戏剧以英国和西班牙为主流,其中莎士比亚的许多剧作是世界戏剧宝库中珍品。从17世纪开始,莎士比亚戏剧渐次传入了德、法、意、俄、美等国,对各国戏剧产生了深远的影响。他虽说生活在400多年前,直到今天各国都有许多研究、评论莎士比亚和他作品的学者,评论家。17世纪有德莱登;18世纪有卜普、约翰生和莫尔根;19世纪有兰姆、柯勒律治;20世纪有道登和布雷德莱。世界各国许多著名的文学家和文艺评论家如德国的歌德,法国的伏尔泰、雨果,俄罗斯的普希金、托尔斯泰等人,都对莎士比亚作品有过精彩的评论。英国著名文学评论家萨缪尔.约翰逊认为莎士比亚的戏剧是生活的镜子,“谁要是被其他作家们捏造出来的荒.唐故事弄得头昏眼花,读一下莎士比亚用凡人的语言所表达的凡人思想感情就会医治好他的颠三倒四的狂想”。《威尼斯商人》的一大成就,就是在轻松的喜剧描写中不忘反映时代,并非只在台词里述说介绍,而是通过情节、人物和人物关系等几个方面,来显示时代风貌和生活要求。
(二)国内研究现状
莎士比亚的名字是由传教士在1856年介绍过来的。清末,我国思想界代表人物严复、梁启超等都在译著中提到莎士比亚的名字。而他的戏剧直到19五四运动以后,才用白话文和戏剧的形式翻译过来。新中国成立以后,特别是20世纪50年代,出现了许多新译本,其中就有方平译的《威尼斯商人》,也是在这一时期我国学者开始阐释并莎士比亚及其作品《威尼斯商人》中的基督教文化内涵,这不仅是我国莎学研究的进一步补充与完善,更是与国际学术接轨的重大举措,是理性沉思后的再审视。20世纪60年代方平先生在他的莎学研究中仍然突出了意识形态与阶级斗争。他认为,莎士比亚的喜剧《威尼斯商人》所表现的“积财就是积富”和“守财就是进财”,表明资本主义经济势力开始在历史舞台上露头,构成了它的互为补充的两套道德教条。而自1985年到的来我国大陆的莎士比亚喜剧研究像《威尼斯商人》,发现大致可分为三个方面,喜剧本质研究、人物形象的研究和比较研究。对莎翁喜剧本质关注的角度主要在于探讨其喜剧体现出来的喜剧精神、喜剧艺术、喜剧美学。人物研究集中在对夏洛克和女性人物分析,主题定位于爱和友谊。
三、本课题的研究内容
摘要
(一) 本课题研究的目的及意义
(二)本课题相关的研究综述
(三)本课题研究的基本思路和主要内容
简单介绍《威尼斯商人》中的作者背景和历史背景
对《威尼斯商人》中女性人物鲍西亚的分析
鲍西亚的本质
鲍西亚的人文主义精神
鲍西亚的女性自我意识
三、《威尼斯商人》中女性局限性的表现
(一)父权社会对女性的控制
(二)以丈夫为中心
(三)社会对女性的忽视
四、威尼斯商人对现代女性的启示
(一)夫妻间的两性关系
(二)爱情独立性和平等性的探求
(三)社会对女性的压力
五、对课题《威尼斯商人》的总结
四、本课题研究的步骤、方法及进度安排
研究的步骤:1.审理清楚课题的意思和研究方向
2.了解课题的研究现状和查找相关的资料
3.在图书馆和网络上收集相关的书籍和资料,整合资料并做好笔记
4.拟写开题报告
5.拟写大纲
6.着手写正文
7.论文修改与定稿
研究的方法:文献法、理论研究法(到图书馆查找纸质及电子资料)
讨论法(与同学讨论相关的研究内容)
实证研究法(通过相关的例子又发思考)
进度安排:.12 .12---2011.12.20 选题
.02.10 定题
2012.02.15--- 2012.03.10查找资料,初定提纲和开题报告
2012.03.15---2012.04.05 论文初稿并修改
2012.0.4.10---2012.04.30论文修改并定稿
五、主要参考文献
[1]Jameson. Shakespeare’s Heroines. London: Longman, 1961.
[2]Wilson, John Dover. Shakespearian Comedies. Chicago: Northwest University Press, 1962.
[3]方平. 和莎士比亚交个朋友吧[M]. 成都:四川人民出版社,1983.
