托福达到100阅读要得多少分

以下是小编帮大家整理的托福达到100阅读要得多少分(共含9篇），仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“青雨”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。

篇1：托福达到100阅读要得多少分

托福达到100阅读要得多少分

托福考试想要拿到100分，阅读部分最好能够达到27+，以下是相关的分析。

托福考试的听说读写四项各项均分为 30 分，四项总分为 120 分

就托福阅读的部分来说，这部分均为选择题，分数自然是基于选择题的答题情况。

除最后一题外，每答对一题，得一分。每篇文章的最后一题通常为六选三的题，这种题满分总共为 2 分，没有选对或者选对一个不得分;选对 2 个，得 1 分;三个全对得 2 分。

托福阅读的题目实际上有 42 个题目，并不是 30 个题目，那为什么最后的总分数是 30 分?

其实，托福考试的分数分为了原始得分和标准得分。根据以上的计分规则，自己可以得到一个原始得分，然后再换算成一个 0~30 分之间的标准得分。

也就是说所有阅读题目做完之后得到原始得分在 0~45 分之间，而最终要在这个分数段内换算成一个 0~30 之间的最终分数。

新托福阅读背景知识：非虚构小说

“非虚构小说”

60、70年代，出现了“新新闻报道”或“非虚构小说”这一种新的文学样式。有些作家认为现实生活的离奇已经超过了作家的想象力，与其虚构小说，不如用写小说的手法来描绘引起社会轰动的事件。这样的体裁允许报道者描写事件时掺杂自己的观察和想象，也可以采用各种象征手法。这种作品比一般报告文学深人细致，其中也包括作者的观察与想象，带有更多的作者个人色彩，艺术感染力较强，例如卡波特的《凶杀》(1966)与梅勒的《刽子手之歌》(1979)。

犹太人文学美国当代作家中，犹太裔作家占相当大的比重，犹太人文学几乎可以视为一种“次文化”或“文化支流”。犹太人文学作品一般都具有古老的欧洲文化与现代的美国文化的双重色彩，两种文化的冲突与归并使犹太人文学增加了复杂性。宗教思想与同胞遭到屠杀使犹太作家产生犯罪感与负疚感，历史的命运又使他们有流浪感与漂泊感，美国的异化社会也使他们感到找不到归宿。因此，寻找“自我本质”便成为他们的作品中一个突出的主题。有代表性的作品是贝洛的《奥吉。玛琪历险记》。实际上，这是犹太民族确立自己的民族地位与民族尊严的一种表现。70年代后期，代表西方较新思想体系的贝洛与属于意第绪文化传统的辛格(1904- )相继得到诺贝尔奖金，说明犹太人文学在美国文学中的重要性。其他重要的犹太作家还有马拉默德(1914- )、罗 斯(1933- )等。

新托福阅读背景知识：南方作家

南方作家

南方文学这个时期仍有发展，老作家福克纳、波特(1890-1980)、威尔蒂(1909- )仍有重要作品问世。新作

家也不断涌现，著名的有斯泰伦(1925-)、奥康诺(1925-1964)、麦柯勒斯(1917-1967)等。他们不再从历史的传奇里寻找题材，而是关心现实生活中南方人精神上的苦闷。坦·威廉斯(1914-)是战后享有盛名的南方剧作家，他的《玻璃动物园》等作品通过人物的性变态心理表现生活的不幸与空虚。

新托福阅读背景知识：纽约作家

纽约作家

纽约的作家不象南方作家那样具有某种共同的心理因素。人们把他们归在一起，是因为他们都为纽约的几家杂志(《党派评论》、《纽约书评》与《纽约人》)写作，这几家杂志上发表的评论与小说往往对美国文学的时尚产生影响。利·特里林(1905-1975)与玛·麦卡锡(1912- )是很有见地的评论家，约翰·契弗 (1912- )与厄普代克(1932-)的小说用含有诗意又带有嘲讽的细腻的笔触探索大城市郊区居民的心理和意识，为东北部的中产阶级描绘了一幅幅工笔精致的风俗画。

