下面就是小编给大家带来的高考必背英语词汇讲座 A(共含7篇),希望大家喜欢,可以帮助到有需要的朋友!同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“我的小田地”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
1. above all
表示“最重要的是;尤其”的意思。
例如:
the local government faces many tough problems, and above all, pollution problem.当地政府面临许多问题,但首当其冲的是污染问题。
a capable candidate should be outstanding in many ways, and above all, confidence.一个称职的竞选者应在许多方面表现突出,但最重要的是自信心。
2. according to
according to是一个短语介词,意思是“按照或根据”。
例如:
he will be punished according to the seriousness of his crime.他所受的惩罚要根据其犯罪的严重程度而定。
i will take the medicine according to the instruction.我会按说明来服药的。
我们又常常会碰到“according as”这一短语,那么这两者又有何联系呢?according as 是短语从属连词,后接从句。作“根据……而”或 “视……而定”解。例如:you will be praised or blamed according as your work is well done or not.根据你的工作表现好坏,将给予奖励或惩罚 。
3. account for
这个词的意思比较多,归纳起来,有以下用法:
1). 解释,说明。例如:she was unable to account for '5000.她无法解释那5000美元的去处 。
2). 是……产生的原因,解释为什么有(某种情况)。例如:the police tried to account for the blood spot.警察试图解释这血迹是怎么来的。
3). 占。例如: students account for 50% of our customers. 在我们的顾客中,学生占了一半。
the tuition accounts for two thirds of his income. 学费占了他三分之一的收入。
4. act out
表示表演出来比划着(用手势及语言表演或表达)”的意思。
例如:
the children were told to act out their favorite story.孩子们被要求表演他们最喜爱的故事。
the football fan is trying to act out the match he saw on tv.这个足球迷正试图连比带划地把他在电视上看到的比赛讲出来。
说到表演,则使人想起一个与之意思相关的另一个词组,也是高中阶段常用的词组之一,那就是“act as”,意思是充当,担任,扮演……的角色。
例如:she acted as a princess in the short play.她在这部短剧中扮演公主。
many college students act as guides during their summer vacation.许多大学生在暑假里担任导游。
5. add to
add to中的add是不及物动词,to为介词,一起构成及物动词词组,表示增加,增添的意思。
例如:
they also raise fish and poultry, thus adding to the total income.他们还养鱼,饲养家禽以增加收入。
her son's death added to the old lady's sadness.这位老妇人因儿子之死而更加悲伤。
注意区别它与add…to以及add up to 的不同含义。add…to的意思是把……加到……上去。例如:would you please add a few notes to the article?请您给这篇文章加几条注释好吗?而add up to的意思是加起来等于,总计达。其中,add是不及物动词,up是副词,to是介词,一起构成及物动词词组。
例如:the various building programs add up to several thousand new homes.各种各样的建筑项目构筑成了几千座新屋.the total figures add up to 270.总数加起来是270。
6. adventure与venture
这两个词都有冒险的意思,都可用作名词和动词。那么它们之间究竟有何不同呢?adventure多用于褒义场合,指危险中非常激动人心的经历。
例如:he talked about his adventure in the desert.他讲述了他在沙漠中的一些冒险经历。
venture主要用于商业上的冒险和投机活动,特别指那些不是一下子发迹就是输得精光的投机活动。作动词时,还可表示冒昧,敢于的意思。
例如:
one lucky venture in australia made his name overnight.在澳洲一次幸运的投机使他一夜成名。
i venture to say that by the year 2500 there will be men living on the moon.我敢说,到公元25会有人在月球上居住。
7. afford
高中课文中出现的与此单词组成的词组是afford sb. sth.,表示提供某人某物。
例如:
those efforts afforded us useful experience.这些努力使我们得到了一些有益的经验。these activities afforded him great pleasure in his old age.这些活动给他的晚年带来了很大的乐趣。
在很多场合,afford表示有经济条件做某事。
例如:
before liberation many people could not afford to send their children to school.解放前很多人由于付不起学费而不能送孩子上学。
in those days we were too poor to afford medical treatment.那时候我们太穷,治不起病。
8. agree to
表示同意某一建议,安排等,意思接近consent to。
例如:we agreed to their suggestion.我们同意了他们的建议。
under no circumstances can we agree to such a principle.在任何情况下我们都不会同意这一原则。
注意:在agree后接不同介词,词义会有所不同,如:agree with,表示同意某人的意见,我们可以说:i quite agree with him.我完全同意他的意见。又如: agree on或agree upon,它表示在某一点上取得或具有相同意见,可以说:they finally agreed upon the terms of the contract.他们最后就合同的条文达成了协议。i don't agree with you on many things.在许多问题上我同你的意见有分歧。
9. aim at
提到“aim at”这个词组,便会使人想到“aim for”这一词组,两者都表示目的是,旨在的意思,但也存在一些细微的区别。aim at 是动介型短语动词,其后可接名词,代词或动名词。它除了表示目的是,旨在的意思外,还有瞄准之意。
例如:
he aimed at the lion and fired but missed it.他对准狮子开枪,但没有击中。
he picked up a stone and aimed it at the dog.他捡起一块石头朝狗扔去。
又如:we are aiming at a 50% increase in production.我们打算使产量增长百分之五十。
10. allow
allow 既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词(多用于及物动词),它主要有三种意义:
1)(1). 允许;许可(1) 跟名词,动名词或代词。
例如:we cannot allow such a thing.对这样的事我们不能袖手旁观。
(2) 跟名(代)词+不定式。
例如:please allow me to congratulate you on your success.请允许我祝贺你的成功。
(3) 跟名词(代词)+副词
the doorman allowed us in one by one.看门人让我们一个一个地进去。
2). 给予; 让……有how much money does your father allow you for books?你父亲给你多少钱买书?
they allowed us twenty minutes for lunch.他们给我们二十分钟的时间吃午饭。
3). 承认(1) 跟名词或代词the judge allowed the claim.法官同意了这一要求.
(2) 跟从句the officer allowed that it was an american tank.那军官承认这是一辆美国制造的坦克。
(3) 跟带不定式的复合结构you must allow yourself to be in the wrong.你必需认错。
表示允许的词很多,比如: permit,let,admit等。下面我们来看一看它们之间的差别。allow指“听凭”,“不禁止”,含有消极的意味。例如:
my parents do not allow me to go out at night.我父母不允许我晚上出去。
permit指正式地“允许”或根据法律规定“许可”, 比allow来得积极。例如:
smoking is not permitted in the cinema.电影院内禁止吸烟。
试比较:hunting is allowed in this area, though not officially permitted.这个地区是可以狩猎的,尽管法律上不允许。而let表示“允许”、“让”,指不予以阻止或反对,它比allow更具有口语色彩。
11. answer for
“answer for” 与 “answer to” 是两个比较容易混淆的词组。这两个词都是动介型短语动词,介词后接名词或代词作宾语。answer for是“对……负责”、“因……(错误)而负责”的意思。
例如:
do you think parents should have to answer for their children's behavior?你是否认为父母应对子女的行为负责?
you will have to answer for your wrongdoing one day.终有一天会你会为你的错误行动付出代价。
而“answer to”是“适应,符合”和“与……一致”等意思。
that answers precisely to our need.这正好符合我们的需要。
this is the answer to the question.这就是问题的答案。
12. a number of
表示数量短语,意思是“若干,许多,大量”,其后一般接复数可数名词。
例如:a number of scholars have done the experiment.许多学者已做了这项实验。
a number of new products have been trial-produced.许多新品已试制出来了。
注意区别它与the number of的不同用法。the number of是一名词短语,意为“……的数目”。复数的形式为the numbers of。作主语时,谓语动词应随the number的单复数变化。例如:
the number of students is increasing.学生人数正在不断增加。
the numbers of the machine parts are not available.这些机器零件的号码找不到了。
13. apply for
apply for是一个大家都很熟悉的词语,意思是“申请,请求”。
例如:i want to apply for the position.我想申请这个职位。
如果把这个词组中的for改为to,那么又是什么含义呢? “apply to”可以表示“敷上,涂上”。
例如:apply some medicine to his wound.在他的伤口上敷一些药。它还可用来表示“努力,专心”,相当于 “devote…to”。
例如:he applied himself to the research.他很卖力地做此项研究。
14. ask for
表示“请求得到,请求见到”或“需要”等意。
例如:
if you get into difficulties, don't hesitate to ask for advice.你要是碰到困难,要赶紧向人请教。
they all asked for the job.他们都要求做这项工作。
a young man was here earlier, asking for mary.一位年轻人刚刚来过这里,说要见玛丽。
the matter asks for immediate attention.这件事需要立即处理。
ask是一个使用频率较高的字,在高中阶段,ask after 与ask about 也是常常容易弄错的词组。请注意它们的区别。这两个词组都表示“问候,问起”的意思。但在意义上稍有不同。ask after 一般只指对第三者的问候,ask about则既可代替ask after 指对第三者的问候,也可用来表示对对方的直接问候。例如:he asked after your health. 他向你问候。he asked about me when i met him yesterday.我昨天碰到他时,他问起我的情况。
15. at all
与after all这两个是介词短语,都在句中作状语,起加强语气的作用,但其用法和意义是有区别的。前者常用于否定句,疑问句和条件句中。用于否定句时,表示“根本”;用于条件句时,译为“当真,实在”。
例如:i didn't understand him at all. 当时,我根本不明白他的意思。
if you want to keep your job at all, do it well.若你要保住这份工作,就得好好做。
after all常常用来表示“毕竟,终究”的意思。
don't blame him, he is a little boy after all.别责备他了,他毕竟还是个孩子。
so you see i am right after all.你看,终究还是我对。
16. at a time
作“一次,每次”讲,常用于“数词+at a time”的结构中。
例如:enter two at a time.每次进来两人。
he checked them off one at a time as they came in.他们进来时,他一个一个地核对。
注意它与at one time 的区别。at one time一般指“过去某一时期,曾一度(once)”或“同时”的意思。如表示“同时”,则两者可通用。例如:at one time i used to like her, but not any more.我曾一度很喜欢他,现在可不喜欢了。
1、base与basis
这两个词在作名词时可表示“基础;基地”,但其意义是不同的。base用来指某物体的具体“基础”或底部的“支柱”。
例如:
we camped at the base of the mountain.我们在山脚下扎营。
our company's base is in new york , but we have extended many branches all around the world.我们公司的总部设在纽约,但是分公司遍及全世界。
而basis则用来表示抽象意义上的“基础”,常用于比喻句。
what's the basis of your opinion?你的意见的根据是什么?
