这次小编给大家整理了LSAT考试出题四大原则（共含6篇），供大家阅读参考，也相信能帮助到您。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“生命加油站”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
◆◇需专业背景知识原则
逻辑推理题都是基于一个段落（或图表），所涉及的内容像新闻记者理解的文章一样，涉及研究生在学术研究、日常研读或日常生活中阅读的材料，这些材料可以涉及任何主题---艺术、社会学、历史、哲学、政府、体育、广告等等。虽然涉及内容包罗万象，读懂文章、回答问题，无需任何学科、专业的特定知识，并且不能借助自己熟悉的专业知识来考察，而应着重从逻辑推理的角度来思维。尽管逻辑应用与技法类型的考题有些涉及逻辑学的部分专用术语，但并不需专门的逻辑学专业的知识，否则将违反ets许诺的公平性原则：对任何一个考生都是公平的。当然，作为一名大学生，一些commonsense必不可少，如供求规律、数学里的比例、交集等。我的建议是：不要因你所读到的问题的主题是你不熟悉的而感到畏惧。即使主题是你从未读到的或听到的，你回答问题所需的一切信息均已包容在段落之中。
◆◇whichofthefollowing原则
逻辑推理题的大多数问题有whichofthefollowing，要求你根据段落里所给信息及逻辑推理，从下面五个选项中选出一个选项，从而实现问题目的。有时，或许这个选项并不是专业知识背景下或常识中的最佳选项，但只要是五个选项中最能实现问题目的的选项就可以了。逻辑推理题中一般不会出现两个或两个以上选项同时实现问题目的，让考生挑选一个最好的选项。实际上，在问题目的中的most在绝大多数情况下无意义，也就是说，五个选项中，只有一个对，其他四个必然不对。不过，在有些情况下，问题目的中的best有意义。请认真体会以下两个例子：
theskullsandpelvicbonesofsomespeciesofdinosaursharecharacteristicswiththeskullsan
dpelvicbonesofallmodernbirds.eventhoughnotalldinosaurshavethesecharacteristics,
therearescien
tistswhoclaimthatallanimalsthatdohavethesecharacteristicsaredinosaurs.
ifthestatementsaboveandtheclaimofthescientistsaretrue,whichofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?
(a)birdssharemorecharacteristicswithdinosaursthantheydowithotheranimals.
(b)someancientdinosaurswereindistinguishablefrommodernbirds.
(c)allanimalswhoseskullssharethecharacteristicsofthoseofmodernbirdsalsohave
pelvicbones
thataresimilartothoseofmodernbirds.
(d)modernbirdsaredinosaurs.
(f)alldinosaursarebirds.
译文：一些恐龙的头盖骨和骨盆骨与所有现代鸟类的头盖骨和骨盆骨有许多相同特征。虽然不是所有的恐龙都有这些特征，钽一些科学家声称，
所有具有这些特征的动物都是恐龙。
如果上面的陈述和科学家的声明都是正确的，下列哪一项也一定正确？
（a）鸟类与恐龙的相似之处要多于鸟类与其它动物的相似之处。
（b）一些古代恐龙与现代鸟类是没有区别的。
（c）所有动物，如果它们的头盖骨和现代鸟类的头盖骨具有相同特征，那么它们的骨盆骨也一定和现代鸟类的骨盆骨具有相同特征。
（d）现代鸟类是恐龙。
解析：科学家根据陈述：“一些恐龙的头盖骨和骨盆骨与所有现代鸟类的头盖骨和骨盆骨有许多相同特征”，就得出结论：“所有具有这些特征的
动物都是恐龙”。根据逻辑推理，我们发现（d）正确。显然，若根据常识，（d）必错无疑，但就逻辑推理而言，归纳的段落所面临的推理是必定成立的推理，所以（d）可从上面段落中推出来且与上面段落吻合，所以（d）正确。（a）做了一个无关比较，无关比较必然不对，且“theanimals”是新概念；（b）中的“indistinguishable”不可能从上面段落中得到；（c）中的“allanimals”把讨论范围扩大，犯了递推的错误；（e）是的all明显也是把段落中的“some”范围扩大化，因此也必然不对。
theiceonthefrontwindshieldofthecarhadformedwhenmoisturecondensedduringthenight.
theicemeltedquicklyafterthecarwas
warmedupthenextmorningbecausethedefrostingvent,whichblowsonlyonthefrontwindshield,
wasturnedonfullforce.
whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyjeopardizesthevalidityoftheexplanationforthespe
edwithwhichtheicemelted?
