以下是小编为大家准备的浅谈如何快速读懂古诗词(共含9篇),希望对大家有帮助。同时,但愿您也能像本文投稿人“芹菜猫咪”一样,积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
浅谈如何快速读懂古诗词
浅谈如何快速读懂古诗词◎陈际深
古典诗词的鉴赏,是高考考查的重要内容。不少同学认为,尽管这一部分在整个试卷中占分较少,但也是历年来得分最低的一项。从近几年江苏省语文高考诗歌鉴赏得分统计来看,总共为10分的诗歌鉴赏,平均得分却一半不到,总结个中原因,主要是许多学生读不懂古代诗词,赏析古代诗词不知从何入手。如何引导学生快速掌握古代诗词的鉴赏方法呢?
一、溯源知人
了解背景,了解作者,是鉴赏古代诗词的重要前提。
知人论世,是中国古代文论的一种观念,最早是孟子提出来的,他曾说过:“颂其诗,读其书,不知其人,可乎?是以论其世也,是尚友也。”(《孟子・万章下》)孟子主张在欣赏的过程中要了解作者,与作者交书本上的朋友,从而进一步认识他们的作品。当代文豪鲁迅对“知人论世”也极其重视,他说:“世间有所谓‘就事论事’的办法,现在就诗论诗,或者也可以说是无碍的罢。不过我总以为倘要论文,最好是顾及全篇,并且顾及作者的全人,以及他们所处的社会状态,这才较为确凿。要不然,是很容易近乎说梦的。”[1]又说:“我们想研究某一时代的文学至少要知道作者的环境,经历和著作。”[2]可见要读懂一个人的诗必须了解这诗所产生的时代背景,特别是古代诗歌。
如唐朝诗人朱庆馀的《闺意献张水部》:“洞房昨夜停红烛,待晓堂前拜舅姑。妆罢低眉问夫婿,画眉深浅入时无?”如果仅看诗歌题目和内容理解起来会困难,但是如果了解唐代科举背景,就容易了。唐朝时候应进士科举的士子有向名人行卷的风气,目的是希求其称扬或介绍给主持考试的礼部侍郎。朱庆馀此诗投赠的对象,是官水部郎中的张籍。张籍当时以擅长文学而又乐于提拔后进出名。《闺意献张水部》一诗,即是一首典型的行卷干谒诗。孟浩然的《望洞庭湖赠张丞相》也是同类作品。
了解背景,知人论世,一是要依赖于对作家的熟悉,这主要靠学生的平时积累;二是要依赖于诗词前的序言;三是要善于捕捉诗词语句中所透露的信息;四是要借助于诗词后的注释。注释也叫隐含信息,往往为学生所忽略。“溯源知人”在诗歌鉴赏中起着不可忽视的作用,我们要给以足够的重视。
二、明意辨词
诗歌写作讲究锻字炼词,作者将其万千心绪凝于诗词等作品中,我们在理解鉴赏古代诗词时,就要抓住关键字、词加以赏析,可直接披文入情,品味作者当时迸现的情感,体会古人炼词炼字之妙。
如王维的《山居秋暝》,表面看并无难懂的字词,如果深究,“随意”一词就不好理解。以现代汉语词义理解“随意”,诗的尾联无法说通,作者思想感情也就无法体会。(语文教学论文 )“随意”在诗中是“即使”的意思,明白了这个词的含义。尾联才能真正读懂:即使春天的花草凋零了,王孙们还是值得留在这山林之中的。暗寓作者自己的归隐之心。像这样,因为一个词义不懂而影响对整首诗或一句诗意理解的例子比比皆是。如叶绍翁的《游园不值》的“值”(遇),朱熹的“等闲识得东风面”中的“等闲”(不经意),韩愈的《左迁至蓝关示侄孙湘》中的“欲为圣明除弊事,肯将衰朽惜残年”中的“肯”应理解为“怎肯”,“岂肯”的意思等等。关键词的意思只要准确地掌握了,那么整个句子,乃至整首诗的意思也就一目了然了。
在鉴赏诗歌时,我们要重点关注动词、形容词。如:北宋宋祁的名词《玉楼春・春景》中有“绿杨烟外晓寒轻,红杏枝头春意闹。”清代学者刘公勇说:“红杏枝头春意闹,着一‘闹’字卓绝千古。字极俗,用之得当则极雅,未可与俗人道也。”近代学者王国维在《人间词话》中说:“‘红杏枝头春意闹’,着一‘闹’字而境界全出。”的确,这一“闹”字把浓浓的春意渲染无遗,而绝非吵闹、打闹、争闹的意味,却是满园春色、百花争艳的热闹气氛,诗人选择了一个恰当而又灵动的字,把句子写活了,意境也丰富了。