篇2：托福阅读一共多少分

最后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。

与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。

篇3：托福阅读一共多少分

托福阅读一旦开始答题，每一篇阅读文章必须先通读或滚动至屏幕末尾，才可以看到问题。一般来说，在每一道题目的回答界面，屏幕右手边是该题所对应的文章部分内容，题目则出现在屏幕的左侧。通过点击屏幕右上方区域的不同功能键，可以实现不同题目间的前进、后退、检查答题情况、查看文本、帮助等功能。同时，屏幕右上方还可以点击选择显示/隐藏的考试所剩余的时间。在每个计时部分剩余时间为0时，考试自动进入下一部分，而不再允许回看。

新托福阅读文章共有三篇，每篇有12—14道题，如果遇到加试，会从考试的五篇文章中随机选取三篇计分。这三篇文章中所有回答正确的题目数量加起来就是你的阅读总分。

除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分。考试所得分数范围：0—30分。

托福阅读成绩是如何计算的?

托福阅读部分整体42道题，对应原始分数满分为45分。阅读部分共有3篇文章，每篇文章700字，每篇对应14个题目，共15分。其中，13道是基础信息和推断题，每道题1分。

最后一道是小结题，俗称大题，满分2分。大题一般情况下是6选3，3个选项错一个扣一分，扣完为止。换句话说，如果错2、3个，这个题目就不得分。

托福阅读错8个能得多少分?可以从以下托福阅读评分标准中找到答案。

托福阅读满分必备的六大技能

1.主题段和主题句的关键词

托福文章中的主题段和主题句都是参与搭建文章结构的，因此记录它们中的几个关键词对于把握全文的结构非常重要。同时，文章中有很多的重要信息也会包含在这部分内容中。

2.时间和数字

一般来说，出现时间概念的文章或段落通常和时间顺序有关，作者会用不同的时间点串出一条时间线索。而个别数字的出现则意味着这个数字所阐述概念的重要性是不容忽视的，因此，除非文章中出现了数据堆积的现象，考生都需要把数字记录下来。在记录时间和数字时需要注意两个问题，一是在记录时间的同时要同步记录下该时间点所发生事件的关键词，二是无论文章中的时间和数字是什么形式，考生在记录的时候都一律记录成阿拉伯数字，以便于之后做题时的查询。

3.人名、地名和专有名词

这些概念在文章中出现的时候，一般都会出现大写字母或引号等标记，非常有利于信息索引和定位。此外，当提到这几个具体的概念时，文章通常是在用这些概念说明某个理论或者观点，因此记录下这些概念对于理解相关理论和观点可以起到一定的辅助作用。

4.举例主体

有的时候，为了说明某些理论和观点，文章中会出现大段的举例文字。实际上，托福考试中考查这些例子具体内容的时候非常少，而更多的是考查作者使用这些例子的原因或它们所证明的观点。因此，考生在快速笔记中只需要记录下例子是什么就可以了，至于例子中所阐述的具体信息，可以适当忽略。

5.新概念和局部核心概念

所谓“新概念”是指当考生读到文章某个位置时，之前没有出现过的概念。这种新概念的出现，意味着已有的概念已经不能说明这里要阐述的问题，所以，新概念的出现必然也意味着一个重要信息的出现。而“局部核心概念”是指在连续的几个段落中集中阐述的主题概念，对于这种概念来说，无论是作为观点还是举例大家都应该注意，因为它显然是作为重点在文章中被强调的。

6.重要的逻辑关系

很多考生在阅读文章的时候只注意到了文章所阐述的重要内容，但是忽略了信息之间的逻辑关系，因而对信息关联理解不准确，这也是一种严重的错误。因此，在阅读过程中记录下信息之间所产生的逻辑关系可以避免考生丢失信息之间的关联信息。

在记录上述的六个要点时，考生们还需要留意一个很重要的方法，即利用符号进行信息的快速表示。针对上面所谈到的六点，大家需要对两类信息做符号化处理。一是文章中表述相对复杂并且偏长的一些概念，考生可以使用缩写或者个别字母替代的方式来快速记录。另一个需要用符号来表示的就是逻辑关系。很多的逻辑关系都不适合用文字进行阐述，但是用符号确实很容易标记的。

