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初三英语第三单元教学反思
结合第3单元的教材内容，我们按语言目标、认知目标、情感目标三个方面将本课时的教学目标细化：
一、语言目标
(1)语言结构：含情态动词的被动语态 should be allowed to
(2)语言功能：谈论规章制度;表达同意或不同意，
词汇：allow, drive, pierce, driver, license, silly, earring, instead of等。
句型：I think students should be allowed to go out with their friends. I agree. / I disagree.
Do you think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to work at night? No, I don’t think so.等
2、认知目标：掌握关键词汇和目标语言。
3、情感目标：学会谈论自己应该被允许做的事情和不应该被允许做的事情。学生勇于发表自己的观点和意见，表达同意和不同意;学生明白接受父母、老师的合理化建议，对他们成长的重要性。
重点：
1、如何运用 should be allowed to 结构表达自己对各种规章制度的看法。
2、表达同意和不同意。
难点：含情态动词的被动语态结构should be allowed to。
二、教学方式和手段：
任务型教学法、多媒体辅助教学、情景交际教学法等。
三、学习方法指导：
本单元将在课堂活动中把学生分成两人或四人的`学习小组，让他们围绕着课堂任务分工合作，在活动中相互探讨、相互交流、相互合作，从而获得知识、技能和情感体验，发展他们的能力，
四、学情分析：
学生学情分析：初三的学生经过两年多的英语学习，有了一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读 写的能力;同时，学生们对英语学习有着较浓厚的兴趣。经过两年的新课程理念的熏陶及实践，很多学生有了初步的自主、合作、探究的能力。但各班学生存在不同程度的差异，在教学过程中也就出现了各种问题主要体现在以下几个方面：
1)有些学生英语基础差，用英语交际的难度大。而且初三学生不够活跃，有些班基本上没人主动回答老师的提问，在分组讨论过程中，教师很难及时地对每个组进行指导。所以在每一次分组与讨论的过程中，如何更有效地促进不同层次的学生进行合作学习，互相帮助，缩小差距，也是值得探讨的话题。
2)通过六个课时的学习,80%的学生能够正确使用be allowed to do的结构.但是,在使用的同时容易出现丢掉be动词的现象.在引入被动语态的概念之后,学生对语态和时态开始有混淆。在练习当中反映出，学生能够用正确的句子结构来描述家庭中一些要遵守的规则.但是在具体操作，例如句型转换等题目中,就有些无能为力的感觉。说明学生在接受知识时还是比较生硬。在以后的教学中，不仅仅是将书中的知识讲授,应该在同时马上简单做些变化.在不增加课堂内容的情况下,培养学生灵活思维，不定向思维.在某些习题中，仅仅是变换了一个主语或者是一个动词，学生就手足无措.同时在以后的课堂中.要适当的激励和鼓励学生积极参与课堂.在知识性的同时适当增加趣味性。
3)在写作运用过程中，有些学生对be allowed to do的结构、should be allowed to do的结构以及allow sb. to do sth结构有混淆。弄不清主语是谁，到底是谁允许谁去做某事。还有个别学生不知道be allowed to do的结构中要用to do.
Whenever you turn on a light,listen to recorded music,or watch a motion picture you are enjoying one of the discoveries of Thomas Alva Edison.
In fact,it's difficult to go through a single day without using one of his many important discoveries.
Having received 1093 patents in his lifetime,Edison helped us communicate better through his improvements to the telegraph and telephone.He brought music into our homes with his invention of the phonograph.
He lit our houses with electricity by designing and building the first indoor electric lighting system.
Experience Edison's music as it was originally recorded before CDs!
Credited with the invention of the first phonograph,you will hear Edison's early recordings played on vintage “hand-cranked” cylinder and diamond disc model phonographs.
Then try to guess the many different uses proposed by Edison for this remarkable invention.
Transmit messages in Morse Code via working telegraph keys.
Explore the period boarding room which depicts Edison's life in Louisville in 1866-67,and discover the significance of the telegraph.
高一第三单元英语作文4
When I'm free or in trouble, I always take out a book and read quietly. In no time, I've put my heart into it so that I'll forget all the troubles. It's in this way that I've formed the habit of reading in any time.
Little boys as I was, I was interest in picture books and storybooks. I was struck by them. No sooner had I entered the middle school than I began to read novel, plays, and essays and so on. I found I could get much from them. Little by little I took great interest in literature and last term I won the first prize in the composition contest among middle-school students in Zhe Jiang.
Reading “The Emperor's New Clothes”, I had to let out a burst of laughter over his fool. “The Little Match Girl” couldn't keep me from crying for her misery. “Robinson Crusoe” took me into a strange world full of danger. And I was also deeply impressed by Helen Keller's patience and perseverance… Besides these, books also tell me other thing -how to be a man and how to tell the difference between right and wrong. In a word, good books can make me know what I didn't before. So I think of a good book as my best friend.
I'll never forget this famous saying,“Good books are best friends who never turn their backs upon us.”
于是??大人的脸上尽是笑意，他们很幸福;??老师脸也泛光，他们也幸福;??而那些乖乖的孩子，也乖乖地认为这是幸福。于是他们也为自己的付出笑了。我想，他们也幸福。
此时正是上课时段，老师正在讲台上扯着嗓子滔滔不决地传授知识，我正握着笔杆子滔滔不决地写下我随时随地的心情史。偶尔也写回忆录，我曾幻想在未来写本《我的一辈子》呵。我喜欢安安静静地写自己随心所欲的东西，画自己一直想学的漫画。但时机总是在上课，我自己也不知道这习惯是从什么时候开始的。因为上课没人会打扰我，我便开始安安静静地做自己的事情了。一下课，我却又四处耍去了。
能安安静静地享受自己的时刻，这对于我来说，便是简简单单，平平淡淡的幸福了。
林菲凡
“在追梦路上繁花似锦。”
——题记
“我们都是追梦人……”熟悉的旋律又在耳畔响起。我闭上疲惫的双眼，躺在椅子上小憩。夏天湿热的风掀起一页一页的作文纸，发出动听的声音。我不禁想起了路的开始。是啊，蓦然回首，当年那个毫无梦想的幼稚小孩的身影，在我身上渐渐褪去。
“哈，我又是‘优+’，老师还夸我文笔不错呢!”我举起了我的作文本，得意扬扬地炫耀着。瞧着小伙伴一如既往崇拜的目光，我的小鼻子都要翘到天上去了!从小想象力丰富的我，在作文这方面大显身手。老师的夸奖，让我一次次泡在蜜罐里。嘿!可不是我说，也不是谁都有骄傲的资本吧!
不久，我遇到了钢琴，我猛然间被这个大家伙吸引，就连我视如珍宝的小作文集也被扔在了一边。好景不长，画画又成了我的最爱，蓝天白云小鸟什么都是最好的风景。
妈妈看我一心三用，严令我从中挑出一项用心学习，可我摇摆不定。“切，我可是能三项都学好的人呢!怎么就不让我样样精通呢?”我内心不停地嘀咕着。
可我还是被现实打了脸。
鲜红的“良”如同一枚炸弹彻底把我建立的小小城堡炸为泡影，我紧张地揉搓着手指，等下课铃响我要赶紧回家!
果然，事与愿违。我还是被老师叫去了办公室。我默默地跟在老师后面，看着老师瘦小的背影像一座山屹立眼前，我的心便像揣了头小鹿砰砰直跳。
老师翻着她的小包，拿出了一张纸。我原以为的训斥声并没有到来，便颤巍巍地接过了这张薄薄的纸。“作文竞赛!”我惊呼了出来。老师笑容溢在脸上：“我知道你喜欢写作文，也有这方面的天赋，但我希望你能一直坚持下去，而不是仅仅停留在爱好。你要让它成为你的梦想，如果你愿意，你就来告诉我，好吗?”老师的话语萦绕耳边，在那一瞬间，我看见了老师眼里的星星变得好亮好亮。
我放下了很多东西，开始了真正属于我自己的追梦的旅程，一篇一篇的小作文投在了大大小小的比赛中。读书看报，记一些优美的句子，把自己放在一个自由自在的幻想空间里。时间一点一点过去，不知不觉，我只是玩玩而已的兴趣爱好，就这样变成了我努力追求的梦想。
我走在追梦的路上，这条路花香四溢，五彩缤纷。这条路不仅是追梦的路，更包含着我的快乐与我的辛酸。“嘿，加油!”当初稚嫩的我在路的开始招手，我含笑呼应，前方长路漫漫，我终于能不畏惧艰险，砥砺前行。
我睁开了眼，关上了窗，拿起梦想的笔，书写我漫长的追梦之路。
我，一直在路上。
赖伊凡
我欲沾花寻衣，润透柚花香的味，听风倾诉，这曲折道路上的苦与悲。
——题记
远处蔚蓝的绸缎上，绣满了绸白的云边。花笑面生娇，树伸张腰肢。光影在树林中疏影斑驳，烟波在苇草旁朦胧生香。迢迢，遥遥，他的背影有着不一般的刚硬。
伯父很瘦，背薄得像干瘪的屋脊。印象里，他却不像他人口中的严肃寡言，他总是一脸慈爱沧桑，年轻时乌黑的头发不再，隐隐约约地闪烁着银白，半遮半掩，若隐若现像秋日的第一道霜。脸上条条皱纹，好像一波三折的往事。
“妹，和阿伯上山咩?”他撑着砍刀在门口吆喝着。
“好。”我随声跟上了上去。
这从小陪伴我长大的故乡，我再也熟悉不过，虽说我总是不解这年复一年的柚山有什么新奇的?但还是会跟着伯父上山去。
山，湿润却又燥热，空气闷闷得有些堵心口。如今上山的路早已不是以往那条只有腰般窄的小泥路，几年前有人衣锦还乡，修了条有模有样的公路，不过路不长，只修到了第一座山头。
路走得轻松，心情自然也轻松。一路哼着小曲儿，仿佛世间美好都与我环环相扣。踏过眼前这道小坎，算是翻过了第一座小山丘。眼前，一抹靛青爬满广袤苍穹，满山挂满了黄灯笼。再往前走，就是窄小的土路了。
“阿伯，收成了!”我欣喜地晃动伯父粗糙的手。他的手背粗糙得像老松树皮，裂开了一道道口子，手心上磨出了几个厚厚的老茧。伯父只是深沉地弯了弯嘴角，便拖着砍刀继续前进。
天有些暗沉，雾蔼渐渐笼罩整个山头。
“不好了，要下雨了!”