诗人们为吟安一个字,经历许多辛苦。其中甘苦诗人们自己有更深的体会:
杜甫说:“语不惊人死不休。”
贾岛说:“两句三年得,一吟双泪流。”
卢廷让说:“吟安一个字,捻断数茎须。”
孟郊言:“夜吟晓不休,苦吟鬼神愁。”
教师在授课时要启发学生去辨别体味作品中的.精彩词语。
三、审题欣赏
很多学生有读诗不读题目的习惯,造成的结果就是一首诗词读下来,还不知道写的是什么。题目是文章的眼睛。古人云:“题者,额也;目者,眼也。”题目犹如窗户,认真审视可了解作品的内容主旨猜测到其思想感情,进而为进一步鉴赏作品打下基础。
(一)有的题目揭示了内容和情感
如杜甫的《倦夜》:
竹凉侵卧内,野月满庭隅。垂露成涓滴,稀星乍有无。暗飞萤自照,水宿鸟相呼。万事干戈里,空悲清夜徂。
这首诗表达了怎样的主旨和情感?我们可以通过审题欣赏。题目“倦夜”,顾名思义,疲倦的夜,难眠的夜。为何难眠?为“万事干戈”难眠。因为吐蕃侵扰中原,国破民乱,诗中表达的是作者对国事民情的忧虑。
(二)有的题目揭示了作品的线索
如陆游的《书愤》:
早岁哪知世事艰?中原北望气如山。楼船夜雪瓜洲渡,铁马秋风大散关,塞上长城空自许,镜中衰鬓已先斑。出师一表真名世,千载谁堪伯仲间。
这首诗抒发诗人自己壮志难酬的痛心疾首和心中的激愤,以“愤”贯穿全诗始终。
(三)有的题目表露神情
有些题目一看就很有意味,即使不读诗,也可以约略看到诗人的神情。如贾岛《寻隐者不遇》这个题目前后两个动作。“寻”与“不遇”含蓄之极,但我们即使不看诗也应该能揣测出作者遗憾懊丧的心情。
因此,欣赏由关注题目入手,有助于我们快速准确地理解诗歌的内容、感情基调和思路线索。
参考文献:
[1]鲁迅.“题未定”草[A],且介亭杂文二集[C].北京:人民文学出版社,1981.
[2]鲁迅.魏晋风度及文章与药及酒之关系[A],而已集[C].北京:人民文学出版社,1981.
(陈际深 江苏省睢宁高级中学北校 221200)
一、不完全句
在一般书面表达中,一个完整的句子离不开谓语动词,谓语是一个句子的核心。然而在古诗词中,没有谓语或谓语不完整的句子则较为常见,这种句子称为不完全句。最典型的是名词或名词性的短语构成的句子,有人称为名词句,如李商隐《商山早行》中的一联:
(1)鸡声茅店月,人迹板桥霜。
这一联着眼六个意象,描绘了一幅寒秋图,烘托了早行的气氛。两句诗,不用一个动词而诗意毕现:茅店上空,一轮寒月吐露清辉,四周的鸡鸣声此起彼伏,我出发了,行走在落满霜花的小桥上,身后流下了一串清晰的脚印。又如杜甫《春日忆李白》中的一联:
(2)清新庾开府,俊逸鲍参军。
这一联是对李白诗风的评价,对其艺术成就的肯定。该联是说李白的诗清新如同庾开府,俊逸如同鲍参军。庾开府,即庚信,鲍参军即鲍照,他们是南北朝著名诗人。诗句中省略了“如”“似”之类动词,但不妨碍理解。类似的名词句在古诗词中大量出现,如“今宵酒醒何处?杨柳岸晓风残月。”(柳永)“落日楼头,断鸿声里,江南游子。”(辛弃疾)“楼船夜雪瓜州渡,铁马秋风大散关。”(陆游)这些诗句以写景为主,舍弃动词,甚至根本不需要动词,只是铺陈意象,这在修辞上叫做“列锦”。
除了名词句外,还有一些诗句,有谓语,但谓语不完整,也属于不完全句。如崔颢《黄鹤楼》中的一联:
(3)晴川历历汉阳树,芳草萋萋鹦鹉洲。
“晴川历历”是一个表意清晰的句子,“汉阳树”则是一个名词,第二句结构和第一句完全相同,即“短句+名词”,但“汉阳树”与“晴川”的关系,“鹦鹉洲”与“芳草”的关系却是清晰的。因为晴川历历,所以汉阳树清晰可见;因为芳草萋萋,所以鹦鹉洲更加美丽。