[4]郭元波, 唐爽. Humanistic Interpretation of the Merchant of Venice [J]. 辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)(3):94—96.
[5]胡健生,朱祖林. The Excellent Use of “Abrupt Turn” and the Elaborate Construction of “Behind—the—Screen characters”—A Novel Interpretation of the Artistic Features of the Venice Merchant[J].宝鸡文理学院学报(社会科学报), (2):42-46
[6]黄必康. 莎士比亚名篇赏析[M]. 北京:北京出版社,.
[7]栗沙. 亦喜亦悲两相宜-《威尼斯商人》解释[J].贵州师大学学报:(2).
[8]黎会华. 从《威尼斯商人》的女性人物塑造看莎士比亚的女权主义倾向[J].浙江师范大学学报(社会科学版), (2):23-26.
[9]欧华恩. 论夏洛克性格的多元组合[J]. 邵阳学院学报(社会科学版),2005(4):16-19.
[10]王述文. On Images of Heroines in Shakespeare’s Four Greatest Comedies[J].四川外语学院学报, 2000(4):16.
[11]王佐良,祝钰. European Culture An Introduction[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,.
[12]温祖荫.世界名著介绍与欣赏[M].福州:福建教育出版社.1983.
[13]肖四新.论莎士比亚的人性观[J].宁夏大学学报(社会科学版), 2006(2):12.
[14]张祥和,杨菲翡. Function of Disguise in Shakespeare’s Comedies [J]. 南京工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2004 (3):27-29.
[15]智量.外国文学名作自学手册[M]. 上海:上海艺术出版社,1985.
一、 选题的目的和意义:
当今世界高校的大学英语( 非英语专业的英语学习) 都相继走上了ESP 教学的道路( 蔡基刚,20xx, 20xx),而我国大学英语却始终停留在General English( 普通英语) 上( 蔡基刚,20xx) ,我们河南理工大学地质工程的大学英语教学还处于普通英语教学时期,虽然开设了一门《地球科学》双语课程,但是没能实现大学英语教学与双语教学的融合,这方面没有老师进行专门用途英语教学的实践。
本篇论文首先对我国高校地质工程专业大学英语教学现状进行调研,并分析阻碍本专业大学英语由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移的因素。通过本次调研可以让我们更清晰的认识到我国地质工程专业的大学英语的教学现状,为本专业英语教学由普通英语( GE) 向专门用途英语( ESP) 转移提供参考数据。
《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》以获得上海市教育委员会批准,上海市专门用途英语( ESP)又向前迈进了一大步;地质是矿业的基础,作为我国矿业高等学校的发源地的河南理工大学,更要做矿业方面专门用途英语教学的开拓者甚至领头羊,我们学校应该加大这一学科的探索研究。河南理工大上学地质工程专业的《地球科学》双语课在20xx年已经建成为国家级双语教学示范课程,地质工程专业大学英语教学与双语教学融合为专门用途英语教学的探索可能是这一平台将来的发展方向。我呼吁我们学校外国语学院与资源环境学院尽快进行沟通合作,这也是我写这篇论文的目的。本篇论文的提出不仅对我校地质工程大学英语教学走向专门用途英语教学有促进意义,同时对其他专业也有借鉴参考作用。
二、 国内外研究综述:
我国大学英语教学大致分为三个阶段:
第一阶段是从建国后到七十年代末,起初我国的外语教育以俄语为主,62年开始推广英语教学,当时的英语教学是典型的传授式以传统系统知识为目的,后因“”刚刚开始的公共英语教学也就此折腰;
第二阶段是从改革开放初至世纪末,一批归国学者从国外引进了二语习得 、语言共核 、功能意念 、语言技能 、English for General Purposes (EGP ) 等当时的先进理论,形成以培养学生阅读能力为主的教学模式。 1986年末 ,国家教育部高等教育司开始筹备大学英语教学的评价系统一一大学英语四 、六级考试,并沿用至今。
第三阶段是从21世纪初至今,新世纪以来 ,随着国际国内形势的不断变化 、高科技的发展 、网络技术的普及 ,社会对大学生的英语 水平及语言应用能力又有了更高的要求 。明确了大学英语的教学目 标是:“培养学生的英语综合应用 能力 ,特别是听说 能力 ,能用英语有效地进行交际 ,同时增强其自主学习能力”。大学英语四 、六级考试在20xx年和20xx年也进行了改革,以适应这一要求。
国际专门用途英语起源于第二次世界大战之后, 时间大致是二十世纪的六十年代, 其标志是年月于英国伦敦召开的一次关于二语教学作为影响亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲国家和地区发展的一个因素的国际性会议)。(周平。《山东农业大学学报(社会科学版)》20xx年02期)。国际专门用途在研究领域方面,不管是学术论文还是书评,占主导地位的研究方向是语篇分析。而在专门用途英语类别方面,还是以学术英语和经贸英语为主。在英语技能方面,大多数研究者主要关注写作方面的研究。(张维军。《中国ESP研究》20xx年01期)
我国专门用途英语 的教学研究起步较晚,直到20 世纪70 年代末才开始,大致经历了3 个发展阶段:
第一阶段是从20 世纪70 年代末至80 年代末。这一阶段国内的专门用途英语教学以科技英语为主。
第二阶段大致为20 世纪90 年代。这一阶段以介绍推广专门用途英语教学的理念为主。随着国内外经济交往的频繁,商务活动的增多,对商务英语的教学研究在这一时期逐渐取代科技英语研究成为主流。另外还产生了对金融、旅游和医学等领域英语教学的研究。