轰鸣雷声先是沉闷又迟钝的低低滚动，随着风搅乱漫山遍野的绿树。空中弥漫的灰色雾气已然和黑漆漆的乌云融为一体，遮天蔽日地散发出狰狞的气势。可真是说曹操曹操到。小路不再是刚才的可爱模样，变得恐怖狰狞。黄泥拉摆着我的双腿，伯父依然淡定地移动脚步，只有我步履蹒跚。
雨停了，太阳光再次洒满大地万物。
我却早已一副狼狈不堪的模样，只是贪婪地呼吸着雨后甜润的空气。伯父依旧不说话，只是含笑，抬头仰望这满山金黄。
大悟，这不也是人生路上的道理?
在我的印象中，姐姐每门功课都很好。几乎每次逢考必胜，但这次她却考的非常糟糕，从曾经级段的20名一下子落到第117名。我知道这不能说明姐姐很差，这不过只是发挥失常。但姐姐总低头不语。比起昔日，姐姐少了一份自信。看着这样的姐姐，我很难受。于是乎，我想出了一个办法。周六，我约姐姐到奶奶家农场后面小院的枫叶树，转过身许个愿，然后再转回去。姐姐前面不肯，后来犟不过我，只好同意。转过身，姐姐惊呆了，我用粉/紫/水蓝三种颜色的纸各折了一只千纸鹤挂在树干上(本想挂在树枝上，但爬不上去)。
姐姐依次打开千纸鹤，发现上面写了一些字，粉色的上面写着：静谧的天宇，每颗星都有自己的轨迹;繁忙的人生，每个人都有自己的位置。在自己的位置上真实地活着，不要去刻意掩饰什么，有眼泪也有微笑的人生，才经得起人生的推敲。看完这里，姐姐的脸上明显有几分感动，但她很快笑着打开第二张水蓝色的纸，纸上写着：幸福的人生不是没有眼泪，而是擦干眼泪继续前进;幸福的人生不是没有痛苦，而是放下痛苦后迎接新的太阳;幸福的人生不是没有坎坷，而是历尽坎坷后依然自信。姐姐笑了，很欣慰的笑了，随后又打开第三张紫色的纸，上面写着：即使失意也要飞。看完后姐姐沉思了一下，说：是的，即使失意也要飞…… 当 依 赖 成 为 了习惯 … … 本以为自己是个很独立的女生，从不会依赖着一个人。但经历了寒假，我才发现我依赖上那个迷糊的姐姐。
还记得的大年初一的时候，我扎了一个白羽毛发卡，后来被爸爸骂了，我委屈地跑到阳台上，听到我哭声，姐姐悄悄地走到我的身边。把我依偎在她的怀里，对我说：“今天是大年初一，按家乡的习俗，应该带红色的发卡，带白色发卡很不吉利的。”呜呜呜~~~我在不听抽泣着。姐姐摸了摸我流泪的脸蛋，温柔地说：“你不是说过人生如果不经历一些痛苦，就算不上幸福，那你怎么还在哭啊，快!擦干眼泪”“姐姐如果当依赖成为了习惯，那该怎么办?”我抬起头问姐姐。“那就一直依赖下去……”姐姐似乎读懂了我话的意思，摸着我的头说。然而这句话也烙进了我的心里……烟织愁悲染欢离合。泪空流叹物是人非。或许一场生命即是一个思想的舞台，而岁月的流转是一场凄美的默剧，而贯穿其中的便是那一个字—爱。然而单单这个字又会是多少人悄然泪下……
我不敢把友爱叫做永恒，毕竟今年过了，大伙儿天各一方，又有谁能在将来清楚的记得曾经与某人有过一份永恒的友谊。曾竟就有人说过：70年代的友谊似金——珍贵，80年代的友谊似钢——坚固，90年代的友谊似铁——易锈，而现在人们的友谊就像玻璃一般脆弱。又有谁敢把这玻璃般的爱称之为永恒呢? 我不敢把爱情称为永恒，因为我没有经历，也不知它的保温期到底有多久……
在我的心里，永恒的爱只有一个——亲情。我不说父爱，母爱，因为这些我说过不下百次了，我就谈谈姐姐对我的爱吧!不说别的远的就说这个寒假里，都说两岁就会有一个代沟，但我跟我姐姐却不然，姐姐爱在晚上和我聊天，除夕的晚上几乎家家都传来爆竹声，但这也不能打扰我们谈天的雅致，外面放鞭炮时，我和姐姐就藏在被窝里继续谈天说地。或许这就我是我们的“友谊”。
慢慢地，我发现没有她的日子会想她，或许这就是我们的“爱情”。然而这份集爱情/友情/亲情或许就是那份永恒……
我们初三了，一群在花雨季节奔走的有些迷茫的孩子。在这种季节里，什么样的风都有，我们异想天开地做各式各样的梦。
当然，我们现在也做着一个同样的梦。需付出努力的等价交换的梦，企图有天变为现实。这个梦，预言了我们的未来。
青涩的年代，每个人对幸福的定义有所不同，但我相信，无论是谁都曾对这个幸福的'字眼向往过。
有人依旧是乖乖地写着作业，乖乖地考着试，乖乖地扶正往下掉的眼镜，乖乖地接受大人的安排，乖乖地，乖乖的。
拥有青春，就拥有放肆的权利。我们的青春歌舞飞扬，活力四溢。
青春是一首充满活力的动感舞曲。
我们是人群中最耀眼的钻石，我们活力四射。我们张扬自己的性格，行事作风都十分高调，我们是90后的新新人类，从不低调。
青春是一首雨后抑郁的B调。
我们拥有的快乐是阳光背后的影子——烦恼。我们身上承载着太多希望。家长总是在家长会过后，对着我们教育一番“看看别人……”他们看不到，我们已经很努力了。
青春是小面女王的《每颗心都有它的脾气》。
她说“谁的心都会有一份悲哀，只属于自己的悲哀，不跟任何人说。人生一点点的延续，不仅是长度，也包括宽度。而曾经想要辨识清楚的事情，该明白的都已经明白。原谅了所有的错，包括自己所犯下的，过去不可犯不可修补。
爱当然没那么简单，幸福当然没那么容易，因为每颗心都有自己的脾气。“
亲爱的，但愿在我们而立之年时，你不会后悔自己在青春中的所作所为。
亲爱的，但愿我们都可以自豪地对自己说——我不后悔。
亲爱的，我们的青春正好，希望我们都能抓住时间的细沙，不要让它从指缝间流走。
希望各位可以评分，就算负分也好。
The importance of English rests with the language being used in most countries in the world as a communicating tool. For example, a German and a Chinese can't speak opposite side's language, but they both know English. And then there is no problem between their language communication. We must know the importance and learn the language earnestly.
The key to learn English well is to recite words. Words are the bricks of language building.Only keeping them in our mind, can we master them. To learn English well,we need to listen more English broadcast and contact with more foreingers so that we can practise our listening comprehansion. Only in this way, can we study for the purpose of application.
英语的重要性在于，它被世界上大多数国家作为语言交流的工具。例如一个德国人和一个中国人彼此都不会讲对方的语言，但他们都懂英语，于是他们之间的语言交流就不成问题。我们每个人都能够认识它的重要性，都能够认真学习。
要想学好英语，关键是背单词。单词是语言大厦的墙砖。认识了它们才能驾驭好他们。学好英语还要多听英语广播、多接触外国人，锻炼自己的听力，这样才能学有所用。
科目 英语
年级 高一
文件 high1 unit3.3.doc
标题 American English（美式英语）
章节 第三单元
关键词 内容
一.教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
在过去3左右的时间里，美国英语（American English）和英国英语（British English）都发生了很大的变化，它们的发展自然不尽相同，但二者之间区别并不是天壤之别。多数英国人和美国人可以很容易地互相听懂，两国的书面语言也非常近似。对于学习英语的中学生来讲，了解英语单词是美式拼写还是英式拼写，是美式发音还是英式发音，对知道某份书面材料到底是源出于美国还是英国是很有帮助的。从另一个角度来看，随着我国改革开和的步伐向21世纪的纵深加快，广播教学和录像教学日益普及，日常生活中对美国英语的直接接触更为广泛。目前中学英语中录制的各种英语教学磁带也多属美国英语。因而，特别注意对美语的学习，并不断扩充富有时代特色的美语式交际英语无疑是非常必要的。本单元将给同学们打开一扇了解美式英语的窗口，那就请同学们从本单元中边窥视它的区别点，边欣赏它们各自的独特魅力吧！
【指点迷津】
A.单元重点新词读音归类
1.[i:]wheel reason 2.[ ]plan gas Spanish character
3.[u]cookbook 4.[ ]fall store
5.[ei]explain tape pronunciation mail 6.[au]pronounce however howl
7.[ ]European 8.[ ]Indian
9.[ ]Europe European 10.[z]reason
11.[i]difficult movie Indian direct indirect explain character pronunciation British
12.[ ]difficult pronounce however western Europe European pronunciation character holiday Britain
B.单元重点新词透视
1.difficulty作不可数名是“困难，费力”；作可数名词是“难事，难点，具体困境”。
测试要点：
(1)have some (no, little, much, a lot of, a great deal of )difficulty/trouble+(in)+doing在……有困难 如：They have no difficulty in talking with each other in English. 他们用英语交谈毫不费劲。
(2)have some (no, little, much, a lot of, a great deal of, great )difficulty/trouble+
with+n.在……有困难 如：She has much difficulty with such a long speech.她作这样长的一个报告有很大困难。
(3)with difficulty“困难地，费劲地”是副词短语作状语。He breathed with difficulty.
(4)without difficulty容易地，不费吹灰之力地
(5)in difficulty“处于困境中”是介词短语起形容词的作用。
注意：sth+be+difficult+to do(习惯上不用to be done)。如：This play is difficult to enjoy.欣赏这部戏剧不容易。（不用to be enjoyed）
2.plan作可数名词是“计划，打算，规划，方案”。如：Fred is excited about his family’s plan for a vacation in California.弗雷德对于他一家人要到加利福尼亚去度假的计划感到非常激动。
作及物动词和不及物动词。其后可跟不定式、名词、代词或者what引导的宾语从句。如：
He plans to go to Australia some day.他计划有朝一日能去澳大利亚一次。
He began to plan what he would do with his Sundays.他开始计划怎样度过星期天。
测试要点：
(1)该词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词要双写字母“n”。如：Have you planned your trip?你打算作一次旅行吗？
(2)a five-year plan一个五年计划，in a planned way有计划地
(3)make plans for为制定计划
(4)plan on +doing打算 如：I am planning on going to Beijing next month.我打算下个月去北京。
(5)plan ahead提前计划
(6)在省略句中，plan后用to代替前面的宾语。如：
--Have you planned to go abroad?