(a)thesidewindowshadnoicecondensationonthem.
(b)eventhoughnoattemptwasmadetodefrostthebackwindow,theicetheremeltedatthesamerateas
didtheiceonthefrontwi
ndsh
ield.
(c)thespeedatwhichiceonawindowmeltsincreasesasthetemperatureoftheairblownonthewindo
wincreases.
(d)thewarmairfromthedefrostingventforthefrontwindshieldcoolsrapidlyasitdissipatesthrougho
uttherestofthecar.
(e)thedefrostingventoperatesefficientlyevenwhentheheater,whichblowswarmairtowardthefeetor
facesofthedriverandpasse
ngers,ison.
译文：水汽会在夜晚凝结，在汽车的前挡风玻璃上形成冰。第二天早上汽车逐渐发动起来以后，因为除霜口调到最大，而除霜口吹向前挡风玻璃，因此（在前挡风玻璃上的）冰很快就融化了。
以下哪一选项，如果是正确的，最严重地威胁到这种关于冰融化速度的解释？
（a）两边的玻璃没有冰凝结在上面。
（b）尽管没有采取任何措施对后窗进行解冻，但那儿的冰同前挡风玻璃上的冰的融化速度一样快。
（c）从除霜口吹向前挡风玻璃的热空气，当它扩散到汽车内其他部分时迅速地冷却。
（d）即使当把热空气吹向司机和乘客的脚和脸部的暖气打开时，除霜口仍可以很有效率地工作。
◆◇iftrue原则
iftrue在许多考题中出现，紧接在whichofthefollowing之后，有时表达为ifpracticable，ifaccepted，iffeasible，ifcorrect，ifestablished等。这使得选项在即使违反常识或专业知识的情况下，我们也不能质疑其正确性。应牢记的是：在五个选项内容本身无可质疑的情况下，通过考察推理能否成立，有无缺陷，去实现问题目的。段落或选项中所表述的信息、观点或事实是否正确并不是我们所关注的问题。
pandasarerapidlydisappearingfromthewild.therefore,inordertopreservethespecies,exi
stingpandasshouldbecapturedandplacedinzoosaroundtheworld.
whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,castsmostdoubtontheconclusiondrawnabove?
(a)whenincaptivity,pandastypicallyproducemoreyoungthantheydointheirnativehabitat.
(b)newbornpandasinzoosarenotlikelytodiefrominfectiousdiseases,whereasnewbornpand
asinthewildarelikelytodiefromthesediseases.
(c)sufficientquantitiesofbamboo,thepanda’sonlyfood,cannotbemadeavailableoutsidethepanda’snativehabitat.
(d)manyzoosareeagertoincreasetheirstockofrareandexoticanimals,buttherearenotenoughpa
ndasforallthezoosthatwantone.
(e)pandasinzooshaveasmanyoffspringthatsurvivetoadulthoodasdopandasinthewild.
译文：野生大熊猫正在迅速减少。因此，为了保护该物种，应把现存熊猫捕捉起来并放到世界各地的动物园去。
◆◇五中选二的原则（theruleof2outof5）
逻辑推理题编写的一个基本原则是五个选项中的一个选项必须比其他的四个好。然而，正确选项的设计不能比其他四个选项明显地好以致问题的难度变得太小。这个原则使逻辑推理的命题人员陷入了左右为难的境地。如果一个问题让你去驳斥一个论证，那么一个选项必须能对段落的内在逻辑构成反对。这个选项将是“creditedresponse”。另外四个选项——迷惑选项distractors一定在某些方面不完美，但他们不能不一目了然，使问题变得ridiculouslyeasy。从某种意义上讲，preparingworkabledistractorsisactuallymoredifficultthanwritingthecreditedresponse。因此，通常五个选项中只有两个选项值得考虑（两者中仅仅在一个是对的）。另外三个选项，尽管有时与推理主题有点关联，但它们都有忽略了论点的推理结构。牢记：usuallyonlytwooftheanswerchoiceshaveanyrealmerit(onebeingthecorrectchoice).