we are willing to develop economic relations with all countries on the basis of mutual benefits.我们愿意在互利互惠的原则下同各国发展经济关系。
2、be about to
这个短语与“be to do”,“be going to do”两个短语都可用来表示“将要做某事,但含义和用法有所不同。be about to 从时间上来讲,等于be just going to do,意思是”即将,马上就要去做“。因此,在由这个短语构成的句子中,一般不可再加上表示时间的状语(如at once, next)
例如:
i am about to leave for shanghai.我将要去上海。
be to do主要表示安排或计划要在将来做的事情,它还可以表示命令等语气,相当于should, must 等。它可以同将来的时间状语连用。
例如:
the us president bill clinton is to visit japan next week.美国总统比尔?克林顿将于下周访日。
the letter is to be handed to him in person.这封信必须面交他本人。
be going to do 一般可以和be to do 换用,它在通常情况下表示计划,安排或准备去做某事的意向,但并不一定马上去做。它一般都与时间状语连用;此外,它还可以用来表示某种推断或可能性。
例如:what are you going to do for your holiday?假期有什么打算吗?
it's going to rain soon, look at those black clouds.看那些乌云,快要下雨了。
3、beat; hit; strike
这三个词都有”打;击;敲“的意思,但仔细分辩,还是有其各自的用法。beat 表示”连续不断地打击“;尤其指心脏的跳动。hit表示”撞击“(尤指一次性的)或命中(目标)。而strike除了与hit同义外,还可以理解为划(火柴);给人深刻印象等。
例如:
the man looked dead but his heart was still beating.这个人看上去已经死了,可心脏还在跳动。
he hit the ball so hard that it went over the wall.他使劲地击球,结果球越过了墙。
she struck (or: hit) him hard on the head with a vase.她用一只花瓶使劲地往他头上一敲。
he went in, struck a match and lit a candle to give light. 他进屋,划了根火柴并点燃了蜡烛照亮了房间。
the foreigner was deeply stricken by the beauty of the west lake.外宾对西湖之美印象极深。
4、before long; long before
这两个词组只是在顺序上有所颠倒,其含义却完全不同。before long = soon ,表示”不久以后“。
例如:i hope you will be back before long.我希望你不久就回来。
而long before = long time ago很久以前,
例如:i saw that american film long before.我很久以前就看过那部美国电影了。
有时long before后面可以跟一个句子,这时候before是连词,引出一句时间状语,表示”在…… 前很久“的意思。例如:he had been a party member long before he came to our school.他到我们学校来之前早就是一个党员了。
5、begin
这个词看来再普遍不过了,但它用于某些词组时,其意思就会有所不同,让我们看一下:
1.begin by 作”先(做某事)“解。
例如: i must begin by telling you about the factory itself. 我先给你们谈一谈工厂本身。
2.begin with它的意思是以…开始。
例如:knowledge begins with practice.知识从实践开始。
3.to begin with
1). 首先we can't go. to begin with, it's too cold. besides, we've no money.我们不能去。首先天太冷。此外,我们没有钱。
2). 开始时to begin with, they had little support but later on people began to trust them.开始时支持他们的人很少,但后来人们开始信任他们了。
6、believe与believe in
believe作及物动词时,其后可跟名词,表示相信的意思;后接从句时表示认为。
例如:
i don't believe his story.我不相信他所说的。
i believe he told us the truth.我认为他告诉我们的是真的。
而believe in是一个动介型短语动词,这时believe是不及物动词,一起表示信任即trust” 的意思。
例如:she doesn't believe in god.她不信奉上帝。
they believe in astrology and let it rule their lives completely.他们相信占星术并且由它来绝对支配他们的生活。
believe与believe in的后面均可接人的名词或代词,但其意义不同。试比较:i believe in him. (= i trust him.) 我信任他。i believe him. (= i believe what he says.)我相信他的话。
7、beside与besides
这两个词都是介词,且只相差一个字母,但意义却相差甚远。beside的意思是在……旁边 和与……比较起来。
例如:may i sit beside you?我可以坐在你的旁边吗?
this year's profits don't look very good beside last year's results.与去年相比,今年的利润看来不太好。
besides的意思是除……之外(还),相当于 “in addition to”。
例如:there were three other people at the meeting besides mr. smith.与会的除了史密斯先生外,还有三人。
注:besides还可作副词用,解释为此外,而且。
例如:i don't feel like dancing tonight. besides, i will have an exam tomorrow.我今晚不想跳舞,再说我明天还要测验呢。
8、blow up与blow out
blow up一词的含义颇多,可归纳为:
1. 炸毁the soldiers blew up the bridge with dynamite.士兵们用炸药把桥炸毁了。
2. 发脾气,责骂 when we arrived a little late, our boss blew us up.我们晚到了一会儿,老板就骂了我们一顿。
mary was two hours late home from the party and his father really blew her up.玛丽聚会后回到家里比她答应的时间晚了两小时就遭到她父亲的一顿骂。
3. 打气 be sure to blow up the type before you drive off.开车之前,一定要把轮胎打足气。
而blow out则表示吹灭。
she blew out the candle on her birthday cake.她吹灭了生日蛋糕上的蜡烛。
blow out the lamp, please.请吹灭灯。
9、break into与break in
这两个词组长得很像,有人甚至认为它们完全可以互换,其实则不然。 “break into”表示破门而入,闯入。
例如:
a house was broken into between midnight and 5am.在午夜到早上5点这段时间,有人闯入一家房子。
the robbers broke into his home and robbed him of many possessions.强盗们闯进他的家中,抢走了许多财物。
但它还有一个意思,就是突然开始……“,即to suddenly start to do sth.”。
例如:
the audience broke into cheers as the band came on stage.当这支乐队一出场,观众就报以热烈的掌声。
而 “break in”的另外一个意思是打断(话);插嘴。
例如:don't break in when he is telling the story.他讲故事的时候,别打断他
there's no doubt about it,“ he broke in.”那是毫无疑问的,他插嘴说。
excuse me for breaking in on your conversation.请原谅我打断了你们的谈话。
10、burn out与burn up
这两个词组都是动副型动词,在表示烧光,烧尽时,可通用。
例如:the big fire burned out (up) two tall buildings.这场大火把两座高楼烧掉了。
burn out主要指灯泡,设备等烧坏;它还可以表示放火将……赶出。
例如:
any electric light bulb will eventually burn out.任何灯炮最后总会烧坏。
i turn on a switch but the light had burnt out.我打开电源,但电灯已经烧坏了。
hundreds of families have been burnt out of their homes.有人放火使数百人无家可归。
11、but do与but to do
这两个词组都可表示除了做……之外的意思,相当于except do与except to do。它们属于 “but不定式结构,即but是介词,后接带to的不定式和不带to的不定式。比如在but前面的句子中出现了实义动词do, but后一般接不带to的不定式。反之则用but to do的形式。
例如:
he could do nothing but wait.他除了等,别无它法。
he had no choice but to kill himself.他除了自杀外,别无其它选择。
12、by heart与at heart
这两个词组在句中均作状语,在意义上却有所不同。by heart 指靠记忆(by memory),常与动词get, learn, know等连用。
例如:
the students have learned many new words by heart.学生们已背熟很多新单词了。
he has made the speech so many times that he knows every word of it by heart.这篇演讲他讲过好多次了,因此,他能把里面的每句话记得清清楚楚。
at heart有两种意义:一是在本质上;二是在内心深处;关心的。
例如:his manners are rough, but he is a kind man at heart.他态度粗鲁,但在本质上是个善良的人。when i say ”don't eat sweets“, i have your health at heart.当我说你不要吃甜食时,我是在关心你的健康。
he has the welfare of the poor people at heart.他把贫苦人民的福利放在心里。
13、by turns与in turn
by turns表示轮流地,交替地的意思,相当于alternately, 多用来强调某一时期反复发生的动作,
例如:
we clean the classroom by turns.我们轮流打扫教室。
she went hot and cold by turns.她一阵发热一阵发冷。
in turn有两种意义:一是依次地;轮流地,含有one after another和in proper order的意义;二是转而,反过来。
例如:
they spoke at the meeting in turn.他们依次在会上发了言。
theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。
14、by chance与by any chance
by chance表示偶然地,意外地,碰巧的意思,相当于by accident,在句中作状语。
例如:
i had no idea he was there. i met him by chance.我不知道他会在那儿,我是偶然碰见他的。
the news came to my ears by chance.我是偶然听到这个消息的。
by any chance表示万一;也许的意思时,在句子中作插入语,它一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
例如:
if, by any chance, he failed to come, we'll ask john to work the machine.万一他不来,我们就叫约翰开机器。
have you by any chance a map of shanghai?你也许有上海的地图吧?