托福阅读瞎蒙技能

1、用前、后缀猜测词义

英语中的前缀、后缀构词颇多，且特定的缀往往表示特定的含义，把握住这一点，可起到以不变应万变的效果。

1)He had been overworking and fell ill at last。

overwork是由前缀over-加动词构成，over有“超过、过于”之意，overwork意思是“工作过多，劳累过度”。再如，overburden负担过重，overcharge要价过高，overdo做得过分。英语中常用的前缀还有：

mis-错，误：misfortune不幸;mislead误导;mismanage处理不当

mid-中央：midnight半夜;midway半路

under-低于：underdone半生不熟的;underestimate低估

anti-反对：antibody抗体;anticyclone反气旋;antifreeze防冻剂

下面划线单词为常见后缀派生词：

1)You must stop dreaming and face reality。(-ty为名词的标志)

2)The country is trying to popularize education. (-ize为及物动词的标志，再如realize, modernize)

2、利用合成词猜测词义

Family members take turns choosing a special activity for the evening, and everyone partakes in for fun。

根据短语构成及上下文意思看，此处partakes in相当于takes part in。再如break out-outbreak(名词爆发)，set out-outset(名词起始)，come in-income(名词收入) 。

篇4：托福阅读对30个多少分

托福阅读对30个多少分?以下是详细的托福阅读评分标记及正确题目个数及对应的托福阅读分数。

托福阅读对30个多少分

关于托福阅读得多少分实际错题多少个的问题，大家可以参考托福阅读计分方法：

托福阅读技巧：如何辨别托福阅读题目难易度

一、新托福阅读炮制出的难点分析

ETS煞费心机，潜心钻研，终于使傻瓜机械的老托福有了一副新面孔，上了一个新台阶。难度上已经有所提高，对于考生的语言能力增加了更为客观的测试。

(1)词汇增加，更为学术。新托福文章中学科专业词汇高频出现。以一篇关于树木分类的文章为例，文中提到大量植物学领域的专业词汇，如：dandelions(蒲公英)，tannins(丹宁酸)，crown canopy(树冠)，acorn(橡子)，oak(橡树)等等，每一个陌生的词汇就如同一束刺眼的白光，搞得考生眼前一片混沌，头晕眼花，不知文中所云。所以，从词汇角度说，托福难于雅思。

(2)篇幅变长，句式丰富。新托福阅读的写作句型主要集中在因果句，类比句，对照句，比较级和举例子等。很多句子长度跨越4到5行，主语谓语相距甚远，如果考生没有扎实的语法功底，一下子难以把握句子主干。

(3)创新题型，客观考察。ETS除了秉承其单选题的习惯，还增加了独一无二的插句子题，转述句子题和匹配题(此题目与雅思匹配题几乎大同小异)。其中匹配题的定位略有难度，因为答案多是分散在全文的细节，不是一目了然的。转述句子需要考生真正理解原句信息。

(4)屏幕阅读，无法标记。大部分考生习惯于阅读时勾画出句子中的重要单词和连接词，这样有助于理解句子关系，记忆阅读重要信息。但是电脑屏幕阅读冲击了我们的传统习惯，对考生瞬时记忆力提出的更大的挑战!

二、新托福考试的突破点剖析

表面看来，新托福犹如猛虎出山，架势仿佛超过雅思难度，让人一下子找不到应对

招数。但稍许研琢，会马上眼前一亮而豁然开朗——其实，难词长句只是托福摆出的虚架子，它的出题规律基本依旧，所以，从出题水平上，托福还是败给了严谨狡猾的雅思。

(1)顺序原则，问题易定位。美国人讲究效率和直率的性格完全体现出来了。考官会友善的告诉考生本题在第几行，第几段，或干脆文中用阴影标注，所以在原文定位题目不费吹灰之力。