总之，使得五个选项中只有一个难以排除，其他三个选项在很多情况下可能与问题目的无关，所以怎么样迅速排除三个选项是提高解题速度的关键。我在与ets负责命题的官员谈话时明显觉察到：编制逻辑推理题的最大痛苦与挑战不在于如何编制出一个非常像正确答案但又绝对不是正确答案的选项。实际上，有时五个选项中四个选项都编得极为荒谬，错得极为明显，只要阅读水平没问题，正确答案便跃然纸上。读者应在本书的大量归类讲解与训练中，培养挑选正确选项的感觉，进而找出错误选项特征。请看下面这个例子：
overthepastfifteenyears,thelargelyurbanizednortheasternunitedstateshasshownmoreandmo
retheinfluenceofthesouthwesternportionofthecountry.once,veryfewpeopleinnewyorkcityc
ouldbefoundsportingcowboybootsandstetsonhats,andnomajorradiostationboastedtwenty-f
our-hour-a-dayprogrammingofcountryandwesternmusic.thelatestdevelopmentistherapidproliferationo
frestaurantsservingchili,nachos,burritos,andothertex-mexdishes.thepassageabovemakeswhichofthefollowingassumptions?
(a)thelifestyleofpeopleinthenortheasthasbeenenrichedbytheinfluenceofthesouthwesternstates.
(b)mostresidentsofthesouthwesternstatesregularlyeatattex-mexrestaurants.
(c)overthelastfifteenyears,residentsofthesouthwesternunitedstateshaveincreasinglyadoptedlife
stylessimilartothoseofthenortheast.
(d)tex-mexdishesareanelementoftheregionalcuisineofthesouthwesternstates.
(e)peopleinthenortheasternunitedstateseatoutmorefrequentlythantheydidfifteenyearsago.
解析：本题的正确答案是（d）。theauthorclaimsthatthenortheasthasabsorbedelementsofthecultureofthesouthwestandpro
videsthreeexamples.atacitassumption(onewhichisnotproved)oftheargumentisthatacertainmodeofdress,akindofmusic,andatypeofcuisinearefoundintheso
uthwest.(d)articulatesthisassumption.
threeoftheremainingchoicesarereallyjust“flak.”theylackany6realplausibilityafterareasonablycarefulreading.theseare(a),(c),and(e).
(a)goesbeyondthescopeoftheinitialstatement.theauthorsimplystatesthatcertainculturalelement
softhesouthwesthavebeentransplantedtothenortheast,butnovaluejudgmentiscontainedinthepa
ragraphaboutthatprocess.
(c)reversesthecausallinkagedescribedbytheinitialstatement.accordingtotheauthor,thesouthwest
hasinfluencedthenortheast---notviceversa.
(e)goesbeyondthescopeoftheinitialstatement.nothingintheargumentsuggeststhatpeopleintheno
rtheastareeatingoutmorefrequentlythantheydidfifteenyearsago----onlythattheremoretex-mexrestaurantsintheregionthantherewerefifteenyearsago.
对大多数人而言，（b）最易误选。itatleasthasthemeritofbeingfairlycloselyconnectedtotheargumentintheinitialstatement.itmigh
tbetruethatpeopleinthesouthwestregularlypatronizethetex-mexrestaurants.that,however,isnotnecessarilyanassumptionoftheargument.allthatisrequired
fortheargumentisthatthereexistinthesouthwestsuchrestaurants---notthatresidentsofthatareapatronizethoserestaurantswithanyfrequency.