还有一类句子,主谓宾看似完整,稍加留意,仍属不完全句。如李商隐《锦瑟》中的两句:
(4)锦瑟无端五十弦,一弦一柱思华年。
观察第二句,句中有主语(“一弦一柱”)、谓语(“思”)、宾语(“华年”),看似一个完整的句子。其实不是,“思”的行为不是“弦”“柱”发出的,而是抒情主人公发出的,此句的结构形式为“短语+短句”,可见还是不完全句。本句的大意为:看到眼前锦瑟上密密匝匝的琴弦,我不禁想起了逝去的美好年华。如果说此例容易辨别,不大可能在理解上造成困难,那么请看钱起《谷口书斋寄杨补阙》中的两句:
(5)竹怜新雨后,山爱夕阳时。
表面上两句都有主谓宾,结构完整,很容易理解为:“竹喜爱新雨后的时光,山喜爱夕阳下的情景。”错了,“新雨”“夕阳”不是句子的宾语,它是古汉语中的后置状语。正确的理解是:新雨后的竹惹人怜爱,夕阳下的山更加妩媚。
二、压缩句
王维《山居秋暝》中有一联:
(6)竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟。
两句话共有四个句子形式,即“竹喧”“浣女归”“莲动”“渔舟下”。大意是竹林一片喧闹,那是洗衣女子说笑地回来了;莲花摇动,那是渔民驾着小船下到荷塘去捕鱼。把两句话压缩概括就变成眼前的诗句了,这种句式有人称为压缩句。这种句式在古诗词中十分普遍,如“草枯鹰眼疾,雪尽马蹄轻”(王维),“昆山玉碎凤凰叫,芙蓉泣露香兰笑。”(李贺)某些成语也带有这种痕迹,如鸟尽弓藏、风和日丽、经天纬地等,它们名为短语,实为句子。下面句子和例(6)相比,略有变化,如李商隐《筹笔驿》中的一联:
(7)管乐有才真不忝,关张无命欲何如。
“关张”句也有两个句子形式,“无”“欲”是动词谓语。直译就是“关张死了又能怎样?”意思费解。联系“管乐”句,这里用典,赞扬孔明的才能堪比管仲乐毅,“关张”句则陡转,意思是说无奈关羽张飞身死,你独自一人又怎能挽救危局呢?可见“欲何如”的主语是“孔明”而非“关张”。对这类句子应多结合上下句或全篇来理解。
三、倒装句
古诗词中为了符合平仄、押韵等声律的要求,有时也为了内容表达的需要,诗人们对语序作了适当的调整,由此产生的倒装句十分常见,它比古汉语中的倒装句更灵活,规律性更不好掌握。现代中学生由于不了解声律方面知识,所以应更多地从语法结构和语义上去理解。现举例略作说明。
(8)“多情应笑我”(苏轼《念奴娇》)应为“应笑我多情”。
(9)“千古江山,英雄无觅孙仲谋处”(辛弃疾《永遇乐》)应为“千古江山,无觅英雄孙仲谋处”。
(10)“环佩空归夜月魂”(杜甫《咏怀古迹》)应为“环佩夜月魂空归”。
(11)“万里寒光生积雪,三边曙色动危旌”(祖咏《望蓟门》)应为“万里积雪生寒光,三边曙色危旌动”。
四、炼句
“为人性僻耽佳句,语不惊人死不休。”古代优秀诗
人特别注重炼句,往往一句出彩,全篇生辉。炼句的关键在于炼字,“红杏枝头春意闹”中的“闹”字,“春风又绿江南岸”中的“绿”字都是中学生耳熟能详的炼字佳话。不了解炼字的一些奥秘,对诗词的理解终究是隔靴搔痒。动词是一个句子的核心,古诗词中的炼字往往就是在动词的选择与比较上下功夫。如杜甫《旅夜书怀》中的两句:
(12)星垂平野阔,月涌大江流。
“涌”是动词,也是炼字的典范。“涌”是“涌动”“奔涌”之意,说“月涌”似乎不通,该句其实描绘的是明月投射在奔腾的江面上的壮观景象,月是静止的,水是流动的,月光因流水的衬托获得了动态生命,月光照在水面上就象在水面上奔涌出没一样。“涌”字下得真妙,让人不得不佩服杜甫天才般的表现力。本联大意可译为:星星低垂,原野变得开阔,一轮明月在大江中跃起奔流。毛泽东《沁园春 长沙》中的“鹰击长空,鱼翔浅底”中的“击”“翔”也是炼动词的典范。