--Yes, I’ve planned to.（省去了go to abroad）
3.medicine作不可数名词是“医学，医术，内科学”。虽然可作可数名词“药”，但通常指口服的药，不加-s。
测试要点：
(1)给某人一些药give sb some medicine
(2)吃药/服药take/have some medicine
(3)学医study medicine
(4)medicine的形容词为medical“医学的，医术的，医疗上的，医疗界的”。如：a medical college医学院，free medical service
4.British不列颠的，不列颠人的，英国的，英国人的 如：the British Museum大不列颠博物馆
He is German, but his wife is British.他是德国人，他的妻子是英国人。
Britain不列颠（英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的总称） 英国的全称：the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
5.however作连词和副词，意思是“然而，可是，尽管如此，无论如何，不管怎样”。
测试要点：
(1)常把however置于句首，句子使用倒装结构，即把后部的形容词和副词直接跟在however之后。如：She always goes swimming, however cold it is不管天气多么冷，她总是去游泳。
However hard the work may be, we must finish it on time .无论这工作多么难，我们必须按时完成。
(2)however作副词时是插入语，可放在句首、句中或句末，往往用逗号和其它部分隔开。如：
However, we still look into the matter later.不过我们以后要调查这件事。
He was ill, however, he decided to go.他病了，然而他仍决定要去。
(3)He said that it was so, he was mistaken, however.他是这样说的，可是他错了。
6.movie“电影，电影院”，常用于美国英语中，英国英语中。如：
a movie fan电影迷，a movie star电影明星，a movie house电影院，moviegoers常看电影者，go to the movies=go to the cinema=go to see a film去看电影
7.mail是美国英语作名词是“邮政，邮递，邮件”，英国英语用post。作动词是“邮寄”。如：
测试要点：
(1)by mail通过邮寄 如：I sent her a dictionary by mail.我寄给了她一本字典。
(2)作不可数名词时常和a lot of , much, a large amount of连用，表示大量的信件。如：
There was much mail last week.上周邮件很多。
(3)作可数名词时常与定冠词the连用。如：
The ship sank and the mails were lost .船沉了，邮件全丢失了。
(4)作及物动词用，如：He mailed /posted a parcel last month.他上个月寄了那个包裹。
8.reason作可数名词是“理由，原因，道理”。如：
These are our reasons for doing it .这就是我们干此事的理由。
You have no reasons to get angry.你没有道理生气。
作不可数名词是“理智，理性，理解力，情理”。如：
There is a great deal of reason in his advice.他的劝告中有许多道理。
作动词是“推理，推论，评理”。如：
reason with sb for/against为了赞成或反对……和某人评理。
测试要点：
(1)the reason作主语其后的表语从句中用that连接。如：The reason why we are late is that our car did not come.那就是我们要你来的原因。（注意不要选why）
(2)the reason后的定语从句的连接词可以是why, that或者省略。如：That’s one of the reasons (why, that, ×)I asked you to come .那就是我要你来的原因。
(3)reason的形容词为reasonable。如：His words sound reasonable.他的话听起来有道理。
（注意不要用reasonably,因为sound为系动词要求形容词作表语。）
9.explain作及物动词和不及物动词是“解释；说明”。其名词为explanation.
测试要点：
(1)explain后不能紧接双宾语，应用：explain sth to sb。如：She explained the reason to ne carefully.她认真地向我解释了原因。（注意不要用：explain sb sth）
(2)explain后可以接that, how, why等引起的从句。如：
Please explain to me how this sentence is read .请给我解释一下这个句子怎么读。（不要用：explain me how …）
(3)注意explain和explanation在拼写上的变化很大。
(4)explain oneself交待清楚。如：She was made to explain herself at the meeting .会上要求她交待清楚。
10.character作可数名词是“汉字，字体；小说或者戏剧中的人物角色”。作不可数名词是“性格、品质、性质、特征”。
测试要点：
(1)in character在性格上 The twins are different in character.那对双胞胎的性格不一样。
(2)She is a woman of a firm character.=She is firm in character.她是个意志坚强的人。
(3)She is a woman of character.她是个有个性的人。
`C.单元重点词组扫瞄
1.(1)have some (no, little, much, a lot of , a great deal of )difficulty/trouble+(in)+doing在……有困难 如：They have little difficulty in mailing the letter. 他们向国外寄这封信毫不费劲。
(2)have some (no, little, much, a lot of, a great deal of ,great) difficulty/trouble+with+n.在……有困难如 She has lots of difficulty with her geography.她学习地理有很大的困难。
2.ask sb for sth向某人要某物，向某人询问某事。如：
He entered, asked for a coffee and sat down.
A student asks his or her parents for money and clothing.
You can write to BBC English and ask for any information you need.
注意：ask after问候，ask out邀请外出
3.more or less或多或少；大体上；差不多
The work is more or less finished.
This train arrived more or less on time.
注意：neither more or less正好，恰如其分
What you said is neither more or less.你说得恰如其分。
4.come about产生；发生=happen, take place
How did these differences come about ?
注意：come across越过，偶然碰见,come after跟踪而来，come alive活跃起来，come along一道来，进展，come around绕道而来
5.the same as; the same…as和……一样
At first, the language stayed the same as the language used in Britain.起初，这语言与英国使用的语言一样。
She is the same age as you.她和你同龄。
6.a great many=a good many=a large/great number of很多，相当多的
注意该词组修饰可数名词，后面有无of的用法请对比下面两句：
A great many books in the library are new.图书室中的很多书是新的。
A great many of the books in the library are new.图书室的书中有相当一部分是新的。
7.and so on等等
The clothes were red, green, blue, yellow and so on.
They spent their time visiting friends, reading, watching television, and so on.
注意：and so on =and so forth=etc.=and so on and so forth=and the like =and things
8.bring in引来，引进，介绍，收入，领……进来
Stick to the point;don’t bring in things that are not important.紧扣要点，不要把不重要的话题扯进来。
They started to use English, but they also brought in some words from their own languages.他们开始使用英语，但把他们自己语言中的一些词也带了进来。
Someone wants to see you .Shall I bring him in ?
注意：bring about带来，造成，bring back归还，bring up抚养，呕吐,bring down打落，使……降低，bring out发表，拿出
9.change…into=turn…into把……变成
Please change these sentences into indirect speech.把这些句子变成间接引语。
Heat changes water into steam.加热使水变成蒸汽。
I’d like to change these pounds into dollars.我很想把英镑换成美元。
注意：有时change into是指发生了化学上的变化。
10.over the centuries=in the past few centuries在过去的几个世纪中（注意句子的时态常用现在完成时）
American English has changed over the centuries, too . 在过去的几个世纪里，美国英语也发生变化。
D.大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
如何突破语言障碍（How to smooth away the language difficulties）
1.文化背景(Culture Notes)
◆作为外语初学者，与外国人交流时，难免有听不懂的时候。此时，最好不要哑口无言，要找一些恰当的话语使交流自然地进行，如必须把下列功能套用语熟烂于心，并朗朗上口：I beg your pardon?/Would you please repeat it ?/Could you say it more slowly and clearly?/Pardon ?/I’m sorry I know only a little English./ I’m sorry I don’t quite follow you./How do you pronounce the word ?/How do you spell your name?/What does“fall”here mean ?/I didn’t catch you./I don’t understand what you mean./May I ask a question ?Could you repeat what you said just now ?……
当对方听到这样的话语时，可能会换一种表达方式或附加一些解释语言以便使你容易地接受。
◆在跨文化交际中，语言障碍只是一个方面，如对方使用的词汇你没有学过，对方使用的句型你没有接触过，对方工作的生活状况你不了解，对方所处地域的习俗你一点不知，对方国家的文化背景、人生价值念等你一无所知，那这些都可能直接地影响着你的交际成功与否。
◆A：Please get me a drink from the fridge, Tang jing.
B：Pardon ?
A：Please--a drink--fridge.
B：What do you mean by“fridge”.
A：Oh, that’s the short form for“refrigerator”.
B：Oh, you mean“refrigerator”.
A：Yes .
B：Ok, just wait.
E.单元语法学习目标
直接引语变间接引语“四注意”
本单元是学习直接引语和间接引语，有些同学过分拘泥于那些规则，不敢变通，有时造成很大的失误。所以建议同学们从语言实际运用的角度注意以下几个方面：
（一）.间接引语即为宾语从句。间接引语是从直接引语转换来的，结构上就是宾语从句。可从以下四种句型去掌握。
1.直接引语是陈述句时，间接引语是由连词that引导的宾语从句，that常可省略。主句中的say to sb.常根据需要改为tell sb。
①He said, “I’m a doctor.”→He said(that)he was a doctor.
②She said to me, “I’m studying English these days.”→She told me that she was studying English those days .
2.直接引语是一般问句时，间接引语是由whether(if)引导的宾语从句。主句的谓语动词多用ask。
③She asked, “Are you preparing for it ?”→She asked whether(if)we were preparing for it .
如果问句是表示“建议”，可用动词suggest或advise加宾语从句或适当结构来完成。
④“Shall we meet at the theatre?”he said.
→He suggested that we should meet at the theatre.
→He suggested our meeting at the theatre.
3.直接引语是特殊问句时，间接引语为原来连接代间（副词）引导的宾语从句。
⑤He asked,“Which one do you like best？”→He asked which one I liked best .
4.直接引语为祈使句时，变成“ask /tell/order等动词+宾词+to不定式”。如直接引语是let引起的祈使句，改为间接引语用“should+动词原形”。
⑥He said,“Get everything ready in two hours.”→He asked us to get everything ready in two hours.
⑦Tom said, “Let’s have a cup of coffee.”→Tom said that we should have a cup of coffee.
(二)时态转化中的不变。
1.直接引语若表示的是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时时态不变。
⑧The teacher said to the pupils, “The earth is round.”→The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.
2.当引语中有表示某一具体的过去的时间的状语，谓语动词的时态情况不需要作调整。
⑨My father said to me ,“I was born in 1945.”→My father told me that he was born in 1945.
(三)其它方面转化中的不变
如直接引语要变为间接引语，转述发生在当天、当地的事，直接引语中的come here, tomorrow, this morning, today, yesterday等不必随着改变。
10.He said ,“I’ll come here this evening.”→He said he would come here this evening.
11.This morning he said ,“I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.”→This morning he said that he was leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
(四)结合实际，灵活使用。
学习语法要结合实际，提高运用语言的实际能力。直接引语变间接引语也要看情况，做到用适当的表达方式准确引述原话。请看下例：如果设A为听者，B和C为第三者，可根据转述者和听者的不同，分别转述为如下的间接引语。
12.He said,“You are in Class Two.”