由上例可以看出，五个选项中的（a）、（c）和（e）的编写都非常荒谬，错得较为明显。“五中选二”的两个选项为（b）、（d），也就是说这五个选项中只有（b）、（d）值得考虑。（b）易误选。而正确答案只有一个，即（d）。
雅思听力考试出题原则
替换原则
在IELTS听力考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则，而且每套试题中都必然多次出现。这种替换出现在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是用同义或近义的表达替换出现。最常见的替换如：
1.同意词替换如scientist 和researcher 之间的替换，disadvantage和downside，drawback之间的替换，sign替换indication。
2.同义词组的替换如：miss particularly替换 main attraction。
3.主动与被动的替换：Coffee farming provides work for 30 million people 替换 30 million people earn a living by growing coffee.
4.加减关系的替换：某题原文为Er, the bottles made in most places contain about three-quarters new glass and the rest is recycled.
该题题干为 Most bottle makers use about __% recycled glass.用总数1减去3/4得1/4，再转换成百分数即得答案，正确答案为25%
考生在做题时如遇到某到题目题干原文关键词的'替换出现，则应提高警惕，该题目的正确答案马上就会出现，切忌一味等待原文中会出现题目中的原文。
根据这个原则，如果考生在等待某一道题目的相关信息时，下一道题目的替换已经出现，考生应注意自己可能已经漏掉了一道题目。
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正态分布原则
在数学中有一种概念叫做正态分布，意思是说在科学的测验或调查中，总是处在中间部分的个体数量最多，而在两端的个体数量较少。
例如在参加雅思考试的考生中，得5分或6分的人数量最多，而考0分，1分和8分，9分的人数量很少。
这是一个非常有用的原则，我们可以根据“中间多，两边少”的原则对题目进行分析，预测和猜答，十分有效。
此法也可以进一步引申到几种被选答案的平均出现。下面仅举95年使馆样题的三道难度较大的题目进行分析。
18题到20题是一种难度较大的题型，考生首先要判断题干信息是否正确，如果正确，打勾；如果不正确，应把正确答案填在空白处。根据正态分布的规律，正确答案中必然会有打对勾的题目，所以如果考生只能够做出一道题目，不妨将剩下两个空全部填上对号；如果考生一道题目也做不出来，不妨将三个空全填对号，而答案中18题，20题答案为对号。这样考生至少就可以答对2/3的题目。
21题到24题，考生通过仔细观察题目会发现，Type of coffee这一横行应填I，R，或E.而这一横行中I和E两个选项都已经出现过了，所以如果考生没有做出21题和24题，可以猜答R，而正确答案21题和24题全部选R. 25题到32题，要求考生填1分，2分或3分，根据正态分布原则，考生对于没有听出来的题目，可以猜答2分，而正确答案中有5个是填2分。
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会议场景
议场景中，开场白经常是由会议的president或是organizer来进行自我介绍，然后介绍会议的具体内容。除此之外，还要介绍会议的会期多长，这里有一个经常考到的考点-第几次场景。
如某年真题为 How many conventions have already been held? A 2 B 3 C 4 D 5
原文为This is our third annual retailers' convention.因为今年是第3次会议，所以以前已经举办过2次会议，答案为A.
第几次场景不光是在会议场景中多次出现，又如， How many years have you been studying at this college? A one year;B two years C three years 原文为 This is my second y
新东方周雷：雅思听力出题四大原则
一、单项训练：题目反复练习
二、雅思（ielts）听力模拟题
三、听力常考场景单词短语分类汇总，要求掌握听说读写，完全听懂准确拼写
四、听力常考地名汇总，掌握听说读写
G类要求：听力达到5分或5.5分即可过关
A类要求：进入英联邦预科学习，听力达到5 分以上即可
进入英联邦本科学习，听力达到7.5 分以上即可
（一）听力基本情况：与四六级或TOEFL考试迥然不同的考试
考试模式：要求30分钟完成40道题目，10分钟誊写答案，40个题目4个SECTION，每个SECTION10道题目。
（二）雅思（ielts）听力认识的两个误区：
G类同学：听力作为参考分，考高分没有太大作用，考低分不行
所有同学：雅思（ielts）出题思路变化，但题型未必难度增加，极少考推理，更多的是记录信息的能力。
（三）雅思（ielts）听力的.两个基本范围
1、SERVIVAL ENGLISH：生存英语即基本日常生活英语
例：租赁房屋、购物、度假等
2、ACADEMATIC ENGLISH：学术英语、校园英语
例：如何使用图书馆、计算机实验室、如何做课外研究课题、讨论论文问题等
（四）听力四大特点
1、国际口音，主要集中在英音、美音、澳音
----对于习惯美音的同学有难度，要多听，反复听
----有利点：出现标准国际英语语音
----有利点：对于习语和俚语要求比较低，不做重点
2、听力共分四个SECTION：SECTION1和SECTION3为对话，SECTION2和SECTION4为陈述，一般情况80%难度递增，20%情况一分为二SECTION3最难，SECTION4难度下降或SECTION1最难，难度下降
3、顺序原则：听力磁带答案出现的顺序与试卷上题目出现的顺序一致的，不按顺序的题目大概占15%，整体把握顺序原则
4、并不是每一句话都要听懂，有的放矢
5、边听边做，题目在试卷上，应在作题之前阅读，难点是阅读量比较大，注意培养听写能力。95%题目考细节题目，所听即所得。
gre数学考试出题原则你清楚吗?