(2)题型相对单一，规律性强。单选题主要考察：词汇题，指代题，细节解释题，推论题等。其中词汇题基本可以不看上下文，即可根据同义词替代法找答案，节约大量时间。

(3)题目一一对应，可漏读无用信息。考生可以读题、阅读同步进行，可以达到不重复阅读，从而提高作题速度。

总之，新托福已不再神秘，不过如此，只要考生能够在词汇上进一步扩充，句子分析能力进一步强化，学会将文章略读和定位法结合，大家还会感到，新托福核心依旧，只是换了身尺寸大一点的外套，难度还是在雅思阅读之下。建议大家可以“雅”为“托”用，将雅思的阅读技巧运用到托福阅读中，一定会感到美国人在应试出题上还是比英国人更加诚实、直接，所以托福阅读没有难过雅思。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读速度提升分4步

只读文章段落中的第一句，你就可以对作者的思路有一个大致的把握。这样可以帮你节约时间，而将更多的时间花在回答问题上。

提高托福阅读答题速度4步法

前面我们告诉你如何处理阅读理解文章的6个策略和阅读理解的3种题型，现在我们告诉你在做阅读题时该如何运用这些策略和技巧：

1。解剖文章的第1段;

2。在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图;

3。停下来，总结一下文章大意;

4。开始答题。

解剖文章第1段

积极主动地解读文章的第1段，时尽量记住作者提出的问题(现象或观点)，和一些与文章内容相关的概念和词汇，如这篇文章讲的是印第安人风俗，光电子显像镜还是讽刺文学。文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?

在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图

在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?再次提醒，TOEFL考察的是你的答题能力而非阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。(其实，你也没有那么多时间)。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

总结文章大意

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章的思路和主题。

开始答题

根据你对文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。这里，你可以比第2个步骤更仔细。

所以要装上马达提升托福阅读答题速度，提高了速度，你的托福阅读高分离你也就不远了。

托福阅读技巧：托福阅读备考三步走

首先，无论什么技巧都必须要有基本的单词量做基础。

没人喜欢背单词，但是只有有足够的单词量才能应对托福阅读中的各种层出不穷的问题。用的是谁的单词书其实没有多大分别，你只要认认真真的把一本单词书背个 70%，那也就差不多了，托福阅读的主要考察对象不是单词，只是透过单词来表达一种意思，只要你能猜出来这种意思并且在这个基础上把题答对，那么，对少单词都不是问题。

其次，对于难句长句的理解。

还是要明白大意就好，但是要能够根据大意准确定位找到答案。大家可以专门找些难句和长句来进行有针对性的练习。把那些句子反复读，反复看，看上十几遍，觉得很通顺、觉得句子写得很好自己以后也要这么写了才算好。速度慢不是问题，但是坚持下来，大家对难句和长句的理解能力就好冥想提高。

再次，大家在专门练习托福阅读题的时候，还是多看看OG

OG是非常有指向性的，而且那上面说的一些小技巧还是不错的。Delta上的题目要难一些，主要是有一些题目需要考生进行引申、做一些文学上的理解，当然这些在托福中是不会出现的。所以做题的时候不要想得太复杂，第一感觉是什么就选什么，很有效。

篇5：托福阅读对一半多少分

托福阅读原文

Islamic Art and the Book

【1】The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchment as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which because of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) seem to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. These continued to include, of course,manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Booksellers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher and decorator.

【2】Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.

【3】The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution whose consequences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclosed within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets - as much as a meter across - were available. These large sheets meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The increased availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of representation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.

【4】Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been used for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts used for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a secretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, based on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, composed of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.

篇6：托福阅读对一半多少分

1.

Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:

A.Books were an important form of artistic expression.

B.A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.

C.They were sold primarily near mosques.

D.Most books were intended for sale on the open market.

2.

The word “sponsored” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.visited

B.owned

C.praised

D.supported

3.

The word “adjacent” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.major

B.nearby

C.ancient

D.well-known

4.

According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic world

A.included a wide range of subjects

B.did not contain any calligraphy or decoration

C.used rounded scripts

D.were usually written on parchment

5.

In paragraph 1，why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech, Morocco, is known as the Booksellers’ Mosque

A.To cast doubt on the importance of souks in making books available to common people

B.To provide an example of a place where books were made at the order of a particular prince

C.To emphasize how influential and well known the book markets were

D.To demonstrate the need for religious texts in Islamic lands

6.