→He said that I was in Class Two.(A对B、C转述)
→He said that you were in Class Two.(B或C对A转述)
→He said that he（he-指A）was in Class Two.(B对C或C对B转述)
如果说话者转述自己的话，人称也不需变化。
13.I said to her, “I have done my best.”→I told her that I had done my best.
同时，在变化时直接引语中有多种句型时，要根据实际灵活地运用，这样英语的表达才能更准确。
14.He said, “Will you do it ?”and I said ,“Yes .”→He asked if I would do it and I said that I would.
二.学海导航
【学法指要】
如何破解与汉语意义相反的特殊回答
请看下面两道考题：
1.--You haven’t been to Beijing, have you?
--. How I wish to go there!
A. Yes , I have B. Yes, I haven’t C. No, I have D. No, I haven’t
2.--Please don’t make a noise.
--___.I’ll be as quiet as a mouse.
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I won’t C. No, I will D. Yes, I will
这两道题的答案分别为D和B。做这类题目时，首先要知道Yes后只能接肯定形式，No后只能接否定形式。如第1题中的B、C，第二题中的A、C，无论在任何情况下是不存在的；其次要知道这类题目的回答与汉语意义相反，即将Yes译成“不”，表示反对对方观点，“NO”译成“是的”，表示支持对方观点；最后根据语境揭示判断正确答案。
与汉语意义相反的特殊回答主要出现在下面三种情况。
(一)出现在陈述部分否定，疑问部分肯定的反意问句中。例如：
1.--You won’t go there by bus, will you ?
--No, I won’t .I’ll just walk.是的，我不会，我将步行。
2.--You never fall asleep in class, do you ?
--Yes, I do sometimes.不，我有时睡。
(二)出现在否定的祈使句或陈述句的对话中。例如：
3.--Please don’t be late for class.
--No, I won’t . I will be as early as possible.是的，我不会，我要尽可能地早到
4.--I hope you weren’t ill.
--No, Jeanne, I wasn’t ill.是的，让娜，我没病。
(三)出现在对否定的一般疑问句的回答中。例如：
5.--Didn’t you have a good time at the meeting ?
--Yes, a very good time.不，玩得很痛快。
6.--Can’t you remember doing the silly thing ?
--Yes, I can. I regret having done it.不，我记得，干了这件事我后悔。
【针对训练】
请根据语境提示选出正确答案。
1.--Tom doesn’t like dancing, does he ?
-- ,but he used to .
A. yes, he does B. Yes, he doesn’t C. No, he does D. No, he doesn’t
2.--The book isn’t easy for Jack to understand, is it ?
-- .His foreign language is far better than expected.
A. Yes, it is B. No, it isn’t C. I don’t think D. Yes, it does
3.--You didn’t go to the concert, did you ?
-- .I ought to have gone.
A. Yes, I did B. No, I didn’t C. Yes ,I didn’t D. No, I did
4.--Shouldn’t we invite more people to the dance ?
-- .A small dance is the most fun.
A. Yes, we should B. No, we should
C. Yes, we shouldn’t D. No,we shouldn’t
参考答案：1--4DABD
【妙文赏析】
A Story About Four People
This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was a very important job to be done, and Everybody thought that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did. Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody’s job. Everybody thought that Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody wouldn’t do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed（责备）Somebody when Nobody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody could easily have done.
关于四个人的故事
这是一个关于“人人”“有人”“任何人”和“没有人”四个人的故事。有一项很重要的工作要做，“人人”认为“有人”将做这项工作，“任何人”能完成这项工作，但“没有人”做这项工作。“有人”对此生气了，因为它是“人人”的工作。“人人”认为“任何人”能做这项工作，但“没有人”认识到“人人”不愿做这项工作，其结果是当“没有人”做了“任何人”能很容易完成的工作时，虽然“没有人”责备“有人”，但“人人”却责备“有人”。
【思维体操】
介词用法比较精选精练
在下列每组句子的空格处填入一个正确的介词。
1.(1)Do you know the difference the two verbs?
(2)The two words are different the Chinese meaning.
(3)The word“past”is different the word“passed”.
2.(1)Ted cut the apple half.
(2)Ted cut the apple halves.
3.(1)It’s very kind you to help me with my studies.
(2)Our neighbour is always king us .
4.(1)The teacher is writing a piece of chalk.
(2)The teacher is writing red ink.
(3)The teacher is writing a piece of paper.
(4)The teacher is writing an old friend of his.
(5)The teacher is writing a letter an old man who can’t write.
5.(1)Meat does not keep good hot weather.
(2)Our teachers are always good us students.
(3)The girl is good drawing animals.
(4)Fresh air is good your health.
6.(1)We had learned 1,000 words the end of last term.
(2)We have the final examination the end of every term.
(3)They all passed the entrance examination the end.
7.(1)The teacher is rather strict his pupils.
(2)The teacher is rather strict his work.
8.(1)Paper can be made wood.
(2)Wood can be made paper.
(3)The chairs and tables can be made wood.
(4)The football team is made twenty players and a coach.
9.(1)The children are waiting the railway station their mother.
(2)The children wait their sick mother hand and foot.
10.(1)Henry dropped in Mr Crossette yesterday evening.
(2)Henry dropped in Mr Crossette’s yesterday evening.
答案
1.between,in,from 2. in,into 3.of ,to 4. with,in,on,for 5. in,to,at,for 6.by,at,in 7.with,in 8. from,into ,of ,up 9.at,foron 10. on,at
三.智能显示
【心中有数】
美国英语和英国英语在拼写上的差别探微
1.词尾-or与-our的区别就是英式拼写为-our结尾，但美式拼写为-or。如：
colour=color,favour=favor喜爱，labou=labor劳动，neighbour=neighbor,honour=honor
2.词尾英式拼写为-re，但美式拼写为-er。如：
centre=center,metre=meter
3.词尾英式拼写为-ce，但美式拼写为-se。如：
defence=defense保卫，licence=license护照，practice=practise实践，练习
4.英式拼写中词尾要双写，但美式拼写中不双写。如：
traveller=traveler,travelling=traveling,travelled=traveled
5.英式中的名词以-se结尾，但美式中以-ze结尾。如：
organise=organize组织,realise=realize认识到
6.下面的这些难以归类，前者为英式拼写，后者为美式拼写：
cheque=check支票，tyre=tire轮胎，grey=gray灰色，luggage=baggage行李，
cigarette=cigaret香烟，axe=ax斧子，plough=plow犁，programme=program节目，程序，
storey=story楼层。
【动脑动手】
从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。
1.--What will Jimmy do next Sunday ?
--He plans_____fishing.
A. to go B. to go to C. going D. going to
2.--How about going for swimming this Sunday ?
--_____very much.
A. I’ll like it B. I’d like C. I’ll like to D. I’d like to
3.Tom is strong,_______his brother is weak.
A. when B. though C. however D. while
4.I don’t know how the result comes____.
A. about B. on C. out D. over
5.MissShut, who teaches us ____English language, is _____European.
A. the ;an B. the; a C. 不填；an D.不填；a
6.She didn’t find the word____to pronounce.
A. easily B. is easily C. easy D. to be easy
7.I’m going to buy the same dictionary ____you bought .
A. like B. as C. that D. if
8.--Shall I explain it again ?
--Yes, Please. I couldn’t quite what you said.
A. agree with B. know about C. think of D. follow
9.Could you ___how to use the new computer ?
A. explain me B. explain to me C. explain for me D. talk to me
10._____he was interested in medicine, but now he wants to practise____.
A. First;drawing B. At first;drawing C. First;to draw D. At first,;to draw
11.In our hometown, people grow wheat, rice ,cotton,____.
A. and so on B. on and on C. for example D. so far
12.The English_____their language with them when the travelled to other countries.
A. brought B. carried C. took D. taught
13.Have you any trouble _____this problem ?
A. in B. of C. with D. to do
14.It takes ____hard work to finish the experiment.
A. a great many B. a good many C. a number of D. a lot of
15._____English is a bit more difficult to master than _____English.
A. Speaking;writing B. Speaking;written
C. Spoken;writing D. Spoken;written
【答案与简析】1.选A。plan to do“打算干”和go fishing“去钓鱼”的结合。2.选D。当接受别人的邀请时常用：I’d like/love to。意思是“很乐意”。3.选D。因为是两个不同对象比较，while含有对比性。4.选A。 5.选B。6.选C。句型为：find+…+形容词+to do。形容词作宾语补足语。7.选B。the same…as“和……一样”（暗指同一类），the same…that“和……一样”（暗指同一个）。8.选D。从再需要解释可知是用follow表示“明白，听懂”。9.B。explain sth to sb。10.选B。first“首选”，at first“起初，开始时”，practise+-ing。11.A。and so on =etc.=and so forth。12.选C。bring去带……，carry运载……，take随身携带。13.选C。have…trouble/difficulty+(in)+ing=have…trouble/difficulty+with+名词。“在……有困难”。该句型中习惯上不用to do。14.选D。A、B、C都修饰可数名词。D可修饰可数和不可数名词。15.选D。spoken Enlish口语英语，written English书面英语。
【创新园地】
用间接引语将下列对话改写成短文。开关已给出，请续写。（Y--Yang Mei;S--Sara）
Y：Good morning, Sara. I’m Yang Mei.
S：Good morning, Yang Mei. Nice to meet you.
Y：Now we are in the same class. I come from China. I just learned a little English. I have some problems in pronouncing some of the words in English.
S：No, you are doing well. I can follow you.
Y：Thank you.
S：What are you going to do at the weekend ?
Y：I’m going to see a film. Will you go with me ?
S：Yes, with pleasure.
Sara and Yang Mei were new students in the same class at school in America. Before class they had a talk. First, they said“Hi”…
请同学们写完后，把你的答案反馈给我们。
SEFS1A
Unit 3
创新园地答案
Sara and Yang Mei were new students in the same class at school in America. Before class they had a talk, First they said“Hi”to each other. Then Yang Mei told Sara she came from China and she knew only a little English. She also said she had some problems in pronouncing some of the words in English. Sara said Yang Mei was doing fine and she could understand what she said. Yang Mei was thankful. Sara asked what she was going to do at the weekend. Yang Mei was going to see a film and asked Sara to go together.
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit3.doc
标题 Mainly Revision
章节 第三单元
关键词
内容
一【教学目的和要求】
1.单词和词组
二会： L10 gesture Arab Puerto Rico
L11 communicate host
三会： L9 manage dining room type composition
L10 wave nod
L11distance fist juice one another
四会： L10 body language handshake agreement disagreement Asian kiss custom proud
L11 manner manners comfortable guest
2.日常交际用语
Would you like me to …?
Would you like me to do this for you ?
No, thanks. I can manage it myself.