在gre数学考试中，一般都假定以下信息为真：
●All numbers used are real numbers;
●All figures lie on a plane unless otherwise indicated;
●All angle measures are positive;
●All lines shown as straight are straight. On the computer-based test， lines that appear“jagged“ can also be assumed to be straight (lines can look somewhat jagged on the computer screen)：
●Figures are intended to provide useful information for answering the questions. However，except where a figure is accompanied by a“Note” stating that the figure is drawn tO scale， solve the problem using your knowledge of mathematics， not by visual measurement or estimation.
细心的读者会发现，上述假设实际上就是gre数学考试出题原则，即：
●所有的数都是实数;
●除非gre数学考试题目中专门指出假设所有图形都在同一个平面内;
●所有的角的测量值都是正数;
●所有显示为直线的线均可当作直线来处理(在机试中，因为电脑显示器的原因，直线可能会看起来呈“锯齿状”);
●伴随问题的图形将为解题提供有用的信息。但是，只有在GRE数学的问题中指出本图形是按比例画出(drawn to scale)时，才可以用目测或估计而得到的信息去解题。否则，只能运用你的数学知识去回答问题。这一解题原则可以简称为“只能读图，不能度量”的原则。
GRE阅读高分备考的重点
一：有一定的词汇量
GRE阅读所需掌握的单词要少的多，这些词往往都是些GRE阅读专属词汇，且重复率很高，只需集中背记一下就可以解决基本问题。
二：选答案有方法、有技巧
GRE阅读的答案的确是有一些特点的。有一些答案一看就是正确答案，说得客观严谨、小心翼翼，有的一看就是错的，这里面包含一些特定的规律。
三：对句子有基本的理解能力
GRE阅读有很多阅读技巧，但它只是一种锦上添花的东西，要在你对文章的大意甚至对一些具体的内容有一定的理解的基础上才能发挥作用，而这个基础就体现在对句子的理解上。
四：熟悉考点和题型
GRE阅读考了很多年，已经呈现出了明确、固定的出题点和试题类型，考生应该对它们有充分的了解。
五：智慧读原文
要靠读懂全文来做对题，对中国考生来说是一件很难的事情，即使把文章全部翻译成中文，也很难在如此短的时间内逐字逐句理解全文，更何况是生词连篇、复杂难懂的英文，所以我们要靠快速读文法，学会抓重点。
六：考点详细读，非出题点略读
这句话非常简单，然而，很多考生往往很难做到这一点，有的考生是不知道什么有用，不知道哪儿是出题点，也就不知道哪里详读哪里略读，只好全文都一样重点的读，其实也就等于全文都没读好。
GRE阅读材料：鸟叫的研究
Over the years, biolists have suggested two main pathways by which sexual selection may have shaped the evolution of male birdsong. In the first, male competition and intrasexual selection produce relatively short, simple songs used mainly in territorial behavior. In the second, female choice and intersexual selection produce longer, more complicated songs used mainly in mate attraction; like such visual ornamentation as the peacock’s tail, elaborate vocal characteristics increase the male’s chances of being chosen as a mate, and he thus enjoys more reproductive success than his less ostentatious rivals. The two pathways are not mutually exclusive, and we can expect to find examples that reflect their interaction. Teasing them apart has been an important challenge to evolutionary biolists.