第三阶段从2000 年至今, 专门用途英语研究在中国全面扩大和深入。随着中国加入世贸组织,对外交流扩大到了整个社会,扩大到了科学技术经济的各个领域……一般的外语技能已很难满足市场需要,社会对专门用途英语教学的需求比以往任何时候都更迫切了。随着我国经济高速发展, 专门用途英语教学迎来了全新的发展时期。
地质工程专门用途英语是专门用途英语的一部分,其专门用途英语教学正处于起步发展阶段。地质工程专业英语教育发展较迅速,但是真正的地质工程专门用途英语教学的发展还处于萌芽阶段。
三、 毕业设计(论文)所用的主要技术与方法:
图书馆查阅资料,网上下载论文,在河南理工大学、中国矿业大学和中国地质大学实地调研,通过整理调研资料对数据进行分析。网上下载本专业大学英语课程及双语课程视频。翻译地质工程《地球科学》双语教材,从翻译实践中总结理论。与学校老师及管教学的领导交谈,整理分析交谈笔记。
四、 主要参考文献与资料获得情况:
[1] 郭剑晶。专门用途英语
. 北京:知识产权出版社,20xx.1.
[2] 蔡基刚。我国第一份以学术英语为导向的大学英语教学指导文件的制定与说明[J]. 外语教学理论与实践,20xx(04)。
[3] 蔡基刚。误解与偏见:阻碍我国大学ESP教学发展的关键[J]. 外语教学,20xx(01)。
[4] 蔡基刚。高等教育国际化背景下的外语教学评价体系调整[J]. 外语电化教学, 20xx(01)。
[5] 蔡基刚。专业英语及其教材对我国高校ESP教学的影响[J]. 外语与外语教学, 20xx(02)。
[6] 蔡基刚。解读《上海市大学英语教学参考框架(试行)》[J]. 中国外语,20xx(02)。
[7] 申婷。大学英语教学发展历程[J]. 中国共产党贵州省委党校学报,20xx(02)。
[8] 张维军。 国际学术界ESP 研究历史与现状:《国际专门用途英语》期刊论文分析[J]. 外语教学理论与实践,20xx(03)。
[9] 严玲。 中国专门用途英语的教学发展趋势 [J]. 长江大学学报,20xx(04)。
五、 毕业设计(论文)进度安排(按周说明)
第一阶段:确定论文题目,收集资料,尽可能多的收集相关书籍、文章、期刊等;
第二阶段:20xx年3月7日(第二周)前完成选题,交论文开题报告;
第三阶段:20xx年4月18日(第八周)前完成初稿,交导师审阅;
第四阶段:20xx年5月9日(第十一周)前接受论文中期检查;
第五阶段:20xx年5月19日(第十二周)前 完成修订初稿,交导师审阅;
第六阶段:20xx年5月23日(第十三周)前完成论文终稿,交稿。
六、 指导教师审批意见:
指导教师: (签名)
年 月 日
the Application and Innovation
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。
根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。
二、研究方案
1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果(大纲) 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果(大纲):
1.A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic
1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels
1.2.1 Historical Reasons
1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance
1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity
1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself
1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful
2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme
2.1.1 Good and Evil
2.1.2 Revenge
2.2 Characters Description
2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl
2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery
2.3.3 Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference
2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件:纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料;
可能存在的问题:(1)文献不足; (2) 由于个人的观点和能力,使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见
1.研究进度安排
(1)论文指导第一周(学期第八周):学生完成初稿。
(2)论文指导第二周(学期第九周):指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
(3)论文指导第三周(学期第十周):学生交论文第二稿。
(4)论文指导第四周(学期第十一周):指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
(5)论文指导第五周(学期第十二周):定稿
(6)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
(7)论文指导第六周(学期第十三周):本周星期五至论文指导第七周(学期第周)星期五,指导教师和评阅教师写评语,学生做好答辩准备。
(8)论文指导第七周(学期第十四周):星期三至论文指导第八周(学期第十五周)开展答辩工作。
2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献 [1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 20.