15、but for与but that
but for表示要不是的意思,相当于if it were not for, if it had not been for。它常用于虚拟语气。for 是介词,其后只能接名词(词组)。
例如:but for your help and guidance, i should fail.要不是你的帮助与指导,我早就失败了。
but that 表示除……以外,除非等意思,相当于except that; 也可以表示要不是的意思。but that后接从句。例如:
we ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of the facts.我们什么也不要你的,就是要你把实情清楚地交代出来。
he would have helped us but that he was short of money at that time.要不是他当时没有钱,他就帮助我们了。
it will go hard but that we shall bring more land under cultivation.除非我们扩大耕地面积,否则事情就不好办。
1、excuse, forgive, pardon
这三个词都表示“原谅,宽恕”。
excuse:“原谅”,指有意放过人们在社会,习俗方面的具体行为。如错误,疏忽或失职,不予以指责和惩罚。常用词组:excuse for原谅;excuse from/to do免除。如:
please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. i thought you wouldn't mind.请原谅,我没有得到你的允许就用了你的电话,我想你不会介意吧!
the meeting lasted so long that mr. laurence had to excuse himself to keep an appointment.会开了好久,因此劳伦斯为了赶另一个约会,不得不请求先行离去。
forgive:“饶恕,宽恕,赦免”,感情色彩较浓,表示不但放弃一切报复要求,而且打消一切复仇的心理,不再愤恨,强调主观和内心的宽恕。
she was so kind as to forgive her intimate friend who had betrayed her when she was in a great difficulty.她如此善良,竟能原谅在她处境最艰难时背叛她的挚友。
he forgave injuries so readily that he might be said to invite them.他如此爽快地宽恕了那些伤害,简直可以说,他是在招惹伤害。
pardon:“原谅,宽恕”,正式用语,指放弃处罚要求,予以赦免,尤其指由上级按法律正式赦免过失或过错。作原谅讲时,同excuse。
it became necessary to fly our lives, but we couldn't expect to be pardoned.我们有必要逃命,但我们不能指望得到宽恕。
please pardon my asking, but isn't my text book on your desk?对不起,请问,我的课本是在你的桌子上吗?
2、easy, easily
easy作副词用时,不能与easily混淆。easy作副词用时主要用于口语和习语中,常与单音节的简单动词连用。它有“轻易地,安适地,慢慢地,小心地”等含义。如:
we often talk about reducing our costs, but it is easier said than done.我们经常谈论降低成本,但说来容易做来难。
take it easy!别紧张!
easy come, easy go.来得容易去得快。
go easy here!走慢一点!
easily是在表示“容易地,舒适地”等意义的easy的基础上通过加后缀构成的副词。在表示“不费力地,毫无困难地”等意义时,相当于with ease。它还有“舒适地,流畅地,顺利地,很可能”等意义。如:he won the match easily.他轻而易举地赢得了比赛。the machine is running easily.机器运转得很好。he may easily be late today.今天他很可能迟到。
3、each, every
这两者都表示“每个”,有时可互换,有时却不能。
1). each可作形容词及代词,而every只能作形容词,但它可与-one,-body,-thing等构成合成代词。each 用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接,如each of them, each of the boys; 而every则不能直接跟of 连接,如不可说every of them,而要说every one of them或each of them。
2). each通常用指两个人或物,而every则指三个或三个以上的人或物,不能指两者。如each end of the bridge和each side of the road中的each均不能用every代替。
3). each指一个整体中的每一个,强调个体;而every着重于全体的总和,强调整体。试比较: each has a different book. (强调各有不同。) here every child at the age of six can go to school. (侧重整体,无一例外。)
4).every另可表示“每隔”,后接基数词加复数名词,或接序数词加单数名词,如:every four weeks, every three months等,此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
4、economic, economical
两个词都可译成“经济的”,但含义不同。economic用以指与贸易、工业或财富等有关的“经济上的”或“有关经济学方面”的意义,一般用作定语。如:
they are faced with many economic problems.他们面临许多经济问题。
the country is in a bad economic state, so we must reduce profits.国家经济状况不佳,所以我们应减少利润。
economical则指与“节约”同义的“经济”,相当于not wasteful。既可指人也可指物,既可作表语也可作定语。如:
this is an economical stove.这是一种经济煤炉。
she is an economical housekeeper and feeds her family cheaply.她是一个节俭的家庭主妇,她全家的花销不大。
5、each other, one another
这两个代词词组都作“互相”解,较多地在句子中充当宾语。each other一般只用于两个人或事物之间,one another则用于超过两个人或事物的场合。试比较:wagner and strauss often exchanged gifts with each other. (指两者。)the members in our group learned from one another. (指超过两者。)
又如:they sat down opposite to each other.他们相对而坐。they were not suited to each other.他们俩不合适。we have known one another since we were children.我们在小的时候就相互认识了。这两个词组的差别目前已不是很严格,有时可互相替换。
6、effective, efficient
这两个形容词虽然都可译成“有效的”,但含义有所不同。effective指某物有一种显著的,预期的效果或是取得了预期的效果,它还可表示“有战斗力的,得力的”的意思。如:
her efforts to improve the school have been very effective.他为改善学校而做出的努力是卓有成效的。
this machine is an effective remedy for acid indigestion.这是一种治疗胃酸过多的良药。he has become an effective assistant.他已成为一名得力的助手。
efficient主要指某人办事效率高,不浪费时间和精力等,也可指机械设备“有效率的”。如:a good leader should be both competent and efficient.一名好领导应该精明能干,办事效率高。our efficient new machines are much cheaper to run.我们所买的高效机器运转消耗要小得多。
7、elder, older
这两个词皆是形容词的比较形式。
1).elder为“年长的”,只指人,用来比较年龄长幼,尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。它只能用在名词前作定语,不能用于than引导的比较状语从句。older为“年纪较大的,较老的,较旧的”,可指人也可指物,可作定语也可作表语,能用在than引导的 比较状语从句中。
which is the elder of the two sisters?两姐妹中,谁是姐姐?
the older of the two sisters led me into the sitting-room.两姐妹中的姐姐把我领进了客厅。
2). eldest和oldest的区别也是如此:前者表示年龄的长幼关系,后者表示年龄及时间或年代上的长久。 如: she has three children, and her eldest has just started school. 她有三个孩子,最大的刚开始读书。 it is the oldest building in our college. 这是我们学院最旧的楼。
8、exhausted, tired, tiresome
这三个词都与“疲劳,疲倦”有关。exhausted:“筋疲力尽的,疲惫不堪的”,语气最强。形容人因劳累过度而再无剩余精力或耐力继续做某事。在句中可作表语,状语。当它形容物,如资源等时,意为“耗尽的,用光的”。
the athletes were too much exhausted to wake easily when once asleep.运动员们疲惫不堪,一旦入睡便很难醒来。
the enemy troops being exhausted and demoralized, our troops won a series of victories.敌军疲惫不堪,士气低落,我军连战皆捷。
tired:“累的,疲倦的”,普通用词,泛指由于工作紧张或其他原因导致的疲乏,在英语中,也可表示“厌倦,不耐烦。常用于下列短语:be tired of (doing) sth. 厌倦做某事。
i'm sure you must be tired after cycling all that distance.骑了那么远路,我想你肯定累坏了。
when i first got to wisconsin, i was tired of eating such kind of food as hamburger every day.初到威斯康星时,我对每天都吃汉堡类食品而感到厌倦。
tiresome:“令人厌倦的,讨厌的”,描写毫无趣味,易让人生厌的人或事物,也指单调重复的工作使人感到疲劳。the difficulty of grasping abstract statements made my learning very tiresome.难以理解的抽象表述使我对学习感到厌烦。the lecture lasted three hours and it was really tiresome.讲座持续了三个小时,的确令人劳累。
9、electric, electrical
1 ). electric为“电的,用电的,带电的”,指任何电动的或发电的装置,被修饰的物体本身可带电。如: electric light, electric stove, electric piano, electric motor, electric bell。又如: please connect the two electric wires.请将这两根电线接起来。 with this electric blanket, the grandpa won't feel cold in winter.有了电热毯,到了冬天爷 爷就不觉得冷了。
2). electrical为“电的,与电有关的,电气科学的”,指与电有关的事物,被修饰的词本身并不能带电。 如:electrical engineer, electrical energy, electrical engineering。又如: all the electrical work was done by my younger brother.所有的电工活都由弟弟来干。 he buried himself in an electrical book.他埋头读一本电学方面的书。
10、especial, special
在表示事物不寻常,过分或特殊时,这两个词可以互换使用,只是special较especial普遍。不过,我们通常用special表示一种特别的目的。如:she paid special (especial) attention to clothes.她特别讲究穿着。that's my father's special chair in his office.那是我父亲办公室的专用椅子。these are special shoes made for john.这是专门为约翰做的鞋子。
11、energy, strength, power
energy为“精力,活力,能量”,指人或动物所积蓄的内在或释放的活力,也指物理学上的能量。strength为“力气,力量”发挥的内在素质与体质,也可指物理学上的强度。试比较:
he has so much energy that he can work as hard as three men. (energy指精力)the successful carrying out of the work is due to his youth and energy. (energy指活力)the energy of the sun has been widely used now. (energy指能量)
all the passengers pushed the bus with all their strength, but it refused to move. (strength指力气)
as the saying goes, ”unity is strength“, let us work hard together to overcome the difficulties. (strength指强度。)
power为“力,力量,能力,权力”。 它是力的总称,指各种力,如电力,动力或某事物的能力。它也可指人所具有的力量,能力,权力及势力等。当指人所具有的力气时,它与strength同义。如:
a football player needs power/strength to run with the ball. (power指体力。)
i'll do everything in my power to help that old lady. (power指能力。)
electricity gives us power and makes machines work. (power指电力。)
12、everyone, every one
everyone亦作everybody,只指人。它可译作“每个人,人人,大家”。在句子中,只作主语和宾语,其后一般不跟of短语。如:he spoke so slowly that everyone could understand him.他说得很慢,每个人都能听懂。i know everyone in the college.我认识学院的每一个人。