Early research confirmed the role of intrasexual selection. In a variety of experiments in the field, males responded aggressively to recorded songs by exhibiting territorial behavior near the speakers. The breakthrough for research into intersexual selection came in the development of a new technique for investigating female response in the laboratory. When female cowbirds raised in isolation in sound-proof chambers were exposed to recordings of male song, they responded by exhibiting mating behavior. By quantifying the responses, researchers were able to determine what particular features of the song were most important. In further experiments on song sparrows, researchers found that when exposed to a single song type repeated several times or to a repertoire of different song types, females responded more to the latter. The beauty of the experimental design is that it effectively rules out confounding variables; acoustic isolation assures that the female can respond only to the song structure itself.
If intersexual selection operates as theorized, males with more complicated songs should not only attract females more readily but should also enjoy greater reproductive success. At first, however, researchers doing fieldwork with song sparrows found no correlation between larger repertoires and early mating, which has been shown to be one indicator of reproductive success; further, common measures of male quality used to predict reproductive success, such as weight, size, age, and territory, also failed to correlate with song complexity.
The confirmation researchers had been seeking was finally achieved in studies involving two varieties of warblers. Unlike the song sparrow, which repeats one of its several song types in bouts before switching to another, the warbler continuously composes much longer and more variable songs without repetition. For the first time, researchers found a significant correlation between repertoire size and early mating, and they discovered further that repertoire size had a more significant effect than any other measure of male quality on the number of young produced. The evidence suggests that warblers use their extremely elaborate songs primarily to attract females, clearly confirming the effect of intersexual selection on the evolution of birdsong.
17.1. The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) showing that intrasexual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does intersexual selection
(B) contrasting the role of song complexity in several species of birds
(C) describing research confirming the suspected relationship between intersexual selection and the complexity of birdsong
(D) demonstrating the superiority of laboratory work over field studies in evolutionary bioly
(E) illustrating the effectiveness of a particular approach to experimental design in evolutionary bioly
17.2. The author mentions the peacock’s tail in line 8 most probably in order to
(A) cite an exception to the theory of the relationship between intrasexual selection and male competition
(B) illustrate the importance of both of the pathways that shaped the evolution of birdsong
(C) draw a distinction between competing theories of intersexual selection
(D) give an example of a feature that may have evolved through intersexual selection by female choice
(E) refute a commonly held assumption about the role of song in mate attraction
17.3. According to the passage, which of the following is specifically related to intrasexual selection?
(A) Female choice
(B) Territorial behavior
(C) Complex song types
(D) Large song repertoires
(E) Visual ornamentation
17.4. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13?
(A) Female larks respond similarly both to short, simple songs and to longer, more complicated songs.
(B) Male canaries use visual ornamentation as well as elaborate song repertoires for mate attraction.
(C) Both male and female blackbirds develop elaborate visual and vocal characteristics.
(D) Male jays use songs to compete among themselves and to attract females.
(E) Male robins with elaborate visual ornamentation have as much reproductive success as rivals with elaborate vocal characteristics.
17.5. The passage indicates that researchers raised female cowbirds in acoustic isolation in order to
(A) eliminate confounding variables
(B) approximate field conditions
(C) measure reproductive success
(D) quantify repertoire complexity
(E) prevent early mating
17.6. According to the passage, the song sparrow is unlike the warbler in that the song sparrow
(A) uses songs mainly in territorial behavior
(B) continuously composes long and complex songs
(C) has a much larger song repertoire
(D) repeats one song type before switching to another
(E) responds aggressively to recorded songs
17.7. The passage suggests that the song sparrow experiments mentioned in lines 37-43 failed to confirm the role of intersexual selection because
(A) females were allowed to respond only to the song structure
(B) song sparrows are unlike other species of birds
(C) the experiments provided no evidence that elaborate songs increased male reproductive success
(D) the experiments included the songs of only a small number of different song sparrows
(E) the experiments duplicated some of the limitations of previous field studies
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★ 高考作文出题方向
★ 托福听力出题规律