形容词、名词活用为动词时,也可能是炼字。如毛泽东《沁园春 长沙》中的一句:
(13)粪土当年万户侯
“粪土”,名词活用为动词,“把……当作粪土”,本句形象地表现了共产主义战士高洁的政治理想和改天换地的壮志豪情。再看李清照《如梦令》中的一句:
(14)知否?知否?应是绿肥红瘦。
“肥”“瘦”形容词活用为名词,属炼字的典范。理解本句,除了解炼字,还要了解“绿”“红”的借代特征,“绿”借代“叶”,“红”借代“花”。用“肥”修饰“叶”,让人联想到“叶”的“肥大”“繁茂”;用“瘦”描摹“花”,让人联想到“花”的“瘦小”“枯萎”。其实这句描写的就是枝叶繁茂,花朵凋零的暮春景象。如不细心揣摩,就不能准确理解词语背后的丰富含义。
副词虽不及实词重要,使用精妙的副词也是炼字。如“映阶碧草自春色,隔叶黄鹂空好音”(杜甫《蜀相》)中的“自”“空”,“复恐匆匆说不尽,行人临发又开封”(张籍《秋思》)中的“又”,“淮水东边旧时月,夜深还过女墙来”(刘禹锡《石头城》)中的“还”都是副词中的炼字的典范,品味这些字词对于准确理解诗句无疑会有很大的帮助。
鉴赏古代诗歌,读懂是前提,是关键。我们不妨以句子为抓手,了解古诗句式的特点,串译梳理大意,以达到对整首诗的准确理解。
一、如何快速读懂古诗词
1、注意诗的题目。
首先是要想一想这首诗“写的是什么?”看看诗题,也许就有意想不到的收获。杜甫的《月夜》诗题告诉我们写作的背景;李商隐的《夜雨寄北》诗作内容没有离开夜,而且这是一个雨夜,滂沱大雨也好,绵绵细雨也罢,这一夜诗人无法入眠要给远方的亲人或是友人寄去绵绵情思;孟浩然的《临洞庭上张丞相》势必要描述洞庭风光,而题目还告诉我们这首诗要呈给张丞相,一个“上”字,又向我们透露出张丞相的身份、地位显然是高于孟浩然的;元稹是白居易的好朋友,仕途不顺被贬到通州得了一场大病,险些要了他的命,这时《闻乐天授江州司马》,他的心灵会受到怎样的触动?题目是解读诗歌的钥匙,古诗词的特点是抒情性,诗人常常由偶然事件激发感情,借某一场景表现诗人的所见所感。从创作动机上讲,题目就是引发作者情思的端点,展开诗歌内容的引子
2、抓住关键词(句)
诗歌中那些透露作者思想感情的词句。例如苏轼的《定**•莫听穿林打叶声》:“莫听穿林打叶声,何妨吟啸且徐行,竹杖芒鞋轻胜马,谁怕?一蓑烟雨任平生。料峭春风吹酒醒,微冷,山头斜照却相迎。回首向来萧瑟处,归去,也无风雨也无晴。”这首词作于贬谪黄州后第三年,写眼前景,寓心中事,由自然现象谈人生哲理,诗中的“一蓑烟雨任平生”和“也无风雨也无晴”两句显然是作者那种超然于物外的淡泊心境的真实反映。
3、注意作者身世及所处的朝代。
要真正读懂一首诗,必须知人论世。同样的景物,因诗人遭遇、心境的不同,会寓含截然不同的情感。霜叶红了,有人赞美“红于二月花”,有人却伤心地觉得“总是离人泪”。因此,读诗时,必须注意诗人的遭遇如何、境况如何,注意诗人所处朝代的国势如何,朝政如何。联系这些背景,才能准确把握诗歌的思想感情。这方面的信息有的诗歌考题会提供相关的注释,有的属于名家名篇的则不再加注,需要从平时积累的知识中回忆提取。 如王安石的《梅花》:“墙角数枝梅,凌寒独自开。遥知不是雪,为有暗香来。”王安石是中国十一世纪的改革家。他在担任宰相期间,力主改革,但最终因保守派的反对而失败。王安石坚持自己的改革主张,不向保守派屈服。了解了这样的背景,就能知道,王安石正是借梅花而自喻,表明自己在政治改革上的态度。不管处境如何,寒冷且无花为伴,梅花依然会开放,并逸香于世。
4、注意诗的语言特点。