Is there anything else I can do for you ?
No, thank you. Thanks for all your help.
Can/Shall I help you ?
Would you like some help ?
Thanks/Yes, please.
That’s very kind of you.
3.语法
复习和掌握动词不定式的用法。
二【重点与难点分析】
Lesson 9
1.…Would you like me to carry it ? 要我帮你提着它吗？
No, thanks. I can manage it myself. 不用，谢谢。我自己能行。
此句对话是本课对话学习的重点，如何主动提供帮助和如何回答的日常交际用语。
1)当你主动提出帮助某人时（offering help）,可以使用以下用语：
Can I help you ? 我可能帮忙吗？
Can I do sth for you ? 我能帮你干点什么事吗？
Would you like some/any help? 你要帮忙吗？
Would you like me to do sth. for you? 要我帮你做某事吗？
Do you want me to do sth.？你要我做某事吗？
Let me do sth .for you. 我给你做些事吧。
Is there anything (else ) I can do for you ? 还有什么事我能帮忙吗？
2)当别人向你主动提供帮助，而你愿意接受帮助时，可以回答：
Thanks. 多谢。
Yes, please.好的。
Thank you for your help. 谢谢你的帮助。
That’s very kind/nice (of you). （你真是）太好了。
3)当别人向你主动提供帮助，而你想谢绝时，可以回答：
It’s all right. Thank you all the same. 不用了，谢谢你。
No, it’s Ok. Thank you all the same. 不，没关系，谢谢。
No, thanks, but I can manage. 不，谢谢，我能行。
That’s very kind of you, but I can do/manage it myself.
谢谢你的好意，不过我自己能行。
例如：
A. Can I help you with the housework ? 我来帮你做家务吧。
B.No, thanks, but I can do it myself. 不，谢谢，我能自己做。
2.It’s a pleasure to meet you .我很高兴见到你。
表示见面时高兴心情的方式有以下几种：
1)It’s good to see/meet you.
It’s nice to see/meet you.
It’s exciting to see/meet you.
It’s wonderful to see/meet you.
It’s delightful to see/meet you.
2)I’m pleased to meet/see you.
I’m delighted to meet/see you.
I’m glad to meet/see you.
I’m happy to meet/see you.
3)I’ve been looking forward to meeting you.
I’ve been wanting to meet you for a long time.
Lesson 10
1.Although we may not realize it, when we talk with others we make ourselves understood not just by words.
我们同别人谈话时，并不仅限于用言语来让人明白自己的思想，尽管我们可能意识不到这一点。
1)此句是一个复合句。主句是We make ourselves understood not just by words. 它带有两个从句。When we talk with others是时间状语从句；Although we may not realize it是让步状语从句。
2)make sb/sth +过去分词意为“使某人/某事被……”
句中的make ourselves understood直译为“使我们自己被别人了解”，意为“使别人了解我们”。
例如：①The teacher raised his voice trying to make himself heard by the students at the back.
老师提高了嗓音，想让后面的学生听到他所说的话。
②When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
讲英语时，务必要让别人明白你的意思。
2.Nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.
点头表示同意，而摇头则表示不同意。
1)句中的while是连词，连接两个并列的分句，表示前后意义上的对比或转折，译作“然而”。
例如：①I like sports, while he enjoys music. 我喜欢运动，而他喜爱音乐。
②Mum was cooking while Dad was watching TV.妈妈在做饭，而爸爸在看电视。
【注】While作“当……时候”解时，指一段时间，不能用来表示一点时间
①While I was sleeping, a thief came into the house.我睡觉时，小偷进了我的屋。
②While in America, I studied music and painting. 在美国时，我学习音乐和油画。
【注】当while从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同，并含有be动词，助动词或连系动词时，
则while从句中的主语连同be动词，助动词或连系动词一块省略，可用这种结构的还有when, after,
once, until, though, as, since等等。例如：
①While watching TV, she fell asleep.当她看电视时，她睡着了。
②When going to school, I met a friend of mine .上学时，我碰到一个朋友。
2)句中的nodding和shaking都是动词nod和shake的-ing形式，它们所构成的短语分别在句中作主语。
3.These gestures are accepted both by Chinese and English speakers as having the same meanings.
这些姿势对说汉语的人和说英语的人来说，都具有相同的意思。
accept…as意为“认为是……”其中accept意为“接受”、“同意（某种看法）”，as是介词，后接名词或-ing形式。例如：
①I can’t accept you as my assistant.我不能接受你作为我的助手。
②We accept the conclusion as true. 我们承认这个结论是对的。
③Waving one’s arms can be accepted as crying for help. 挥舞双臂可能被人认为是呼救。
4.Take nodding the head for example. 比如说点点头这一动作吧。
Take …for example意为“以……为例”，“比如说……”例如：
①Take this problem for example.以这道题为例。
②Take my family for example.就说我的家庭吧。
5.In some Asian countries it means not “yes” but “No”在某些亚州国家，点头的意思不是“是”，而是“不”。
not…but…是一个连词词组，意为“不是……而是”它连接两个并列的句子成分，表示意思上的转折。例如：
1)Not I but he is a teacher. 不是我而是他是一名教师。
2)I saw not Mary but Joan. 我见到的不是玛丽而是琼。
3)That’s not a pen but a pencil. 那不是钢笔而是铅笔。
4)My mother asked me not to go out but to stay at home. 我妈妈要我呆在家里不要出门。
5)He was born not in Beijing but in Tianjin. 他不是生于北京而是生于天津。
【注】not…but连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上一致。试比较。
Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there. 不是学生而是老师希望去那儿。
Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there. 不是老师而是学生希望去那儿。
6.French people kiss each other hello and goodbye more often than British people.
法国人在见面和告别时相互亲吻比英国人多。
1)kiss sb. goodbye/hello意思是say goodbye /hello to sb. with a kiss.
I kissed her good night. 晚上我与她吻别。
She kissed her mother hello as soon as she got home. 她一到家就亲吻她的妈妈表示问好。
2)kiss v.（风、浪）轻拂
The wind was gently kissing the trees. 微风轻拂着树枝。
7.Generally speaking, people from English-speaking countries do not touch each other very much.
一般地说，英语国家的人不大彼此触碰。
English-speaking countries意为“说英语的国家。”English-speaking是复合词，作定语，修饰countries,这三个词在逻辑上有主谓宾的关系，speaking可看作是countries的动作，是主动关系，因此用-ing形式，English可看作为speaking的逻辑宾语。
8.In Arab countries, you eat using the fingers of your right hand; the left hand is not used at all.
在阿拉伯国家，人们用右手的手指吃饭，左手是根本不用的。
此句中的using the fingers of you right hand是-ing短语，在句中用作方式状语，修饰谓语动词作eat。例如：
①Children usually count the numbers using their fingers .孩子们通常板着指头来数数。
②We show disagreement shaking our heads.我们摇头表示不同意。
9.In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at another person.
在亚洲的某些地区，你不可坐着把脚跷起对着别人。
with your feet pointing at another person是一种“with+复合宾语”的结构，又叫独立主格结构，它是由“with+名词+分词或分词短语”组成，在句中作状语表示伴随动作。分词的形式取决于该动词与前面名词之间的关系，是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。
例如：①The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the stars in the sky.
小男孩躺在草地上，眼睛望着天上的星星。
②Father usually works in his study with the door locked.
父亲通常锁着门在书房工作。
10.Foreigners should follow these customs when they are visiting these countries.
外国人到这些国家参观访问，就应当遵守这些习俗。
follow意为“遵循，听从，依照……行事。”例如：
We should follow the rules of the lab when we are doing experiments.
我们做实验时，就要遵守实验室的规则。
Lesson 11
1.It is good manners for an Arab to stand close to his friend when they are talking.
阿拉伯人和朋友谈话时，与他站得很近，这是表示有礼貌。
1)manner作“礼貌”讲时，要用复数形式manners.
例如：It is bad manners to leave without saying goodbye. 不辞而别很不礼貌。
2)形式主语it的句型
It is/was +adj/n +(for sb)to do sth.
句型中的for sb to do sth是不定式的复合结构，它是形式主语it所代表的真正主语，其中
的for sb是不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
①It is important for us to learn English well. 学好英语对我们来说很重要。
②It is our duty to help others .帮助别人是我们的责任。
2.The Arab who is friendly will stand close to his friend, but the Englishman will move back in order to keep a certain distance away.
表现友好的阿拉伯人会站得离他的朋友很近，而英国人则会往后挪动，以保持一定距离。句中的keep a certain distance away意为“保持一定的距离”其中certain意为“某个”，“一定的”“某种程度，”在句中作定语。例如：
There is a certain distance between the village and the railway station.
在村庄和火车站之间还有一定的距离。
3.City people in Britain and the United States stand closer than those who live in the country.
英国和美国的城里人比乡下人站的距离近。
句中的those who…相当于peope who,意为“凡……的人”。表示的是两者以上的不定数量。例如：
Those who want to visit the exhibition may write down your names here.
凡想去参观展览会的人可以在我这签名。
试比较：①Anybody who breaks the rules is punished.任何违反规章制度的人将受到惩罚。
②Those who break the rules are punished.
注意主从句的谓语动词要保持一致。
在①句中，主句的主语是Anybody,谓语是is punished, 用单数，Who breaks the rules是定语从句，修饰Anybody, who在从句中作主语，代表Anybody,所以谓语动词breaks也要用单数形式。
在②句中，主句的主语是Those, 谓语是are punished。用复数，who break the rules是定语从句，修饰Those、who在从句中作主语，代表Those，所以谓语动词要用复数形式break。
Lesson 12
Grammar: the Infinitive动词不定式
动词不定式的形式是to+v.,没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化，它可以有自己的宾语，也可以被状语修饰，不定式和它自己的宾语或状语组成不定式短语。不定式或不定式短语在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语和状语，但不能充当谓语，所以它是非谓语动词的一种，在checkpoint3中列举的7个例句说明了不定式的句法作用。
They don’t like to be too close to one another(不定短语作宾语)
They will move back to keep a certain distance away.(不定式短语作目的状语)
Would you like me to do something for you ?(不定式短语作宾语补足语)
Have you got anything to say ?(不定式短语作定语)
It’s a pleasure to meet you.（不定式短语作主语）
Waving one’s hand is to say “Goodbye”.（不定式短语作表语）
I don’t know how to communicate with foreigners .(不定式短语作宾语)
下面再举例归纳说明动词不定式的句法功能。
1.作主语
To learn English well isn’t easy 要学好英语不容易。
【注】①由于主语过长，所以常用it作形式主语。It isn’t easy to learn English well.