The phrase “extracted from” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.taken out of

B.produced using

C.discovered in

D.combined with

7.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.It was several centuries before papermaking techniques spread to faraway areas where parchment was popular and used widely in art.

B.Although papermaking came to Egypt quickly, it took much longer for paper to be used when copying the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art.

C.Papermaking spread beyond Egypt, Sicily, and Spain, but it was not widely used by artists for centuries, probably because of the conservative nature of art in those countries.

D.Paper replaced parchment in copies of the Koran, probably at the request of conservative practitioners in areas like Egypt, Sicily, and Spain.

8.

In paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of paper over parchment?

A.It was harder to erase or change what was written on paper.

B.More pages of paper could be bound in a single volume.

C.Paper could be produced in sheets of varying weights and thicknesses.

D.More people could buy books made of paper because it was cheaper.

9.

Why does the author include the following information: “At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets - as much as a meter across -were available.”?

A.To provide evidence that the development of papermaking techniques was very slow

B.To explain why paper was never as cheap as it has become today

C.To make the point that paper allowed artists to develop paintings that were more expressive and complex

D.To prove that paper was more popular with artists who used large sheets, than it was with book printers, who used smaller sheets

10.

According to paragraph 3, the increased availability of paper and the development of systems of representation

A.encourage more people to make their own drawings

B.made the transfer of artistic ideas to distant people and places much easier

C.made architectural plans more complex and therefore harder to read

D.allowed artists to create paintings that were smaller in scale

11.

According to paragraph 4, what did Ibn Muqla achieve around the year 900?

A.He modified a set of formal scripts known as the Six Pens into rounded scripts appropriate for correspondence.

B.He created a standardized set of rounded scripts proportional to the size of the first letter of the alphabet.

C.He promoted calligraphy as an art form and encouraged the use of rounded letters in religious texts.

D.He persuaded the court in Baghdad to use rounded styles instead of more angular scripts in their documents.

12.

The phrase “composed of” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.made up of

B.developed from

C.in addition to

D.similar to

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This change occurred for good reason. This change occurred for good reason.

Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. ■【A】It has been said that Chinese papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chinese and the Muslims in 751, ，and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulose pulp extracted from any of several plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward. ■【B】 Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. ■【C】 Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erased, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. ■【D】 Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably because of the conservative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continuedto be used for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.

Islamic books from A.D. 900 to 1500 reflect major changes from the past and important innovations.

A.Books became major vehicle of artistic expression for calligraphers and painters, and the subjects of books expanded to include more and more kinds of works.

B.The growing luxuriousness of books meant that the market for them was increasingly dominated by the wealthy and powerful patrons who could afford them.

C.After it was learned from Chinese prisoners, the technique of papermaking spread throughout Islamic lands, where paper gradually replaced parchment.

D.The high status enjoyed by calligraphers and artists made books extremely popular in the cities where books were bought and sold.

E.The popularity of books led to major advances in the development and transfer of new artistic ideas.

F.Around the year 900, a set of rounded styles of Arabic handwriting began replacing angular scripts in copying the manuscripts of the Koran.

篇7：托福阅读对27个多少分

托福阅读原文

Protection of Plants by Insects

【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least 68 different families - can secrete nectar even when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral nectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or other structures.These plants usually occur where ants are abundant, most in the tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those of northeastern North America are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The extrafloral nectaries of some plants are known to attract ants and other insects, but the evolutionary history of most plants with these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloral nectaries attract insects that will defend the plant.

【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.

【3】Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely internal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever to the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing “protectionist” hypothesis that ants defend plants had been disputed for over a hundred years when, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established when Barbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many more observations and experiments have provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.