[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.
[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. .The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.
[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.
[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.
[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11—12页.
[7] 肖明翰. . 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.
题目:A Corpus-based Study on SyntacticFeatures of Business English Correspondence
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.
The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.
1.2 Significance of the Study
This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:
First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.
Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.
Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.
Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:
Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.
Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.
Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.
Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.
Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.
Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.
2 CONTENTS
Abstract in Chinese
Abstract in English
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Significance of the Study
1.3 Layout of the Thesis
2 Literature Review
2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home
2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home
2.3 Summary
3 Theoretical Framework
3.1 Writing Principles of Business English Correspondence
3.2 Lexical Grammar
3.3 Syntactic Theory
4 Methodology
4.1 Corpus-Based Approach
4.2 Research Instruments
4.3 Research Procedures
4.3.1 Data Collection
4.3.2 Data Clean-up
4.3.3 Tokenization
4.3.4 Lemmatization
4.3.5 Part-of-speech Tagging
5 Results and Discussions
5.1 Syntactic Complexity Analysis
5.1.1 Analysis of Word Length and Sentence Length
5.1.2 Contrastive Analysis between Content Words and Function Words
5.1.3 Contrastive Analysis between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence
5.2 Syntactic Pattern Analysis
5.2.1 Passive Voice
5.2.2 Interrogative Sentence
5.2.3 Subjunctive Mood
5.3 Syntactic Feature Analysis
5.3.1 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Request and Comfirmation
5.3.2 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Acceptance and Refusal
5.3.3 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Appreciation and Apology
6 Conclusion
6.1 Major Findings
6.2 Implications for the Study
6.3 Limitations
Acknowledgement
References
Appendix
Papers published in the period of Ph. M. education
3 进度安排
1.Collecting the related materials and designing theresearch, data analysis: Sep.1st-Dec.31st,20XX
2.Writing the first draft: Jan.1st- Feb.31st, 20XX
3.Writing the second draft:Mar. 1st- Apr. 31st,20XX
4.Writing the final draft: May. 1st- May.31st,20XX
5.Preparing for defense of the thesis: June.1st- June31st,20XX
4 References
[1] Dudley-Evans,T. and St John,M.J. (1998)。 Developments in English for Specific Purposes: AMulti-Disciplinary Approach[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:1.
[2] Corbluth,J.D. (1975)。 English or 'Special English'[J]. English Language Teaching Journal24/4:277-286.
[3] Strevens,Peter. (1977)。 New Orientations in the Teaching of English[M]. Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press:72.
[4] Nelson,M. (2000)。 A corpus-based study of Business English and Business English TeachingMaterials[D]. Unpublished Ph D Thesis. University of Manchester.
[5]胡春雨。语料库与商务英语词汇研究[J].广东外语外贸大学学报, (2):55-58.
[6]胡春雨。基于商务英语语料库的RATE搭配特征研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(02):6-12.
[7]陈建平。外贸函电中缩略词的`构词特征及使用要求[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版),(02):78-80.
[8]江进林,许家金。基于语料库的商务英语语域特征多维分析[J].外语教学与研究,(02):225-236+320.
[9] Pickett,D(1986b)Business English: Falling Between Two Styles[J]. COMLON 26:16-21.
[10] Johnson. C.(1993)。 Business English State-of-the-Art Article[J]. Language Teaching 26:201-209.
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
张南峰(译). 王尔德戏剧选. 福州:海峡文艺出版社,1990.
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm。
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
★ 英语开题报告
★ 英语课题开题报告
★ 英语本科开题报告
★ 英语课题开题报告
★ 开题报告