②不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
2.作表语
Our work is to clean the windows. 我们的任务是擦窗户。
My idea is to plant some flowers in our garden. 我想在花园里种些花。
3.作宾语
I want to visit the Science Museum. 我想参观科学博物馆。
4.作宾语补足语
I’ve got a bad cold. The doctor advised me to have a rest.
我得了重感冒，医生劝我体息一下。
5.作定语
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。
I’m very busy. I have a lot of work to do .
我很忙，我有很多工作要做。
6.作状语
He woke up only to find every body gone. 他醒来发现人全走了。
He made up his mind to work harder so as to catch up with the others in his class.
为了赶上班里的其他同学，他下决心更加努力地学习。
三【同步测试】
Ⅰ单项选择
1.Will you speak louder so as to make yourself ?
A. hear B. heard C. hearing D. to hear
2.David was busy at work his wife played cards all day long .
A. however B. while C. so D. therefore
3. Is possible to do the experiment in another way ?
A. that B. this C. what D. it
4. He lives in a house which is close a river.
A. by B. to C. with D. from
5. Not the teacher but the students excited.
A. is B. remains C. are D. being
6. It is very important the lessons before the class.
A. previewing B. to preview C. preview D. of previewing
7. They walked towards the mountain with a boy the way.
A. to lead B. leading C. led D. leads
8. I like reading my brother likes sports.
A. when B. as C. then D. while
9. I found it difficult his question.
A. to answer B. answering C. answer D. in answer
10. The two young men looked at as if one didn’t know the other.
A. each other B. one another C. one other D. the other
11.I think it bad to talk with your mouth full of food.
A. manner B. manners C. behavior D. polite
12. Though he had often made his little sister , today he was made by his little sister.
A. cry, to cry B. crying , crying C. cry, cry D. to cry, cry
13.My mother will not us to go out at night.
A. have B. let C. agree D. allow
14. The scientist came into the lab, by a group of students.
A. following B. to follow C. followed D. to be followed
15. She waved her hands in order to make herself .
A. seeing B. see C. to see D. seen
16. to take the English evening course please fill in this form .
A. Those who want B. Anybodny wants
C. Those that want D. people want
17. Canada is country. Have you ever been there ?
A. an English-spoken B. a speaking-English
C. a spoken-English D. an English-speaking
18. He usually works in his room with the door and windows .
A. closed B. close C. closing D. to be closed
19. you must be quiet or leave the room.
A. either B. both C. neither D. never
20. There was a terrible noise a sudden flash.
A. Was followed B. following C. to follow D. followed
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A
A well-known old man was being interviewed(采访)and was asked if it was correct that he has just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday.
“That’s right.” said the old man. “Ninety-nine years old, and I haven’t an enemy in the world. They’re all dead.”
“Well, sir ”, said the interviewer , “I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”
The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, I can’t see why you shouldn’t. You look fit and healthy to me !”
1. The old man said he had not an enemy in the world, which show that he was a very.
A. friendly man -he never made any enemies.
B. healthy man-he lived longer than all his enemies.
C. lucky man-his enemies had all died.
D. terrible man -he had got rid of all his enemies.
2. When the interviewer said that he hoped very much to have the honour of interviewing the old man again the following year.
A. he was trying to make the old man happy.
B. he wished he himself would live another year.
C. he did not believe the old man would live to be one hundred.
D. he did not believe he would interview the old man again.
3. When the old man said, “I can’t see why you shouldn’t,” what he meant was .
A. “you must try to live another year to interview me again next year. ”
B. “of course you can see me again since you’re so fit and healthy.”
C. “If I live to a hundred years, you should interview me again
D. “unless you live another year, you wouldn’t be able to interview me again.”
4. What kind of man would you say the old man was ?
A. He was silly.
B. He was unpleasant.
C. He was very proud and sure of his health.
D. He was very impolite to young people.
B
Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example by dipping（浸）it in water, it will be very hard but also very brittle（脆）-that is it will break easily. Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily. It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it. The metal is heated, and allowed to cool slowly for a certain length of time. The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes. Annealing, can also be used on other materials, such as glass.
1. Annealing can make metal
A. hard and tough（韧） B. hard but brittle
C. soft but tough D. soft and britte
2. Why do people put hot metal in water ?
A. To make it hard B. To make it soft
C. To make it cool D. To make it brittle
3. In annealing, the required hardness of a metal depends on
A. the quantity of water used B. the temperature of metal
C. the softness of the metal D. the timing of the operation
4. As suggested by the text, how can glass be made less brittle?
A. It can be heated and then cooled quickly.
B. It can be cooled and then heated slowly.
C. It can be heated and then cooled slowly.
D. It can be cooled and then heatly quickly.
【 参考答案】
Ⅰ.单项选择
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. B 8. D 9. A 10. A
11. B 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. B
Ⅱ.阅读理解
A.1. B 2. A 3. B 4. C
B.1. C 2. A 3. D 4. C
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit3.3.doc
标题 Mainly Revision
章节 第三单元
关键词
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
在不同的国家和地区，表达同一概念，体态语中的手势可能不同，相同的手势却表达不同的概念。例如：表达数字“1”的概念时，我们习惯伸出食指，而瑞士人则伸出拇指；当中国人伸出拇指时绝对不会表示“1”的意思，而是“好”的意思。据说由于手势语的不同，不但产生很多误会，还曾经引起过一些灾难。有一次，一些欧洲海员在地中海游水作乐时不知不觉地游到了海防基地，卫兵见到后向他们大声喊叫，并作出“过来”的手势。此时，海员们意识到离海防工事太近了，但是他们误将卫兵的手势理解为“走开”，于是就向远处游去。警惕的卫兵立即开枪打死了这些不幸者。
在西方国家，有一些特别的、人们都遵循的规矩。不敲门是不能打开关闭的门的；不受邀请是不能进入私人住宅的，当然你自己的住宅除外。在收到礼物时，西方人总是教孩子们说“谢谢”。对于西方人来说，吃饭出声音被视为是不礼貌的，然而在有些国家，这是合适地表达你爱吃主人给你的食物。看来，假如你不知道其它国家的这些规矩，你就会犯可笑的错误。
通过学习本单元，同学们将了解到一些有关身势语的知识，这在跨国语言文化间的交际中具有十分重要的作用。
【指点迷津】
A.单元重点新词读音归类
1.[ ]manage handshake Arab manner
2.[ai]type dining-room
3.[d ]gesture juice
4.[ ]composition nod
5.[u:]communicate juice
6.[ei]handshake wave Asian communicate
7.[i:]agreement disagreement
8.[i]manage composition kiss distance fist
9. [ n]composition Asian
10.[ ]handshake Asian
11.[ ]composition agreement disagreement Arab custom manner distance communicate comfortable
B.单元重点新词透视
1.manage
(1)作及物动词用是“管理、经营；安排，运用；控制”。如：
She has managed the company for many years and managed it very well . 她管理这家公司已经很多年了，而且管理得非常好。
Mike knows how to manage wife when she’s angry . 当他妻子生气时，迈克知道怎样对付。
(2)其后接不定式，作“设法做到……”（含成功的做某事）。如：
We managed to finish the hard work in time . 我们设法及时完成了那项重活。
测试要点：
(1)manage与try的辨异
manage常指“想方设法而成功地做成某事”，强调结果。try常指“试图或努力做某事，成功与否不清楚”。如：
He manageed to get the housework done with very little help .在没有多少帮助的情况下，他把家务活干完了。
He tried to get the housework done with very little help .他企图在没有多少帮助的情况下，把家务活干完。
(2)在交际英语中常用I can manage to / I can manage .
2.wave
(1)作可数名词是“波，波浪，波涛，光或者声的波”。如：The waves rolled on .波涛滚滚。sound waves声波。long / short waves长 / 短波。
(2)作及物或者不及物动词是“波动，漂动，挥手”。如：The flags waved in the winds .旗帜迎风飘扬。
(3)指“情绪的波动，人群的潮涌”。如：Waves of strikes hit the country .罢工的浪潮冲击着这个国家。
测试要点：
wave sb sth = wave sth to sb向某人挥手……
She waved me a greeting . = She waved a greeting to me .她向我挥手致意。
He waved good-by to us .他向我们挥手告别。
3.agreement同意、一致
测试要点：
(1)in agreement表示同意。如：She nodded her head in agreement . 她点头表示同意。
(2)in agreement with和…一致。如：Her opinion is in agreement with mine .她的意见和我的意见一致。
(3)agreement的反义词是disagreement。express one’s disagreement表示某人的不同意见。
4.kiss可作名词、及物动词和不及物动词。意思是“吻，亲吻，用吻表达；轻拂”
The two balls kissed .两球轻轻相碰。
A soft breeze kissed her face . 轻风拂过她的脸。
测试要点：
(1)kiss sb + on + the + check吻某人的脸蛋
(2)kiss sb goodbye = kiss goodbye to sb向某人吻别，kiss hello to sb向某人问好
(3)give sb a kiss吻某人一下
(4)习语：kiss the dust / ground承认彻底失败，kiss of life人工呼吸
5.custom习惯，习俗，风俗
Their customs and habits are different from ours .他们的风俗习惯与我们的不同。
测试要点：
(1)区别custom与habit
custom主要是群体性的不断演变而成的习惯，代表一个国家或者地区的传统，即“习俗、风俗”。habit是指一个动作反复发生，习惯成自然。如：
Social customs are greatly different from country to country .各个国家的社会风俗习惯很不相同。
Biting his fingers is his habit .咬手指是他的习惯。
(2)customs常作“关税”，the Customs海关。
6.proud骄傲的；自豪的。该词的名词形式为pride .
测试要点：
(1)be proud of对……骄傲
We are proud of our great motherland . 我们为我们伟大的祖国骄傲。
(2)be proud to do干……骄傲
She is proud to have taken part in the Asian Games .她为能参加了亚运会而自豪。
(3)feel proud that为……自豪
Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year .我们的足球队今年每次比赛都赢了，这使全队都感到骄傲。
(4)take (a) pride in以……自豪，对……得意
He takes pride in his success .= He is proud of his success .