every one不仅可以指人,还可指物,即“每个(人或物),所有的”,其后可跟of短语。如:i don't know every one of them.这些人我并不是个个都认识。i have five pictures. every one of them is very beautiful.我有五张照片,每一张都很漂亮。
13、engaged in, engaged to
1).engaged in表示“从事,忙于”,用在连系动词be后作表语,指一种状态,介词in后接表示工作、活动的名词或动名词。如: sister liu is engaged in making clothes for an orphan.刘大姐正忙于替一位孤儿做衣服。
2).engaged to表示“与……订婚”,用于连系动词be, get等后作表语,用be时表示状态,用get时表示动作,介词to后接一个人的名词或代词,如: when travelling in europe he got engaged to an italian girl.他在欧洲旅行时与一位意大利女孩订婚了。 shelley is engaged to scott.雪利与斯高特订婚了。
14、except, except for, excepting
这三个词都表示“除……之外“的意思,其含义和用法有别。except是一个介词,指从整体里“减去”一部分,与介词besides(“除了……还”)相对。其后可接名词,代词,副词,介词短语等。如:
all except comrade wang are present.除了王同志全体都到了。
i looked everywhere except there.除了那里以外,我到处都看了。
i went nowhere except to the factory.除了去工厂外,我哪儿都没去。
his books seem to be everywhere except where they ought to be.他的书似乎放得都不是地方。
except for是一短语介词,常常用来引述一个相反的原因或细节,因而部分地修正了句中的主要意义。如:
this machine is of a new type except for a few short-comings here and there.这台机器是新型的,除了某些地方有些缺点。
your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.你的作文除了少许拼写错误外,写得很好。
excepting是分词介词,一般用于句首或not, without, always等后面,其后多接名词或代词。如:
there is nobody in the room excepting john.除了约翰外,房子里没有其他人。
everybody must study, not excepting those who have a better grasp of marxism.每个人都必须学习,对马克思主义懂得较多的人也不例外。
excepting sundays the stores are open daily.除星期日以外,这些商店每天都开门。
15、english, the english
1). english指英国人的国语“英语”,如learn english, speak english。 the english指某种特别的英语,如the english of shakespeare (莎士比亚的英语),the english of the sixteenth century (16世纪的英语)。 又如: what's the english for the chinese?(相当于the english word。) the book is translated from the english. (相当于the english original。)
2).the english还可作“英国人”解,指总称,被看作为复数名词。如: the english drink more tea than any other nation.英国人比其他民族更爱喝茶。 the english have a wonderful sense of humor.英国人非常有幽默感。
16、exhibit, exhibition
exhibit在用作名词时,往往与exhibition混淆。其实它们的词义是不同的。exhibit表示一件或一宗“展览品,陈列品”,构成exhibition(展览会)的一部分,有时可以指小型的“展览会”。如:don't touch the exhibits!勿摸展品!we visited an exhibit of oil painting yesterday.我们昨天参观了油画展览。
exhibition主要表示一种大型的“展览会”,如商品,珍品或艺术品展览会等,它亦可表示一种“展览”或“表演”的动作。
in beijing they went to the art exhibition. 在北京,他们去参加了美术展览会。the country holds an economic and trade exhibition every year.这个国家每年举行一次经贸展览会。they placed artistic handcrafts on exhibition last month.他们上个月展出了手工艺品。
an exhibition match of ping pong will take place next week.下星期将举行一次乒乓表演赛。
17、enter, enter into
这两者都可指“进入”。
1).enter可作及物动词,一般指进入一个具体地点或事物,如场所,建筑物等。它也可指“参加”,含有到里面去工作或学习等意思,如参加战争,军队,入学,入院等:enter the room / town / shop / party / army / war / university / hospital。
2).enter into常用于抽象或借喻的说法中,如进入生活,谈话,讨论,解释及参加某项活动等:enter into public life/conversation/discussion/explanation/politics。enter into也可用于特别强调深入某具体场所或某物的场合。如:we entered into a woody mountain.我们置身于一个树木繁多的山林中。some poison has entered into his body.一些毒素已侵入他的体内。
18、even, even though, though
这一组词十分容易混淆。
1).even是副词,作“甚至”解,用来强调语气。它在句中的位置应靠近所强调的词或短语,否则会引起歧 义。体会以下各句意思: she would not even enter my room.她甚至不进我的房间。 even she would not enter my room.甚至连她也不进我的房间。 she would not enter even my room.她甚至连我的房间也不进来。
2).even though (= even if)和though都为连词,前者为“即使,纵使”,表示退一步设想,引导一个条件状语从句,含有不肯定的意味;后者为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句,表示的是一种事实。
参见下列两个例句,前一句表示一种设想与假设,后一句表示“他确实知道”的事实。 he will not tell us the secret, even though/even if he knows it.即使他知道这个秘密,他也不肯说出来。 he will not tell us the secret though he knows it.虽然他知道这个秘密,但却不肯说出来。
1、can, be able to
这两个词都可以表示“能够”。can通常用来表示现在的一般能力。如:look, i can do it.嗨,我会做这事啦。而当表示将来能力时,一般要用will be able to。此外,be able to 还表示要经过一番努力才能做到的事。如:
if i concentrate on the work, i'll be able to work out the problem.如果我集中思想于工作的话,我就可以想出这个问题的解决方法。
i'll be able to speak french in another few months.再过几个月我就可以说法语了。
2、call on, visit
call on:“拜访”,为社交用语,强调较正式的访问。如:i hope to call on you at your office at three o'clock today.我希望今天下午三点钟到办公室去拜访你。
visit:“访问,参观”,指为一定目的去访问某人或参观某地。如:professor li is often visited by his students.学生们常去看望李教授。
注意:call at与call on都可以作“访问”解,但call at后接地点;call on后接人。如:i called at the bank and drew some money today.今天我去银行取了些钱。
3、centre, middle
centre“中心”,指圆和球体的中心点并可用作比喻,指事物或活动中心。如:
he placed the flowers in the centre of the table.他把花放在桌子的中央。
at the centre of the park there is a monument in memory of the hero.在公园的中央有一个英雄纪念碑。
london is the political, economical and cultural centre of britain.伦敦是英国政治,经济和文化中心。
middle:“中间”,指空间或时间意义上与两端等距离的中间部分。如:
he telephoned me in the middle of the night.他半夜给我打来电话。
soon they were in the middle of the river.不久他们来到河中央。
4、chance, opportunity
chance表示“机会;可能性(强调偶然性)”,如:
if we can swim, the chances are that we can save our lives.如果我们会游泳的话,我们就有可能得救。
harold has lost a lot of money so he wants to take a chance on stock exchange.海洛得丢了很多钱,因此他想在股票上碰一碰运气。
而opportunity表示机遇(强调好时机),既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。如:
this has been my only opportunity to practise speaking english.这一直是我练习英语口语的唯一机会。
i am very glad to have had the opportunity to talk to you.我很高兴能有机会与你交谈。
5、certain, sure
certain表示“有把握的,确信的”,语气较强,主语可以是人也可以是物,表示有充分的信心。有时也有“某些”的含义。如:
it is certain that the temperature will rise.气温一定会上升。
he is certain to come.他一定会来。
sure“确信的,无疑的”,作此义解时,主语常为人而不是物。如:he is sure to succeed.他一定会成功。
注意:certain和sure在接不定式和of短语时意思上有差别。
试比较:they are certain/sure to succeed.他们一定会成功。they are certain/sure of success.他们有成功的把握。第一例用不定式表示说话人对某事的推断,有“一定,必然”的含义;第二例用of短语表示主语本人的信念,有“确信,对...有把握”的含义。
再如:the strike is certain/sure to take place.罢工必然会发生。they are certain/sure of victory.他们确信会获得胜利。
6、care about, care for
这是两个动介型短语动词,后接名词或代词作其宾语。在表示“为...担忧”的意思时,两者可交换使用。
care about主要用来表示“对...感兴趣;关心;在乎”的意思。如:i don't much care about going.我并不很想去。i don't care about what people think.我不在乎人们怎么认为。
care for则主要用来表示“喜欢,对...中意”和“照顾”等意思。如:she doesn't seem to care for him.她好像不喜欢他。small children are well cared for in nurseries when their parents are working.当父母在工作时,孩子们在托儿所里受到良好的照顾。
7、carry on, carry out
carry on意为“进行,继续”,强调一个行为的进行过程。它可以不跟宾语,也可接表示“工作,讨论,竞赛,战斗”等一类的名词作宾语,相当于continue。它另可作“经营”解,相当于manage。如:
don't let me interrupt you, just carry on.别让我打断你,请继续。
i'll try to carry on the work in spite of difficulties.尽管有困难,但我还是会继续这项工作。rising costs make it hard to carry on the business.成本上升给生意经营带来了困难。
carry out意为“进行,贯彻,实现”,含有按照某个要求或准则进行的意思。它必须接宾语,且宾语往往是表示“工作,活动,职责,命令,计划”等一类的名词。此词语相当于put into practice。如:
i have some difficulties in carrying out her order.我感到执行她的命令有些困难。
the government was trying to carry out the policy of ”family planning“.当时,政府正尽力贯彻“计划生育”政策。
8、catch up with, keep up with
catch up with为“赶上(某人或某事)”,有追上并可能超过的含义。如:we'll do out best to catch up with the advanced industrial countries.我们将尽力赶超先进的工业国家。
keep up with作“不落后于(某人或某对手)”解,有与之并驾齐驱的含义。如:the girls had to run to keep up with the boys.这些女孩子不得不加快脚步以赶上男孩子们。
9、cause, reason
cause指造成一种事实或现象的“原因”,尤指自然原因或客观原因。如:what's the cause of his success?他成功的原因是什么?
reason指说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,它往往是通过逻辑推理得出的。如:give me your reasons for refusing.给我你拒绝的理由。this is the reason why he killed the woman.这就是他杀掉那个女人的原因。
10、clothes, clothing, cloth
这三个词都与人们穿的“衣”有关,但含义却不同。clothes永远以复数的形式出现,指人们穿的各种衣服包括裤子,内衣,衬衫等;其前不能用数词修饰。如:these clothes are new.这些衣服是新的。do i have to change my clothes for the meeting?我去参加会议要换衣服吗?