【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morning glories against attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its leaves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the production of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without their colorful corolla, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopper can consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillars and seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovaries, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When buds are still small, less than a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are already present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower develops and while the fruit matures. Observations leave little doubt that ants protect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy force of grasshoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of six plants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plants that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per plant, but plants occupied by ants bore 211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because they are much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb females asthey lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs they do manage to lay

篇8：托福阅读满分有多少分

托福阅读满分有多少分

新托福由四部分组成，分别是阅读(Reading)、听力(Listening)、口试(Speaking)、写作(Writing)。每部分满分30分，整个试题满分120分。

阅读(Reading)：有三篇文章

与老托福不同的是，考生不需要在答题之前通读全文，而是在做题的过程中分段阅读文章。每篇文章对应有11道试题，均为选择题。除了最后一道试题之外，其他试题都是针对文章的某一部分提问，试题的出现顺序与文章的段落顺序一致。最后一题针对整篇文章提问，要求考生从多条选择项中挑选若干项对全文进行总结或归纳。新一代托福阅读文章的篇幅比老托福阅读文章的篇幅略长，在此时限中考生可以复查、修改已递交的答案。

一般实际考试中，考生往往会在听力或阅读部分碰到加试试题，也有可能阅读、听力两部分同时被加试。加试部分不算分(有人说会算分，说是抽几题给分)，但考生事先并不知道哪一部分是加试部分(有的时候经典加试是能判断出来的)，所以应该认真对待。

新托福听、说、读、写各部分满分30分，共计120分。新托福80相当于老托福550分，新托福100相当于老托福600分。

新托福考试(网考)满分为120分，4部分各占30分。

新托福考试的一大特点就在于它科学的评分体系，其中的主观题型的判分采取的是整体评分的原则，全方位客观评判口语和写作答题的总体质量，而不是去注意小错误和单一弱点。即：就文章的总体印象给分及奖励分，而不是按语言要素的错误数目扣分。

评判的重点在于考生是否利用已掌握的的语言有效地传达思想和把控思想的展开进程，而非言辞或文字的展开。对特定语法点的扎实掌握和对该词汇量的展示不是评判的重心。

新托福的新的总体要求和评分的变化就是考生的奋斗目标。因此，考生在进行口语、写作训练时必须一切以交际目标的实现为出发点和终极目标，学会照顾全篇，在 篇章水平上(而非仅在遣词造句和段落上)表现自己真实的语言技能。

托福阅读高频词汇题5个实用提分思路实例分析

托福阅读高频词汇题5个实用提分思路实例分析，最近参加考试的小伙伴是不是越发觉得托福“很亲切”?不管难度是高是低，考场上遇到真题这件事，就让很多考生对杀托充满信心。

但是比起这种“他乡遇故知”，更多的小伙伴是另一种反应：哪道(篇)是真题?

托福题库可谓海量，刷的多了自然能增加遇到真题的几率，但不能保证考场上一定遇到自己做过的真题。所以把握住真题出现的高发地以及出题来源就尤为重要。

重点单项

在整场考试中，出现真题最多的单项必然是阅读部分。因此想靠真题出分，就必须拿下阅读。阅读是大陆考生平均分最高的单项，但是由于难度加大，今年的具体平均分尚未可知。

打基础

托福阅读的训练，要注重精读、分析文章架构和对题干的解读。但在这之前，单词才是基础。如何检验自己单词量是否过关?做一篇阅读，如果八成以上你都可以读懂，那你就不用考虑专门背诵托福单词了。

值得注意的是，很多单词记住了但是放到文章中却不能理解意思，建议大家将背单词和做阅读结合起来，一方面在阅读中直接看到或者用到你背的单词，同时将阅读里的一些生词和自己背的单词相互补充，这样不容易遗忘，而且做题的效果也很不错。

易错题型

简化题

很多小伙伴遇到简化题就不知不觉做成了“翻译题”。先不说翻译的对不对，大多选项都跟原文出入不大，所以靠翻译很难做出正确选择。

应对：

利用对句子的理解来解题。看到句子之后的第一个反应是找句子内部的逻辑关系(常见转折或者因果)，排除逻辑关系不对应的选项。如果靠逻辑关系行不通，就提取原句中的主干信息，排掉无关主干的选项。

词汇题

词汇题的体量在改革后有所减少，但是占比依然很大。做错的原因很简单：词汇量不足或者忽略词汇语境。

应对：

托福考试基本不会考四六级以下的单词，所以基础打好还要把词汇等级提高。常见一词多义的情况或者生僻释义的考察，考生难以确判断，就要学会结合语境。

总结题

托福最后一题分值较大但是出错率很高，除了难度大，一部分考生由于时间紧张匆匆作答，也容易做错题。

应对：

首先阅读题干中对于原文的相关总结，然后把选项看一遍，排除明显和原文观点矛盾的选项或者是局限于原文细节、例证的选项。最后参考剩余选项提炼出关键词，找回原文的相关出处，确定正误。

如果实在时间不够，不知道选谁，就凭运气吧......