(5)with pride = proudly骄傲地，自豪地
(6)谚语：Pride will have a fall .= Pride goes before a fall . 骄者必败。
7.manner方式；态度；举止。manners礼貌
测试要点：
(1)用作单数是“方式，方法，风格，手法”。如：I love duck cooked in Chinese manner / way .我爱吃中国烧法的鸭子。I don’t like his manner of speaking .我不喜欢他的说话方式。
(2)with manners有礼貌，without manners没礼貌
(3)have good manners有礼貌，have no manners没礼貌
(4)区别下列表达“方法”的名词，注意各自的介词搭配：manner , way , means , method
manner指“行为的特殊方式或独特的个人方法”。in the Western manner以西方式的，in a manner = in a way在一定程度上
way常指“一般方式，方法”。in this way用这种方法
means多指抽象或概括性意义的“手段，方法”。by this means有这种方法
method着重为达到目的或解决问题而采取的有系统、有步骤的方法，着重方法的准确有效。with this method用这种方法
8.distance距离
测试要点：
(1)at a distance稍远一点，at a distance of two miles在2英里的距离处，in the distance在远方。如：This oil-painting looks beautiful at a distance .这幅油画站稍远一点看很好看。
In the dark night , we could a light in the distance at sea .在漆黑的夜晚，我们在海上能看到远处的灯光。
(2)distance的形容词是distant
(3)What is the distance from…to …?哪离哪有多远？
(4)make a long distance call打长途电话
C.单元重点词组扫瞄
1.It is a pleasure to do …很高兴地干……
2.Would you like me to do…?你想让我干……？
3.I can manage it myself .我自己能解决。
4.help sb with cooking a meal帮某人做饭
5.show sb to the dining room领……去餐厅= lead sb to the dining-room
6.do the shooping购物，买东西
7.make oneself understood让别人理解自己 make oneself +过去分词“让自己被明白”make sb do让某人干……
8.by words（抽象的）凭借语言，in words口头上，with words用具体的语言，in deeds行动上
9.not just不只是 You can go there not just by bus , but by train .到那里不仅可以坐汽车，还可以坐火车。
10.send messages to sb向某人传递信息 With the help of satellites, we can send messages to other parts of the world .借助卫星，我们可以向世界其它地区传递信息。
11.accept A as B认为 / 承认A是B The police accepted the story as true .警方认为这事是真的。
These gestures are accepted both by Chinese and English speakers as having the same meaning .这些手势和姿态对说汉语的人和说英语的人都是一样的意思。
12.take…for example以……为榜样，take…as an example以……为榜样
Take water for example , it is made up of two gases──hydrogen and oxygen .以水为例，它是由氢和氧两种气体组成的。
Let’s take Lei Feng as a good example for all of us to follow .让我们把雷锋当作我们大家学习的好榜样。
13.shake hands握手，shake hands with sb = shake sb by the hand和某人握手
14.more often than比……更经常 You watch TV more often than I .你看电视次数比我多。
15.do research on从事……研究 = make research on
16.point at指向，对准，point out指出，point to朝……指去 He pointed his gun at the thief .他把枪对准了小偷。
17.follow customs随俗 Foreigners should follow these customs.外国人应该遵守这些习俗。
18.hold up举起，抬起，支撑，耽误。He held up his hand to ask the teacher a question .
The building of the new road has been held up by bad weather .天气恶劣，新路的修筑受到延误。
19.be close to靠近，接近The bus stop is close to our village .公共汽车站离我们村很近。
20.keep a certain distance away (from)与……保持一定的距离
21.communicate with与……交流（通讯、联系） We can communicate with people in most parts of the world by telephone .我们能够用电话同世界上的大部分地区联系。
22.wait in line 排队等候，wait in a long line排长队
23.shou one’s anger at / on对……发泄脾气
24.worry about / over为……烦恼，be worried about担忧……
25.a day or two = one or two days一两天
It is good manners to write or telephone a day or two later to thank your host .一两天后写信或打电话对东道主表示感谢是礼貌的。
D.大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
1.Offers and Responses（提供帮助和应答）
发现陌生人或不太熟悉的人有困难，一般用下列句子主动提供帮助。
Can I help you ?/ What can I do for you ?/ Is there anything I can do for you ?/ Do you want me to call you a doctor ?/ Let me carry the luggage for you . / Would you like some coffee ?
如果是熟悉的人或朋友，可直接问对方需要什么帮助。
Would you like me to get you a book ? / Do you want me to call you a taxi ? / If you don’t mind , I’ll go and buy them for you . / Here , take my umbrella .
不需要别人帮助时，还是得先表示谢意。
Please don’t worry . I can manage it myself . / Please don’t bother . / Thank you all the same . / No thanks . / Thank you all the same .
2. Model Dialogues（提供帮助和应答的交际示范）
Rose: Hi , Tom . You are carrying so many books .
Tom: Yes , they are very heavy .
Rose: Can I give you a hand ?
Tom: That’s very kind of you . I’m told you are busy these days .
Rose: Certainly , we’ll have our final exam .
Tom: What can I do for you then ? Can I help you with your English ?
Rose: Please don’t bother . Thanks a lot .
E.单元语法学习目标
不定式高考考什么？
动词不定式因其使用广泛，成为高考题中的热点。近五年高考（1995－1999）仅单项填空题中，答案要求用动词不定式的有13题。（有些题的答案虽非不定式，却考查了与不定式的搭配或区别。）
现根据其在句中的形式和作用分述如下：
一、否定形式（在to前加not或never）
1.The patient was warned oily food after the operation .(96)
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
二、完成形式 (to have + 过去分词）
1)表示发生在谓语动作（或状态）之前的动作或状态。
2)用在表示“希望”等含义的动词过去式后，表示未曾实现的计划等。
3)ought to have + 过去分词“本应该做，结果却未做”。
2. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report . (97)
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
3.Robert is said abroad , but I don’t know what country he studied in . (99)
A. to study B. to have studied C. to be studying D . to have been studying
三、to的替代作用（承接上文，单独用to来代替整个动词不定式）
4.－I’ll be away on a business trip . Would you mind looking after my cat ? (95)
－Not at all . .
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
5.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him .(95)
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
6.－Alice , why didn’t you come yesterday ? (97)
－I , but I had an unexpected visitor .
A. had B. would C. was going to D. did
四、to的省略与否
7.Paul doesn’t have to be made , he always works hard .(95)
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
五、句法功能
A.作宾语
不定式与动名词作宾语比较，为高考中的重中之重，重复考查现象明显。
8.We agreed here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet . (95)
A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met
9.－You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting . (95)
－Well , now I regret that .
A. to do B. to be done C. to have done D. having done
B.作宾补/主补（上文的考例1，5，7）
10.－Do you think the Stars will beat the Bulls ?
－Yes . They have better players , so I them to win . (99)
A. hope B. expect C. prefer D. want
C.作状语
11.－I had a really good weekend at my uncle’s . (99)
－.
A. Oh , that’s very nice of you B. Congratulations
C. It’s a pleasure D. Oh , I’m glad to hear that
D.作表语
12. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , it more difficult . (99)
A. not make B. not making C. not to make D. do not make E.作表语
13.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door “Sorry to miss you ;will call later .” (99)
A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
参考答案：1-5 CBBDA 6-10 CBCDB 11-13 DCD
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
用本单元所学的关键语汇从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1.His French was very poor , so he couldn’t make himself . But we made him us . That is , he was made all this .
A. understand ; understand ; to understand
B. to understand ; to understand ; understand
C. understanding ; understanding ; understand
D. understood ; understand ; to understand
【简析】答案选D。了解使役动词make的句型可知为什么选D：make + sb + do使别人干……，make + oneself + 过去分词“使别人明白自己”，sb be + made + to do某人被迫去干……
2. I would love to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report .
A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone
【简析】答案选B。本题大意为：昨晚我本想参加晚会，但我不得不加班工作完成报告。would love / like to do很想干……，would like / love to have done当时很想但未能干……
3.The celebration of Christmas is a western .
A. habit B. manner C. movement D. custom
【简析】答案选D。表达一个民族、国家、地区长期形成的习惯叫习俗，即custom。
4. I talked for a long time , and in the end I make her believe me .
A. tried to B. managed to C. could D. succeeded to
【简析】答案选B。manage to do设法干成了……，try to do设法干……，succeed in doing成功地干……从语境in the end可知最后说服了对方。
5.My first teacher last week and said he was still in good health .
A. shook me by the hand
B. shook me by my hands
C. shook my hand
D. shook hand with me
【答案】选A。和……握手：shake sb by the hand , shake sb’s hands , shake hands with sb。
【妙文赏析】
（一）
The shoulders can bear heavy things . Your father has a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder . When faced with difficulty , the family should stand shoulder to shoulder to overcome it . You should not turn a cold shoulder to your family members . Nor should you give your friends the cold shoulder . Both expressions mean treating others coldly .
肩膀能够负重，你父亲就肩负起家庭担子（have a great responsibility for the family on his shoulder）。有困难时，一家人就应该肩并肩（shoulder to shoulder），同心协力，克服困难。你可不要对家人态度冷淡（turn a / the cold shoulder to sb ），也不要对朋友严厉拒绝（give / show sb a / the cold shoulder），两个短语的意思都是不理睬或者冷落别人。
（二）Indian Sign Language
How would you talk if all your friends spoke a different language ?
Maybe you would talk by making signs the way that American Indians used to do .Long ago , when Indians of one tribe（部落）met Indians of another tribe , they had to make signs with their hands to understand each other .
There are some of the signs they made . Maybe you can make them , too .
When you are hungry , you move your right hand back and forth across your stomach .
When you mean “Let’s eat”, you cup（使成杯形）your right hand and move it up and down in front of your mouth .
When you have had enough to eat , you spread your thumb（姆指）and first finger（食指）apart , and move your hand from your chest to your chin（下巴）.
If you have a stomachache , you put both hands on your stomach , and move them back and forth .
1. In what situation would sign language be used ?
A. When the Indians met each other long ago .
B. When people don’t understand each other’s language .
C. When people who don’t share the same language want to make themselves understood .
D. When people do not make much noise .
2. Long ago , .
A. the Indians had spoken languages .
B. the Indians talked with each other with their hands
C. the Indians of different tribes used sign language to understand each other
D. the Indians preferred to use sign language rather than spoken language
3.Which of the following pictures shows that the Indian was full ?
4.The above picture C shows that .
A. the Indian was inviting us to dinner
B. the Indian had a pain in the stomach
C. the Indian was hungry
D. the Indian had eaten enough
答案：1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B
【思维体操】
请同学们阅读说明后把图和英文配对
WHAT DO THESE GESTURES MEAN？
The following gestures were used by actors in the 19th century . What did they mean , do you know ?
Match the actors’ speech to the gesture :
1. “Please , please , my darling never leave me …or I shall die !”
2. “Never ! How can you think that I would do such a thing !”
3. “I warn you , young man . If I find you doing that again , I shall punish you !”
4. “Of course , my dear , help yourself !”
5. “Please be sensible ! You must stop this stupid behaviour（行为）or you will lose everything !”
6. “I don’t care what I do .”
7. “Get away from me , you filthy, filthy beast（畜生）!”
8. “Of course !Don’t worry about it ! I’ll do it !”
9. “ I will finish my work even if it kills me !”