clothing是集体名词,为衣物的总称,是一种区别于其他事物的概念。除了衣裤之外,它还包括帽,袜,手套,被褥之类的东西,如:the shop sells articles of men's clothing.这个商店卖男式服装。in winter, children need warm clothing.冬天,孩子们需要暖和的衣服。
cloth一般用作不可数名词,指“棉布,毛织品”;它亦可作可数名词,指“某一特定用途的一块布”,复数形式是cloths。如:he will take three yards of cloth to make a suit.他做一套衣服要三码布。she cleaned the window with an old cloth.她用一块旧布擦窗户。
11、chief, main
这两者都表示“主要的”。chief表示所指的对象在重要性、地位、等级方面高于其他同类事物,暗示其他事物处于从属或次要地位。
main多用来形容事物的某一组成部分,表示该部分在重要性、力量、大小等方面超过其 他部分,起着主体的作用。the chief reason for going to school is to learn. 去学校主要是去学习的。the president is chief of the armed force.总统是武装部队的首脑。our main meal is in the evening.我们的主餐是在晚上。note down the main points of the speech.请记下讲演的要点。
12、choose, select
choose为“挑选,选择”,使用范围较广,指从众多的对象中挑选,这种挑选取决于个人的意志与判断,不强调客观标准。它所选择的对象可以是不同种类的,可以是有形的或无形的。choose带有最终选定的含义,即表示选定后不再变化。如:
in the new department store there is a lot to choose from.在新的百货商店有很多可供选择的商品。
he chose miss li for his wife.他选李小姐为妻。
you have to choose between life and dead.你必须在生与死之间作出选择。
select为“挑选,精选”,语气比choose重,多用于正式场合。它指仔细地,审慎地精选,强调客观性,而不是主观性。它所挑选的对象可以是有形的或是无形的,但一定是同一种类的。如:
the best machines were selected and sent to the exhibition.最好的机器被选去参展了。he selected a birthday present for his dear daughter.他为他亲爱的女儿挑选了一个生日礼物。
13、come to one's help, come for one's help
come to one's help表示“来帮某人的忙”,与come to help someone意义相同。如:when they heard my cry, they immediately came to my help.他们一听到我的叫声就赶忙来帮忙了。when one man is in difficulties, ten thousand come to his help.一人有难,万人帮忙。
come for one's help表示“来求某人帮助”,与come to ask someone for help意义相同。如:when he is short of money, he often comes for my help.他缺钱花的时候,他常来找我帮忙。she couldn't solve the problem, so she came for our help.她不能解决这个问题,因而来找我们帮忙。
14、continual, continuous
这两个形容词均可表示“连续不断”的意思,但它们在含义上有区别。continual指某一动作不时重复,重复之间有短暂停顿的含义;还有使人不愉快的含义。如:we are not happy with those continual interruptions.我们对那些不断的打扰很生气。my work has been delayed by his continual visit.我的工作被他频繁的拜访给耽搁了。
continuous指某一动作在一段时间内没有中断的含义,表示“持续不断”的意思。如:we felt tired after two days' continuous flight.经过两天不停的飞行,我们感到很累了。there was continuous fighting on the frontier all day yesterday.昨天一整夜,边界上的战斗没有停过。
15、compare...to, compare...with
compare...to为“把...比喻为,把...比成“,指不同类事物的比较,表示抽象的比喻。compare...with为“把...与...比较”,指两个同类的事物相比较,表示人和人,事物与事物之间异同的程度。
life is compared to a voyage.生命常被比作一次航行。
people compared him to a little white cat.人们把她比作一只小白猫。
compared with many women, she was indeed very lucky.与许多其他女人相比,她的确很幸运。
compare your translation with his, you'll find how many mistakes you've made.与他的翻译相比,你会发现你的有很多错误。
16、consider, regard as, treat as
consider和regard as都表示“认为是”,两者常可换用。前者偏重经过考虑后的看法,后者则偏重“把...看作”的含义,且必须与介词as连用。如:
they considered miss shen a good english teacher.他们认为沈小姐是一位优秀的英语教师。
i regard her as my own sister.我把她看作自己的亲妹妹。
they regarded me as their best friends.他们把我看作是最好的朋友。
treat as表示“对待,当作”,指在某种认识的基础上对待某人某物,着重点在行动,而不是看法。treat as 中的as也可用like代替。如:
don't treat me as/like a child.别待我象孩子似的。
they treated me as/like a member of the family.他们待我像家里人一样。
consider 后可接从句,也可跟带有名词,形容词,不定式及介词短语的复合结构;regard as后除接名词外,还可接形容词,分词及介词短语等;treat后则只能接名词。如:
i consider that he is the most suitable man to do this work.我认为他是担任此项工作最适合的人选。
they considered my opinion valuable.他们认为我的观点很有价值。
i regard him as stupid.我认为他很蠢。
she considered herself to be correct.她认为自己是对的。
we can't regard the matter as settled.我们不认为事情已经解决。
he regarded it as of little use.他觉得这没什么用。
17、coloured, colourful
虽然这两个形容词的词根均是colour,但它们的含义不同。coloured表示“有某种颜色的(having the colour specified)”的意义,常用以构成复合词。如:
she is wearing a cream-coloured dress today.她今天穿着奶油色的衣服。
coloured people were looked down upon at that time in america.那时在美国有色人种被人瞧不起。
colourful表示“富有色彩的(full of colours),色彩鲜艳的”等意思。如:
the girls looked very attractive in their colourful dresses.女孩子们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服显得非常漂亮。
colourful wall paper would brighten up your room.色彩艳丽的墙纸会使你房间焕然一新。
1、gather, collect
gather为“收集,聚集”,可用于人或事物,指把零散的人或事物聚集起来。collect为“收集,采集”,只能用于事物,不能用于人。当指一般性的收集,即把分散的事物集合在一起时,与gather同义,可以相互换用。如gather/collect flowers(采花),gather/collect fallen leaves(聚拢落叶)。它另可指为某种目的而有选择地收集,着重计划性和选择性。
试比较:gather books 把书聚集在一起 -- collect books 收集藏书gather money 攒钱 -- collect money 筹募资金gather stamps 把邮票集中在一起 -- collect stamps 集邮gather thoughts 集中思想 -- collect thoughts 组织思想
2、gaze, glare, stare
gaze为“凝视”,指聚精会神地注视,含有倾慕,神往或惊喜等意味。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:he gazed into the blue sky.他出神地望着蓝天。she gazed at/on the film star with admiration.她带着倾慕的眼神看着那个影星。
glare为“怒视”,指凶狠愤怒地注视,强调敌对的态度。它常和介词at连用。如:the angry farther glared at his daughter.怒气冲冲的父亲愤怒地看着自己的女儿。the men who were fighting glared at each other.正在打架的两个人愤怒地看着对方。
stare为“盯着看,呆看”,指出于惊奇或痴呆,无礼地,目不转睛地看。它常和介词at, on, into连用。如:his eyes were staring at her like those of a wild animal.他的眼睛像野兽般地盯着她看。he stared on the foreigner in wonder.他好奇地盯着那个外国人看。
3、get in, get on
这两个短语均可表示“上车”。get in后接小轿车,出租车等小型车辆。由于其车身较低,只有进入的概念,没有上的概念。get on后接公交车,火车等大型车辆,以及飞机,自行车,摩托车,马匹等,指上车上马时要脚登上阶梯或踏脚等。表示“下车,下马”时,也相应地用get out of a car/taxi 及get off a bus/train/horse等。如:
they invited us to get in the car and go to the amusement park.他们邀请我们上车去游乐场玩。
when the singer got out of the taxi, he was welcomed by a group of young people.当这位歌手走出车门时受到了一群年轻人的欢迎。
they are calling us to board the plane; let's get on. 他们在叫我们登机,我们走吧。
4、get into trouble, go to the trouble
get into trouble为“出事,遇到麻烦”,指由于行为不慎等原因而招惹麻烦,陷入困境。如:
if you go this way, you might get into trouble with the police.如果你这么做的话,警方会找你的麻烦。
he has got into trouble; let's go and help him.他遇到了麻烦,我们去帮助他吧。
此结构中的get也可作及物动词,后接宾语,表示“使某人陷入困境”。如:his bad habit was always getting him into trouble.他的坏习惯使他惹上了麻烦。
go to the trouble为“费事,不辞辛苦”, 指主动地去承担麻烦,后可接动词不定式或接of短语。它与take the trouble同义。如:
the host went to the trouble to make me comfortable.主人为了我的舒适而不辞麻烦。she went to the trouble of shortening the trousers for her younger brother.她主动揽下了把她弟弟的裤子改小的任务。
为了加强语气,此结构中的trouble前可用a lot of等修饰语代替the。如:i'll stay here for dinner, but please do not go to a lot of trouble for me.我会留下来吃饭,但请别特地为我做很多菜。
5、gift, present
这两个词皆可作“礼物”解,常可互换使用。gift的基本含义是强调give(给),表示一种“赠与”,它可指新的,珍贵的礼物,也可指一件旧的物品。它不强调给予者与受予者之间的关系,不具有为所接受的东西付酬谢的含义,也排除了回报之意。如:
he gave gifts of money to the poor. 他将钱赠予穷人们。the gold chain was a christmas gift from her aunt. 这条金链子是她阿姨送给她的圣诞礼物。
present专指为表达敬意、亲情、友谊而赠送的实物,强调赠送者与接受者之间的亲密关系。如:students exchange presents on new year's eve. 除夕之夜,学生们互赠礼物。
6、give away, give way
这两个动词词组意义完全不同。give away是一个及物动词词组,后需接宾语,它的主要意义为“分发(奖品,考卷,书本等物品),失去(机会),泄露(底细,机密,想法)”。如:
the principal gave away the prizes at the sports meeting.校长在运动会上颁奖。
you have given away a good chance.你失去了一个良机。
the heroic girl refused to give away the secret to the enemy.女英雄在敌人面前拒绝泄漏秘密。
give way是一个动宾结构的词组,后面不能再接宾语。它主要用来指人显示谦让和屈服的“让路,让步”,以及具体事物的“崩塌“。如:
the boy gave way to the old lady.这男孩给一位老太太让路。
it's his mother's fault for giving way to him too often.老是迁就这孩子是他妈妈的错。
the old wall gave way and injured three children.这堵墙崩塌了,致使三个孩子受伤。
7、give in, give up