此外，日常练习还要注意，备考时做阅读每次最好连续做三篇，每篇十道题，模拟考场题量。平时泛读可以用纸质版材料，但是做题一定要适应电脑。很多同学一开始用电脑看阅读文章会非常别扭无法思考。并且现在阅读听力常常有加试，所以长时间看屏幕不眼晕也是种辅助技能。

题目来源

TPO是托福真题出现的最主要来源，阅读就常常直接使用TPO的文章。如果托福复习只能选两个材料的话，其中一个必须是TPO，因为它有最全面、最接近托福实际考试的题目。即便是我们背的托福词汇，也都是从托福TPO里面摘录出来的。

那么为什么刷了那么多遍TPO还遇不到阅读真题，或者做过的题还得不到高分?估计是没注意以下几点：

第一：限时做题

在做题时不要总惦记着记这篇文章的答案，而是要学着理解文章架构和各部分含义。每篇文章10道题，18分钟限时做完，然后对答案，标注错误。

第二：挑生词

除了一些专业型词汇，其他词汇都要熟悉，高频词汇则要求尽可能的掌握所有含义。但凡是TPO出现的生词，都是ETS默认考生应该认识的。8000词只是基础，想做得又快又好，就要把遇到的生词解决掉。

第三：总结结构和段意

这一点其实是小伙伴们在做题过程中需要做的，但是如果做题时没来得及，做完题之后记得弥补回这一点。

第四：分析错题原因以及正确答案的理由

把文章出题点标注在文中，掌握托福阅读的出题特点，将自己的思维往正确的方向上靠拢。

除了TPO，还有很多资料可以作为辅助。托福小白记得看OG，把握整体的考试套路。初期备考可以先做DELTA。中期和后期就要着重于TPO，要精做注重质量，掌握每种题型的答题技巧，而不是求做题的数量。能力较强想拔高分再去考虑Barron。毕竟Barron 素材比托福真题难，还有加试，用来备考挑战一下还是不错的。

此外你还需要高频词汇书夯实基础(推荐《猴哥托福词频蓝宝书》哦~后台回复【领书】就可以免费领取)。

需要提醒大家的是，如果备考有一段时间了(一个月以上)，可以不用满世界找资源，而是先把手头的经典资料(尤其是TPO)吃透。

综上所述，托福考场上阅读最常见原题，原题多出自TPO，少部分来源于以前的考场试题。

托福备考期间压力会很大，大家一定要调节好自己的心态，不要因为没做到原题就觉得可惜。要知道，新阅读在题型分配和难度上都作出了调整，在没有理解文章的基础上，即便遇到原题也很难做对。

如何看懂托福阅读中的思维逻辑

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：读懂每段主题思路

在读托福阅读文章的第一段时，特别是第一句，往往给我们一个大致的思路，文章的论题是什么，作者想说什么?然后第二段的第一句，然后在想一想作者下面又想讲什么，这一段里有没有什么重要的细节。然后第三段，又讲了什么，这里面的重要细节又是什么。

几段下来，每次读的时候都要来个小小的总结。各个段落的目的是什么，主题又是什么?这样，在脑子里面形成一个作者思路图 ，在脑子里或者在草稿纸上画一个文章的结构思路题。

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：总结文章思路大意

在回答问题前，花几秒钟总结一下文章大意，它的思路和主题。

再次提醒，新托福阅读考察的是你的答题能力而非托福阅读能力。你不必完全掌握整篇文章，了解文章中的每一个细节。相反，你应该只读文章段落的第1句，而快速浏览其余部分。当你“读”完这篇文章时，你就能对文章的结构思路有总体的把握。