10. “I don’t agree with you . Now you listen to me !”
11. “Don’t do it . Please don’t do it !”
12.“Perhaps you would like to come for a little walk with me ?”
key:
1.B 2.C 3.E 4.C 5.H 6.F 7.K 8.D 9.I 10.J 11. L 12.A
三、智能显示
【心中有数】
从学习不定期式开始到小品词to的突破
我们在学习英语过程中，碰到了许多以to结尾的词。To是介词还是不定式符号，这是我们要特别注意的。本文试将常见的这些词组作些归纳。下面是根据高考英语《考试说明》而列举的一些常见的以to结尾的词组或短语，希望同学们从高二就开始把不定式的知识点牢牢掌握，并在学习中不断总结。只有这样，才能对不定式的运用游刃有余，在以后的高考测试中稳操胜券。
（一）、常见以介词to结尾的词组。
pay attention to注意、lead to导致、according to按照、object to反对、refer to参考，指、stick to坚持、refer + ing…to + ing喜爱……不爱……、belong to属于、add up to总起来，总结着、next to挨着、get (become、be) used to习惯于、listen to听、do good to对……有益、do harm to对……有害、help oneself to请吃……、be accustomed to习惯于、say hello to向……问好、in addition to除……之外、turn to翻到，求助于、look forward to盼望、set five to放心、devote…to …献于……
1. (MET’88)Mother us stories when we were young .
A. was used to tell B. is used to telling C. used to tell D. used to telling
sb . be used to doing习惯于、sb . used to do过去常干、sth . be used to do被用来干……故选C。
2. (MET’90上海题)We’re looking forward to your country .
A. visiting B. visit C. be visiting D. being visiting
3. (MET’95上海题)She looks forward every spring to the flower lined garden .
A. visit B. paying C. walk in D. walking in
只要掌握look forward to中的to为介词，那么2选A，3选D。至于短语动词中的夹杂状语起修饰性并不喧宾夺主。如：
She found herself looking forward more and more eagerly to the holiday at home .
They looked forward very much to seeing him again .
（二）、常见以不定式符号to结尾的词组。
so as to以便做、It’s worth while + ing (to do )值得做、in order to目的是做、ought to应该做、be willing to乐意做、It takes sb . time to do花时间做、be anxious to急于做、happen to碰巧做、be eager to渴望做、It costs sb + money to do花钱做、be afraid to怕做、chance to恰巧做、be ready to准备做，乐意做、be so + adj + as to do如此……以致于……、be about to正准备做，将做、make up one’t mind to决心做、pretend to假装做、be + adj + enough to do足以做、intend do打算做、used to过去常做、be too …to do太……以致于、would / should love to很想做、plan to计划做、expect to期待做、prefer to do…rather than do宁愿做……而不愿做……
4. (NMET’94) Rather than on a crowded bus , he always prefers a bicycle .
A. ride , ride B. riding , ride C. ride , to ride D. to ride , riding
5. (NMET’90) Tom kept quiet about the accident lose his job .
A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to
6. (MET’93上海题) Children at the beginning of this century a lot and themselves greatly even without television .
A. used to read …enjoying
B. used to read …enjoyed
C. were used to reading…enjoy
D. were used to read …enjoying
答案：4.C 5.B 6.B
（三）、特殊结构中的to。
①to构成的短语作插入语。如：
to tell (you) the truth说真的、Truth to tell实不相瞒、to begin / start with首先、to be more exact确切地讲、to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之、to be fair公平地说，凭心而论、to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地……
②保留to去代表省略的不定式。如：
－Would you like to come to dinner tonight ? (NMET’94)
－I’d like to , but I’m too busy .
－Tom , do you plan to go skating ?
－Yes , we plan to .
③平行结构中的小品词to不可省。如：
To see is to believe . = Seeing is believing .
It’s better to laugh than to cry .
④介词to加名词频频亮相。如：
a monument to the heroes、a bridge to knowledge、a visitor to the city、answer to this problem、keys to the exercises、the entrance to / of a valley、the key to the door、the key to success、a traitor to one’s country、the passage to the room、the notes to the text…
⑤介词to与“情感、心理”相连。如：
to one’s (great) surprise / satisfaction / joy / disappointment / regret…
⑥奇怪的小品副词to。如：
I guessed from the hurrying to and fro〈来来回回〉in the house that something unusual was about to happen .
（四）、to是介词还是不定式符号，根据不同的含义而定。
1.agree to同意
I don’t agree to his proposal . (to是介词)
He agreed to help me two days later .(to是不定式符号)
2.come to来；谈论
He has a lot of money coming to him . (to是介词)
He came to realize that he was wrong .(to是不定式符号)
3.get to到达；逐步
When did you get to the station . (to是介词)
You’ll get to like the work . (to是不定式符号)
4.on the / one’s way to在……途中；即将……
I lost my pen on the way to school . (to是介词)
She is on the way to see a film . (to是不定式符号)
5.happen to发生；碰巧
What happened to you ? (to是介词)
He happened to pass by the station . (to是不定式符号)
（五）、to后与名词、动词构成成语或短语。
go to college上大学 go to school去上学 face to face面对面 put to use利用 get to know知道…… go to bed上床睡觉 go to cinema看电影 sentence sb. to death处死…… come to a stop停止
【动手动脑】
To-infinitive , Infinitive Without To or Just To
英语中不定式有时候要加to，有时候不加to，有时候只要一个to把动词省去不用。到底该怎样正确运用不定式，有些同学对此感到束手无策，那么不妨做下面这些练习，定会对你有所帮助。
1.Don’t ask him to do that if he doesn’t want . (to do , do , to)
2.They could do nothing but . (to wait , wait)
3.We wondered whether (to go , go) forward or turn ,to turn) back .
4.Do what the teacher has told us . (to , to do , do)
5.Hearing this Tom didn’t know whether to laugh or . (to cry , cry)
6.－Would you like to go to the concert with me ?
－Yes , I’d like . (to go , to , go)
7.She doesn’t have to get up so early as she used .(to , to get up)
8. I would rather (to walk , walk) home than (take , to take) a bus .
9.The little child had no choice but . (to cry , cry)
10.Hadn’t you better (to hurry , hurry) if you want to catch the first bus ?
11.－She has to make a special trip to the store to get some salt .
－Does she have ? (to make , to , ×)
12.The policeman let those boys (to go , go), hoping they would learn from their mistake and (to obey , obey) the rules in the future .
13.That’s too good a chance (to let , let) .(pass , to pass)
14.I don’t think he need (tell , to tell) me .
15.I’ll try to help you it . (to do , to )
16.He went to America pennilessly , (return , to return) home forty years as a millionaire .
17.My brother has made a radio (listen , to listen ) to music .
18.They did all they could (help , to help) her .
19.－Ought I to go ?
－Yes , I think you ought . (to , ×)
20.Since you’re tired and sleepy , why not (have , to have) a good sleep ?
21.She has never dared (ask , to ask) them .
22.I dare (to say , say) , it’s going to rain .
23.Are we (bring , to bring) our books to the lecture ?
24.Do (ask , to ask) me if you want anything .
25.Crocodile may , and often do , swimmers . (to attack , attack )
答案及说明：
1.to 2.wait 3.to go , to turn 有对照之意，两个不定式都要带to。 4.to do 5.两个答案都对：whether to laugh or (to) cry可看成成语，译成“啼笑皆非”。6.to 对Would you like to…的回答是：Yes , I’d like to. 7.to 8.walk , take 9.to cry 10.hurry 11.to 对have / has to的回答应该是to。12.go , obey 13.to let , pass 14.tell need第三人称后无词形的变化，说明它是情态动词。 15.to do 16.to return 分词作结果状语表示必然的结果，不定式作结果状语表示没有预料到的结果。 17.to listen has made中的made含义是“制作”，不定式作定语。 18.to help 19.to 20.have why not后接原形动词表示建议。 21.to ask 22.say。I dare say是个固定形式。 23.to bring be to表将来。24.ask。Do / Does / Did放在动词原形前，起强调作用。 25.attack and often do看成插入语，may后接原形动词。
【创新园地】
读谚语，“觅”动物
下列英语谚语中均含动物名称，你能根据字母提示写出它们并把英语句子和后面的汉语句子对照入座吗？
1.When the f preaches , take care of your g .
2.Use a book as a b does flowers .
3.Two d fight for a bone , and a third runs away with it .
4.Though your enemy seem a m , yet watch him like a l .
5.A black h lays a white egg .
6.All a wag their ears .
7.He who rides a t is afraid to dismount .
8.A m remains the same though dresses in silk .
9.Take the b by the horns .
10.Never repeat the words of others like a p .
11.An o is taken by the horns , and a man by the tongue .
12.As the old c crows , so does the young .
13.A thief knows a thief , it is the same with the w .
14.If you run after two h ， you will catch neither .
15.Catch the b before you sell his skin .
16.Where the d is slain , some of her blood will die .
17.As well be hanged for a sheep as for a l .
18.If two men ride on a h ， one must ride behind .
19.If one s leaps over the ditch , all the rest will follow .
20.Who will bell the c ?
A.有谁敢去冒这个险哪？ B.先捉到熊再卖皮。（勿过早乐观。） C.勿鹦鹉学舌。 D.黑鸡生白蛋。丑妇生俊儿。 E.听到狐狸说教，当心鹅儿被盗。 F.榜样的力量是无穷的。 G.一心不能二用。 H.处理难局要果断。 I.即使敌人像老鼠，也要当作狮子防。（不怕强敌，只怕轻敌。） J.像蜜蜂采花那样利用书。（读书要善于吸取其精华。） K.驴子都爱扇耳朵。（驴子摆耳朵，傻瓜装聪明。） L.鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。 M.老公鸡怎么啼，小公鸡怎么叫。（子女学父母。） N.牛因长角而被执，人因失言而陷身。 O.豺狼识豺狼，小偷识小偷。（同声相应，同气相投。） P.雁过留声，车过留辙。 Q.一不做，二不休。（索性蛮干。） R.骑虎难下，进退两难。 S.即便身穿绸缎，猴子还是猴子。 T.凡事总有先和后。（有先必有后。）
（读谚语，“觅”动物）答案
1.fox , geese 2.bee 3.dogs 4.mouse , lion 5.hen 6.asses 7.tiger 8.monkey 9.bull 10.parrot 11.ox 12.cock 13.wolf 14.hares 15.bear 16.deer 17.lamb 18.horse 19.sheep 20.cat
A－20，B－15，C－10，D－5，E－1，F－19，G－14，H－9，I－4，J－2，K－6，L－3，M－12，N－11，O－13，P－16，Q－17，R－7，S－8，T－18