这两个短语动词作“投降”讲时,通常可以互换使用。如:completely surrounded by our troops, the enemy finally gave in / up.由于我军将敌军团团围住,他们终于投降了。
give in还可表示“屈服;让步”的意思,此时它作不及物动词用,后不能跟宾语。如:stubborn as he was, he finally gave in.他虽然很固执,但最后还是让步了。both sides argued with reason, and neither would give in.双方都振振有词地辩论着,可谁也不服谁。
give up 则还可表示“放弃(希望);戒除”的意思,作及物动词用,其后接名词或动词作宾语。如:all hope of finding the missing aircraft was given up and the search abandoned.要找到那架失踪的飞机已经毫无希望,于是搜索停止了。he soon gave up smoking when he heard the medical report.他听了那次医学报告后,不久就把烟戒了。
8、give off, give out
这两个短语都表示“散发,发出”之意,一般可以换用,但侧重点有所不同。give off通常用来表示“散发,发出”某种气体或气味。如:
boiling water gives off steams.开水散发出蒸汽。
this milk must be bad, for it is giving off a nasty smell.牛奶一定变质了,因为它散发出一种令人恶心的气味。
the chimney no longer gives off volumes of waste gas into the atmosphere, as protective filters are being used.加装了防护过滤器以后,这烟囱已不再向空中散发成股的废气了。
give out 则通常用来表示“散发”某种光,声,热,信号等物理现象。此外,它还可以表示“分发,宣布,耗尽”等现象。如:
the leaves gave out a whirring sound.树叶发出沙沙声。
the sun gives out light and heat to the earth.太阳向地球发出光和热。
the ship gave out radio signals for help.船发出无线电信号求助。
the government gave out food to people out of work.政府向失业者分发食品。
he gave out that the president was dead.他宣布说总统去世了。
it was feared that food supplies would give out before the besieged town could be relieved.都害怕在那城市解围之前断了粮。
both the man and the horse gave out after the long ride.赶了很长一段路后,人马俱乏。
9、glad, happy, pleased
glad为“高兴的,乐意的”,指一时短暂的强烈喜悦,只能用于人。它只能作表语,不作定语,后可接介词of短语,不定式或that从句。如:i'm glad of your success in the games.你在比赛中获得胜利,我为你感到高兴。we're glad that you have won the gold medal.我们很高兴你能获得金牌。
happy为“幸福的,高兴的”,隐含一种强烈的满足感,可用于人或事物。它可作定语及表语,后可接介词 about, at, over, with短语及不定式或that从句。如:the story has a happy end.这个故事的结局皆大欢喜。i am so happy that you could visit us.很高兴你能来看我们。
pleased为“喜悦的,满足的”,指持续时间较长的喜悦,只能用于人。它多作表语,很少被用作定语,它的后面可接介词at, about, with短语,不定式或that 从句。如:there is nothing to be pleased about.没什么可高兴的。mother was pleased with my full mark in arithmetic.我算数得了满分,妈妈很高兴。
10、go on doing, go on to do, go on with
这三个词组都表示“继续”的意思,但用法和含义上有差异。go on doing指做某一事情因故暂停,尚未做完,再“继续”做下去。它还可表示“一直做某事”。如:although it was late, she went on working.虽然很晚了,她还继续工作着。after a short break, he went on reading the text.暂停了一会儿后,他又接着读课文。you shouldn't go on living in this way!你总不能一直就这么生活下去。
go on to do则表示某一件事已做完,再“接着”去做另一件事。如:he went on to talk about the world situation.他接着又谈了谈世界形势。father said mother had gone to the hospital, and went on to say that grandmother was coming to take care of us.父亲说母亲已经住院去了,接着又说祖母将来照料我们。
go on with 是一个动副介型短语动词,其后通常接名词或代词作宾语。如:may i go on with my work now?我现在可以继续做我的工作了吗?please go on with your story.请继续讲你的故事。
11、gold, golden
gold为“金的,金制的”,表示是真金的质地;golden 为“金的,金色的”,指金黄色的外表。golden还常用于引申意义,含有贵重,重要,幸运等意思。试比较:a gold watch 金表 -- a golden watch 金色的表再如:gold coin (金币), gold bar (金条), gold mine (金矿), gold chain (金链条), golden hair (金发), golden sunlight (金色的阳光), golden age (黄金时代), golden years (金色的年华), golden saying(金玉良言)。
12、go to school, go to the school
这两个词组只有冠词之差,但意义迥然不同。go to school是习语,表示“上学(求学)”的意思;go to the school是指到一所特指的学校去,不一定是去求学,可能是因为有什么事情需去办等等。如:is he old enough to go to school?他够入学年龄了吗?i'll go to the school to talk with the master.我将去学校与校长谈谈。
13、go to sea, go to the sea
go to sea属习语,它表示“去当水手,出航”的意思。
go to the sea 则表示“去某一特定的海边”的意思。试比较:the boy was tired of looking for a job near his home and eventually decided to go to sea.这孩子不愿在他家附近工作,最后便决定当水手。owing to a high wind, the ship could not go to sea.由于大风,船不能启航。they usually go to the sea in midsummer.他们通常在仲夏时到海滨去。
14、good at, good with
good at 指“擅长于,善于某一科目、某种业余消遣或某种活动”,其后接名词或动名词。如:he is good at maths.他擅长数学。we are not only good at destroying the old world. we are also good at building the new one.我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界,我们还善于建设一个新世界。
good with 通常指“善于使用,处理某物或对待某人”,其后通常接表示工具,人体器官或人的名词。如:he was good with his hands and heads.他心灵手巧。he is good with these tools.他善于使用这些工具。she understands children, so she is good with them.她了解孩子们,所以与他们相处得很好。
15、good for, for good
good for是一个形容词短语,可以表示下列三种意义:1.价值为...;有支付...能力的2.有效的;对......有利3.有必需的精力,意愿。例如:
it is a coupon good for 100 pounds.那是一张价值一百英磅的息票。
he is good for a thousand dollar contribution.他能捐献一千美元。
this battery is good for three months.这种电池大约可用三个月。
the return half of the ticket is good for three months.回程票有效期为三个月。
this dictionary is good for your english study.这本辞典对你的英语学习有益。
this kind of medical herb is good for t.b.这种草药对结核病有疗效。
he is good for several years' more service.他还有精力再服务几年。
for good是一个介词短语,for是介词,good是名词;在句中充当时间状语,表示“永久地,一劳永逸地”的意思。如:he says that he is leaving the country for good.他说他此次出国将不再回来了。he hoped that the repairs would stop the leak for good.他希望这次修好后,漏处不再漏了。
16、gone, lost, missing
gone表示“丢了,没了”,含有一去不复返的意味,在句中可作表语和补语,但不能做定语。如:my fever is gone, but i still have a cough.我的烧已经退了,但还有些咳嗽。she looked down at her dress and found her necklace gone.她低头看了一下自己的衣服,发现项链不见了。
lost 表示“丢失”,含有失去后难以回归的意味,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:the parents found the lost child at last.父母亲终于找到了自己丢失的孩子。his elder brother was lost at sea.他的哥哥在海里失踪了。
missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人或某物不在原处,在句中可作定语,表语和补语。如:my japanese-chinese dictionary is missing.我的日汉词典不见了。the police are trying their best to find the missing school-girl.警方正在尽力寻找这个失踪的女生。
17、grateful to, grateful for
grateful to指“对……表示感激”,其中的介词to表示对象,宾语通常是人或组织团体,to 也可用towards代替。
grateful for指“为……表示感激“,其中的介词for表示原因,宾语通常是某一件事。如:
i shall be deeply grateful to our workers' union as long as i live. 我一辈子都深深感谢我们的工会。
i'll be very grateful to you if you will give me an early answer. 如果您能早点给我答复,我将非常感激您。
we're grateful for all that you've done to us.对你所做的一切,我们表示万分感谢。
介词to和for可同时与grateful连用,to短语应置于for短语之前。如:
i'm very grateful to you for having taken so much trouble.对您的不辞麻烦我们表示非常感激。
they were particularly grateful to us for our timely help.他们对我们所给予的及时的帮助表示了特别的感谢。
1、part of, a part of
这两个词组后可接单,复数名词或不可数名词,名词前要有the, these, your等限定词;亦可跟代词宾格。它们都表示“部分”的意思,但在词意范围上有所不同。
part of意为其中“一部分”,可能是整体的一半,一半以上或一半以下。例如:he is a philatelist; part of his collection is rare sets of postage stamps of the qing dynasty.他是一位集邮家。他藏品的一部分是罕见的套头的大清国邮票。the chinese revolution is part of the world's proletarian revolution. 中国革命是世界无产阶级革命的一部分。
a part of意为其中的“一小部分”,仅指整体的一半以下,这时可用part of代替。例如:(a) part of the textbooks have arrived.(一小)部分教科书已经到了。i read only (a) part of the story.这篇小说我仅仅看了(一小)部分。
2、permit, allow
这两个词都是“许可,允许”之意,用法正式;而且都表示有能力或权威去阻止的含义。
permit意为“准许,允许”,比前者更为正式,严肃,指有权允许的一方积极、明确地从正面允许或持肯定态度。例如:we do permit our employees to gather in the hobby and sing carols on christmas eve. 我们确实准许雇员们于圣诞前夜在大厅里集合唱圣诞颂歌。you are indeed not sensible enough to allow your teenage son to stay out until midnight and even permit him to use the family car. 听任你十几岁的儿子在外逗留直至午夜甚至还准许他使用家里的汽车,你这样做实在是太不明智了。the distance between the two cities was in those days too great to permit of frequent contact.这两个城市的距离太远,在那时不可能有频繁的接触。in the wall of the cabin there is a hole to permit light to enter. 小屋的墙壁上有一个小洞,光线可以射进来。