托福阅读把握文章逻辑：根据整体理解答题

根据你对托福阅读文章的整体思路来答题。将问题(或选项)定位到文章中具体的某个段落甚至具体的句子。因为你这样做完，你会觉得每一段的思路、脉络都会非常清晰，做题的时候，就可以很快找到出题点，而且对于偏离主题的题一眼就能看出，主题词就会显得格外明显。而实际中每一次的小结只需要几秒钟的一个停顿就可以，大家不妨试试，就会明白了。

托福阅读提升学习效率要用好这三种方法

1、备考阅读不能忽视做题技巧

在托福阅读的答题过程中不仅要掌握科学的备考方法，还需要掌握一些做题的技巧。例如说在议论类型的阅读题当中，我们同学可以按照“一线三定位”方法来解答。

”一线“就是议论文中存在的一条主基线，文章都是围绕这条线来展开。”三定位“就是定位题干关键词、定位与题干想干的段落、定位中心思想找出论证。按照这样的方法去解答议论类型题，我们可以既又准确又快速地解答出题干的答案，也能为其他模块的考试节省下很多时间。

2、备考时间有限，要尽快提高阅读速度

在平时的学习、训练中积极扩大托福阅读词汇量。词汇是学习任何一门外语的基础，如果没有一定的词汇量作为基础，很难想象我们能较为顺畅地去理解一篇英文文章的内容，也就更别提去提升我们的阅读速度了。托福阅读速度的提升一定是要建立在读懂文章的基础之上的。

平时如战时，阅读时注意力要高度集中。如果我们的思维很难与作者想表达的意图产生共鸣，从而从根本上影响我们的阅读质量和速度。长期大量阅读，语言的学习从本质上说有一个渐进的过程，这就决定了我们语言水平的提升要经过一个量变到质变的阶段，而长期大量的阅读就是其中最重要的一点。

3、备考“英语化”，适应考试潮流

在托福阅读的练习过程汇总，英语的思维方式。从宏观层面说，英语思维是一种较为典型的线性思维、结果思维其不同于汉语的点性思维，而我们广大学生在这一点上的相对空白，使得他们在实际的阅读中，要不断地把英文下意识地转化成中文再进行做题判断，进而大大影响做题速度。

针对这一点，我们就必须要下大力气来提高我们的综合英语实力以及语言运用能力。在平时的备考中多多背诵一些习语和惯用搭配，更加深入的了解托福阅读文章。

篇9：托福阅读对27个多少分

1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in that

A.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.

B.they basically consist of the same chemical components.

C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.

D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.

2.To say that ants are “persistent” defenders of plants means that

A.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.

B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.

C.they are successful defenders of plants.

D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.

3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to the extrafloral nectaries?

A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.

B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.

C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.

D.They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.

4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the “protectionist” hypothesis?

A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.

B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.

C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.

D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.

5.The word “skeptical” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.curious.

B.doubtful.

C.open-minded.

D.practical.

6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information jn the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.

B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.

C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior studies were wrong.

D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.

7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have on plants.

A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.

B.It prevents the stigma from developing.

C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.

D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.

8.The word “devour” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.attack.

B.eat.

C.damage.

D.prefer.

9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?

A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.

B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.

C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.

D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.

10.The word “vulnerable” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.numerous.

B.harmful.

C.open to attack.

D.difficult to locate.

11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative study show?

A.Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where they were absent.

B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high seed production.

C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupied by ants.

D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and weaker than those that grew in places where ants were present.

12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants from seed beetles in each of the following ways EXCEPT:

A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet.

B.catching and eating adult beetles.

C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.

D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.

Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants. ■【A】 Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. ■【B】 To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. ■【C】 Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants. ■【D】

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is worth 2 points.

Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even during periods in which the plant is not flowering.

A.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar originated in the tropics.

B.Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral nectar and is more attractive to ants and other insects.

C.The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nextar attracts ants, and that the ants, in order to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack insects that might harm the plant.

D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants provide significant benefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.

E.Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protected by ants produce significantly more seeds than morning glory plants that are not protected by ants.

F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of large insect species as well as their eggs and larvae.

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