allow意为“许可,准许”,其实表达的意思是并不反对,不加阻止或客观条件的可行性,偏重“听任”,意义较消极。可用于复合结构,即allow sb./sth. to do sth.。常用词组:allow for考虑到具体情况;allow of (no delay/ no dispute)许可,承认(刻不容缓,没有争论余地)。例如:his weakened condition would not allow of his being questioned by the police.他身体虚弱,受不了警方的质询。the nurse allowed the visitors to remain beyond the hospital visiting hours, though it was not permitted.尽管医院并不允许,但这位护士还是默许探视者们过了探视时间依然留在医院。i want to get a good business or profession which allows me to get away when i want to.我想找一份我想离开时就能允许我离开的行当或职业。being the principal of a high school, jane's position allowed of no unseemly behavior in public.作为一座高等学府的校长,简的职位不允许她在公共场合有任何不得体的举止。
3、personal, private, individual
这一组词都可译作“个人的”。 personal意为“个人的,私人的,亲自的”,着重强调属于或涉及本人,而非他人所能代表或代替的事物。例如: according to etiquette in western countries, it's good manners to avoid making personal remarks.按照西方礼仪,避免发表涉及个人的评论是礼貌的。i have something personal to discuss with you because it's related to either my own or your intimate interests.我有点私事和你商量,因为它有关你我的切身利益。what is special about the meeting is that the prime minister will make a personal appearance.此次会议与众不同之处在于首相亲自出席。susan wondered if she could ask anna a personal question such as the marital status.苏珊在想她能否问安娜一个诸如婚姻状况一类的私人问题。
private意为“个人的,私有的”,表示与公共的或公有的相反,也含有明确的隐私,不愿或不应公之于众的意思。例如:he has asked the secretary of the state to apply to the president for a private interview.他已要国务卿向总统提出申请,要求秘密会见。in the united states, the rich tend to send their children to private schools regardless of their expensive tuition.在美国富人们愿意让孩子上私立学校,不论其费用有多昂贵。this file is highly confidential because it contains all the private information concerning the election.这份文件高度机密,因为它包含了与选举有关的所有个人材料。
individual意为“个体的,个人的”,区别于集体,整体或普通,明确指某类单一的,个别的人物,常用作定语。例如:she was determined to do good, not to any individual person but to a country.他决心为国家而不是为任何个人做好事。some people claim that the individual rights are more important than the public interests as a whole.有些人声称个人利益比公众利益更重要。what i admire most is that my sister has an individual style of arranging her hair.我最羡慕姐姐的是她梳的发型很有个性。
4、passed, past
passed是动词pass的过去式和过去分词,当它用作分词,修饰某个名词时,有强调该名词的意味。例如:on our way home we passed through a picturesque village.在回家的路上,我们经过了一个风景如画的村子。i consider that the days passed in this way are memorable.我认为以这种方式度过的日子是值得纪念的。
past不能用作动词,但可以用作介词,副词,名词和形容词。作形容词时,既可放在所修饰名词的前面作定语,也可用作连系动词be的表语。例如:in the past, only men had a vote.过去只有男子才有选举权。he dashed forward, paying no attention to the bullets that whizzed past him.他冲向前去,不顾耳边飞过的枪弹。during the past few days, many visitors have flocked into the town.在过去的几天当中,许多参观者涌入城里。those times are past.那样的时代过去了。注意:当past作形容词,其前面有定冠词时,past放在所修饰的名词之前;没有定冠词时,past放在所饰的名词之后。试比较下面的短语:for the past few months 过去的几个月during the past week 过去的一周期间for some time past过去的一段时间in times past 在过去的年代里
5、play, play with
play是一个多义动词。在表示“玩”的意思时,既可作不及物动词(主语一般是儿童);也可作及物动词,这时,后面通常跟乐器名词(有冠词),球类名词或者棋,牌等。例如:the children are playing on the ground.孩子们在操场上玩。she played the piano quite beautifully.她钢琴弹得棒极了。sometimes they played bridge together.有时他们在一起打桥牌。
play with也可表示“玩”的意思。一般用于小孩和动物,指一种不自觉的“玩耍;开玩笑“的意思。用于前者时,后接具体的东西;用于后者时,后接表示人的名词。例如:the little girl is playing with her toy bus. 小姑娘在玩她的玩具汽车。it was mean of him to play with her affections.他玩弄她地感情是卑鄙的。don't play with him, he is in a bad humor.别和他开玩笑;他情绪不好。注意:play with后接人的名词时,有时容易产生歧义。请比较下面一句的意义:they are playing with each other.他们在相互玩弄。/ 他们在相互开玩笑。/ 他们相互在一起玩。
6、prepare, prepare for, prepared for
prepare和另两个词组都是“准备”的意思,但含义和用法有别。prepare用作及物动词,后接名词时,表示“准备;调制,配置”的意思,它亦可接带to的动词不定式(表示“准备干某事”)或接不定式复合结构(表示“为某人做某事作准备)。例如:i can't see you tonight, i shall be preparing my lessons.我今晚不能见你,我要预备功课呢。after the discussion they prepared to write an article to air their views.经过讨论,他们准备写一篇文章来提出自己的看法。the nurse is preparing the child to go to hospital.保姆正在为孩子住院作准备。
prepare for和prepared for后均接名词或代词,都含有“为将来即要发生的某一行动或某种情况作准备”的意味。两者一般可以互换,不同的是prepare for是个动介型短语动词,作及物动词用,动作意味很强,可直接用作谓语;prepared for中的prepared是一个形容词,须借助动词be作表语,表示状态。例如:we were given two days to prepare for the examination.我们可以有两天的时间来准备考试。they were prepared for the worst.他们已准备好应付最坏的情况。注意:prepare for可分开来写,即prepare...for, 这时prepare是及物动词。当prepare后接表示物的名词时,prepare...for通常表示“为(某人)准备(什么)”。当prepare后接人的名词,介词for后接事物等名词时,它通常表示“培养或指导(某人)准备(什么)”。例如:we must prepare a room for our guest.我们必须为客人准备一个房间。they are preparing their child for college.他们培养孩子准备上大学。
7、price, cost, expense
这组词都指“价钱,花费”。price意为“价格,定价,价钱”,主要指卖主给商品定的价格,一般都高于成本(cost),也可引为做某事而付出的“代价”。例如:labor was the first price, the original purchase money that was paid for all things.劳动是最初的价格,是人们购买一切东西所支付的最初货币。what a price she paid for saving the factory from the fire!为了使工厂不至于被火烧掉,她付出了什么样的代价啊!
cost意为“成本,费用,价钱”,多指对要价的支付,也指产品本身的成本,即设计,生产,运输付出的所有劳动及原材料的价值总和。引申为“代价”,即付出的牺牲。常用词组:at the cost of 以...为代价;at all costs (any cost)不惜一切代价。例如:we have paid a very high cost but we have also made very great achievement.我们付出了很高的代价,但也取得了巨大的成就。he rescued the boy from drowning at the cost of his own life.他救了这孩子,使其免于被淹死,却牺牲了自己的生命。
expense意为“费用,花费,开支”,常指为某物实际支付的金额总数,也可指各种花费,尤指金钱,也可包括时间,精力等。例如:they built a runway in a shorter time and at less expense than originally planned.他们修筑了一条跑道,所用的时间比原计划短,花的钱也少些。the board of the directors decided to cut down expenses by combining the three offices into one.董事会决定把三个办公室合并成一个,以节省开支。in order to meet the expenses for her studies, kessy had to do extra work at night.为了支付学习费用,凯西只好晚上去加班工作。
8、pretty, fairly, rather
这组词都有“相当地”之意。pretty意为“相当,非常”,是个非正式的用法,表示程度相当高。常用短语有:pretty well, pretty soon, pretty certain。例如:people in the city can hardly imagine what a pretty rough life the countrymen live.生活在城里的人难以想象农村人的生活有多苦。we can safely draw a conclusion from her facial expression that she is pretty satisfied with the election result.从她面部表情我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论:她对选举结果相当满意。
fairly意为“相当,还算”,语气最弱,表示适度、尚可,不能与too及形容词,副词的比较级连用。还可以讲作“公正地,明白地”之意。常用短语:be fairly beside oneself几乎疯了;fairly and squarely光明正大地。例如:the children were fairly beside themselves with joy as they caught sight of their parents. 孩子们见到父母简直欣喜若狂。in our school most of the teachers were fairly young except for a few older teachers.除了几位老教师外,在我校大多数是很年轻的教师。
rather意为“相当,颇”,用来含蓄地表达某种想法,以避免直截了当的表达方式,但其所表示的程度实际上却颇高。rather通常修饰表示否定的词或本身为否定的意义,而fairly则修饰即表示肯定意义的词或本身为肯定的意义。常用短语:rather too...稍微太...一点;rather than:与其...不would rather...than宁愿。例如:i have got a fairly good memory for names, but i'm rather bad on dates.我记名字记得相当牢,可是记日期却不行。before then, air pollution may have become an international, rather than national problem.在那以前,空气污染与其说是国家问题,倒不如说是一个国际问题。
1、lone, lonely, lonesome, alone
这组词都有“孤独的,寂寞的”之意。
lone:“孤独的,寂寞的,无依无靠的”,该词(在诗歌中)可替代lonely或lonesome。she could see a lone figure on the deserted beach walking to and fro.她看到一个孤寂的人影在荒凉的海滩上走来走去。in that cloudy sky only one lone star could be seen.在那多云的天空中,只能看见孤零零的一颗星。
lonely:“孤单的,寂寞的“,但更强调指渴望陪伴的孤独感受。a lonely young sailor felt sorry for himself because his girlfriend no longer loved him.孤独的青年海员由于女友不再爱他而非常伤心。he spent many lonely days on the deserted island before that attractive girl appeared.在那个有魅力的女孩出现之前,他在那个荒岛上度过了许多寂寞的日子。
lonesome : ”无伴的,独居的",通常明确的表达分别或丧偶后的孤寂卑凉,含义较为痛切。the house she had always thought of as overcrowded was lonesome when her children grew up andwent out on their own.先前她认为这屋子过于拥挤,但当其子女出去独立生活后,显得孤寂。you must keep up your spirits, mother, and not be lonesome because i'm not at home.你一定要打起精神,妈妈,不要因为我不在家而倍感凄凉。
2、location, position, situation, spot
这一组词都有“位置,地点”之意。
location:“位置,场所,场地”,指某物所处的固定但也许并不明确的位置,也可指找到的或可加以利用的场地。还可解作“定位,测位选址”,如:industrial location工业选址。the location of the missing plane can hardly be identified without more detailed information.如果没有更详尽的信息,失踪飞机所处的位置就很难确定。the location is exceptionally poor, viewed from a sanitation point, so julia had to devote hertime to finding suitable location for a new school.从卫生角度来看,这个地段非常糟糕,所以朱利亚不得不花时间找一处适于建新学校的地点。
position:“方位,地点,位置”,通常是指某物所处的实际或相对的位置,适用于具体及抽象的事物,想象中或实际存在的东西;因此还可解作“社会地位,职务,见解,立场,姿态”等。can you show me the position of the school on the map?你能指给我那学校在地图上的位置吗?before the invention of the timing devices they told the time by the position of the sun.在计时器发明之前,他们根据太阳的位置来判断时间。
situation:“地点,位置,场合”,它所指的地点更注重考虑周的环境,还指抽象的对某人或社会有影响的条件、事实、事件的总和,因此可以解作“境况、形势、局势、处境”等。常用短语:cope/ do with the situation应付当前情况:save the situation挽回局势。despite the fact that he's only a boy of nine, he could manage to deal with the new situation.尽管他还是个九岁的小男孩,他却能设法对付新情况。the situation of the camp was chosen with respect to its healthfulness and its nearness to thecity.这个营地位置的选择考虑到了有益于健康而且离城市近的原则。
spot:“地点,现场”,指范围清楚的特定地点,也可指事件或行为的发生地,具有较强的“有限空间意义”,如:a historic/ scenic spot古迹/ 风景名胜。常用词组:on the spot 当场。she was probably mad with hunger and thirst in that lonely hot spot.在那炎热孤寂的地方,她很可能因为又饿又渴而几近发疯。the police were on the spot within a few minutes of hearing about the crime.获悉该项犯罪后几分钟,警察即赶到现场。
3、later, latter
later是late的比较级形式,意为“后来的(地)”,通常用在表示时间单位的词组后,表示“……以后”的意思,此外还通常用在一些习语中。例如:two days later, we proved these facts to be correct. 两天以后,我们证明了这些事实是正确的。he reached the stations 5 minutes later. 他晚到车站五分钟。sooner or later 总有一天,迟早later on 今后,以后
latter是一原级形容词,主要有三种意义:1).表示“后面的,后半的,末了的”之意;2).与定冠词the连用,表示“后者”,与the former相对;3).“最近的,现今的”。例如:the latter half of the month 后半月,下半月the latter part of the year 一年中后一段时期of the two the latter is far better than the former.两者中后者比前者好得多。he has been at home in these latter days.在最近的这些日子里,他一直呆在家里。
4、lay, lie
这两个动词在变形时,往往引起混淆。
lay主要用作及物动词,基本意思为“放”,还可有一些引申意义。它的过去式和过去分词是laid,现在分词是laying。例如:please lay the book on the table.请把书放在桌上。the road is laid with asphalt.这条路是用柏油铺成的。these hens lay eggs every day.这些母鸡天天下蛋。we should lay stress on our pronunciation.我们应该重视我们的发音。
lie是一个不及物动词,它有两种意义和用法:1).意为“平躺;平放;位于”时,过去式为lay, 过去分词为lain; 2).意为:“撒谎”时,过去式和过去分词是lied。例如:don't lie in bed all morning.不要一早上都躺在床上。he lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.他躺在草地上享受阳光。korea lies to the east of china.朝鲜位于中国东面。you are lying.你在撒谎。he lied to me.他对我撒谎。
5、leave out, leave off
这两个短语动词由leave加副词构成,在句中均作谓语,它们的意义有区别。
leave out主要有下列几种意义:1).省去,略去;2).遗漏;3).没有考虑到。例如:we must decide what to leave out and what to leave in. 我们必须决定取舍。please complete this check properly. the date has been left out. 请将这张支票填完整,日期被漏掉了。we left out the possibility of his coming. 我们没考虑到他会来。
leave off则主要表示下列两种意义:1).停止,中断;2).不再穿,不再使用。例如:leave off talking!别讲话了!they leave off work at 4:30 p.m. 他们下午四点半下班。it is warm enough for you to leave off your woolen sweater. 天这么热,可以脱下你的绒线衣了。
6、living, alive, live, lively
这四个形容词均是live派生出的,但它们的意义和用法均不一样。
living有三种意义和用法:1).表示“活着的,尤指现存的”,可以指人,也可指物。在句中作表语或定语;作定语时,可前置也可后置。2).表示某人,某物与另一个人或一物“一模一样,逼真的”之意。3).相当于形容词lively,表示“强烈的、活泼的”之意。例如:a living language should be learned orally. 一种活的语言应该通过口语来学习。no man living could do better. 当代的人没有一个能做得比这好的了。shelly was still living when keats died. 济慈死时,雪莱还活着。he's the living image of his father. 他跟他父亲长得一模一样。we have a living hope that you will succeed. 我们强烈地希望你成功。
alive多用作表语,多用于人,表示“活着的”的意思,还可引申为其他意义;间或也作定语,只能放在被修饰词的后面。例如:is she still alive?她还活着吗?they are the happiest children alive.他们是当代最幸福的孩子们。an enemy officer was caught alive.一名敌军官被活捉了。the lake is alive with fish.湖里鱼多得很。
live作形容词时读作/laiv/, 只用于物,作定语,基本意义是“活的”,这时可用living替代。它还有很多引申意义。例如:this is a live fish/ mouse.这是一条活鱼(一只活老鼠)。don't play with live coals!不要玩燃烧着的煤块。a live wire is dangerous.通上电的电线很危险。it was a live broadcast, not a recording.那是实况广播,不是录音广播。
lively读作/laivli/,在句中可作表语或定语,主要表示下列三种意义:1).有生气的,活泼的,快活的;2).(颜色)鲜明的;3).生动的,真实的。例如:she is as lively as a kitten.她快活得像只小猫。the patient seems a little livelier this morning.那病人今晨似乎好些了。he has lively imagination.他有丰富的想象力。what lively colors!多么鲜明的色彩。he gave a lively description of the football game.他对这场足球赛进行了生动的描述。
7、learn, study
learn为“学习,学会”,侧重学习的成果,指从不知到知,从不会到会的学习,强调通过学习去获得知识和技能,它没有凭勤奋努力而获得知识的意味。learn亦可指向某人学习,从某处学习及学习一门技能等。如 learn music, learn new words, learn to skate, learn from experience, learn from leifeng。
study为“学习,研究”,强调学习的过程,指深入系统地学习,带有努力,勤奋的意味。其学习对象往往是科学,艺术和需要深入探讨,研究的问题及学科,不是单纯地获得技巧。如:study medicine,study science, study a map, study engineering, study painting。下列句子中的learn 和 study均不能互换:if you study hard, you'll learn the language well. 如果你努力学习的话,你会把这门语言学好。he learned traditional chinese medicine from a famous chinese doctor. 他跟随一位著名的中国医生学习中医。she studied late at night.她晚上学习到很晚。he is studying the problem of x-rays.他正在研究x射线的问题。
在指某学科的“学习”时,或在不需要强调两者的区别时, learn 和study可以换用。如:how long have you learned/ studied japanese?你学习日语有多久了?we must keep on learning/ studying if we do not want to lag behind the times. 如果我们不想落在时代后面的话,就必须不断学习。
8、long for, for long
long for是一用作及物意义的动、介型短语动词,表示“渴望,极想得到”的意思。其后可接名词,代词作宾语。例如:the children are longing for the festival.孩子们渴望节日来临。we long for a chance to visit yanan.我们渴望有机会访问延安。
for long中的for是介词,long是名词,一起作介词短语用,在句中充当状语,通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句或否定意义的句子中。意为“很久,长久”。例如:he will not remain for long.他不会呆得太久。will you be away for long?你要离开很久吗?
9、lecture, speech
lecture作“演讲,讲课”解,指有准备的专题演讲,尤指学术性讲演及高等学校教师的讲课。它常和动词give, read, hear, attend, receive连用,当它用于give sb. a lecture结构时,指“训斥某人”。如:they received lecture on technique. (指听演讲)he gave a lecture on the war in english. (指作演讲)father gave me a lecture for smoking. (指训斥)
speech作“说话,演讲”解,系普通用语,除指有声的语言外,又泛指为听众而作的讲,可以是有准备的正式讲话,也可以是无准备的非正式的讲话。它常和动词give, make, hear, prepare, understand等连用。如:i was quite unprepared to make a speech.by your speech i can tell you're from london.he gave a speech about good manners to the whole school.
10、live on, live by
live on有三种意义和用法:1).后接人、钱、工资,表示“依靠这些人或钱物养活”的意思;2).后接各种食物的名称,表示“以……为主食”的意思; 3).作不及物动词用,表示“继续生存下去,永存”之意。例如:jim's father was living on his friends.吉姆的父亲靠他的朋友生活。my uncle lives happily on his pension.我伯父靠退休金生活得很幸福。most of the asians live on rice.多数亚洲人以大米为食。sheep live on grass.羊以草为食。the scientist's name will live on from generation to generation. 这位科学家的名字将流芳百世。
live by有两种意义和用法:1. 后接名词或动名词,表示“以某种方式或手段过活”之意;2. 后接地点名词,表示“住在……附近”之意。例如:they live by honest labor.他们靠正当的劳动生活。smith lives by writing for a small magazine.史密斯靠给一家小杂志社写稿来维持生活。we live by the east lake.我们住在东湖旁边。
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