诗歌的语言与散文的语言不同。 诗歌的语言是最凝练的,同样一件事用散文的语言来写,会是很长的一句话,或者是几句话,而诗歌却只用几个字。如“高楼聊眺望”,若是写散文,会先交代某年月日,在某地登上一座怎样的高楼,然后再写极目眺望远处的情景,而诗句只有5个字。 诗歌语言也富于跳跃性,在句与句之间留下很多空白,需要读者通过想象作补充,还原诗歌的场景。贾岛的《访隐者不遇》:“松下问童子,言师采药去。只在此山中,云深不知处。”寻访者与童子的三番问答,至少要用六句话来写,但诗人采用答话包孕问话的方法,精简为四句二十个字。这就在句与句之间留下了空白,要我们读者去想象补充。
5、注意诗中的意象。
意象就是诗中描绘的艺术形象。诗歌借助意象来表情达意。诗人“登山则情满于山,观海则意溢于海”,解读诗歌就要用心去把握蕴含于“山”“水”中的情意。在古典诗歌中,有一些意象在不同时代不同诗人的笔下反复出现,其涵义也具有了稳定性。对这些常见意象应作为读诗常识把握好。
常见意象一般具有的约定性的涵义。但这些常见意象有时在诗人笔下还会有非约定性的涵义,同时,诗中更多的是诗人即兴描绘的意象,其涵义也不具有约定性,这些都需要从具体作品中去感受把握。
6、注意诗的最后两句。
卒章显志,是诗文常见的写法。古代诗词常在末尾两句点明题旨,阅读时应该重点注意。
杜甫有一首绝句:“江碧鸟逾白,山青花欲燃。今春看又过,何日是归年。”看前两句,只是写色彩明丽之美景,情感如何还难以确定。后两句则点明了诗人思归之情。诗人流落他乡,一年又一年,思乡心切而归期难知,心中是何等的伤痛。由这后两句可知,此诗用的是乐景写哀的手法
7、诗歌中常用比喻,尤其是暗喻、借喻用起来不露痕迹,要注意识别
暗喻与明喻不同,其表现形式是比与被比的对象它们之间没有比喻词,而是用“是”、“为”、“当”、“化”等词连接。如《孔雀东南飞》中“君当作磐石,妾当作蒲苇。蒲苇纫如丝,磐石无转移”,以“磐石”和“蒲苇”作比,表达一种对爱情的坚贞之心,就是典型的例子。借喻,根本不露比喻痕迹,直接用喻体来代替本体,本体和比喻词都不出现。
二、注意事项
阅读时要注意将诗句的内容与诗歌题目结合起来理解。
主、宾换位 叶梦得《贺新郎》词:“秋色渐将晚,霜信报黄花。”也显然是“黄花报霜信”的意思。这种主宾换位的词序表面上仍是“主——动——宾”的格式,但在意义上必须将它倒过来理解。再如白居易《长恨歌》“姊妹兄弟皆列土,可怜光彩生门户”(门户生光彩),卢纶《塞下曲》诗“林暗草惊风,将军夜引弓”(林暗风惊草)等。
可以找规律,古人最讲究押韵、对偶、互文什么的了,有很多古诗文全文会一直重复那几句,只是稍加改动了,强记那不一样的地方就可以了。比如《诗经》里的大多数都很有特点与规律。
关关雎鸠,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑。 参差荇菜,左右流之。窈窕淑女,寤寐求之。 求之不得,寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉,辗转反侧。 参差荇菜,左右采之。一般一篇文章难背的就那几句,把那几句写在显眼的地方,没事就瞟到了,潜意识会让你记住它的。
有些同学喜欢没事练练字,或者是去学书法,就可以练习要背的课文啊,毕竟一举两得,何乐而不为,事实证明抄一遍比读几遍有用得多。现在的怪才歪才多得很,他们会把有些难背的课文编成歌曲,本来拗口到死的文章也变得朗朗上口,想背不出来都难。
高中有一篇文章是《蜀道难》,知道的同学都知道挺长,挺难背。那你知道吗,有同名歌曲哦。还有,不要在大中午的时候背书,背书应该在清晨,神清气爽,精力充沛,记忆力也杠杠的,并且可以在睡前读两遍,会有意想不到的收获。
当然,可以死记硬背,我大多数文章并不是用什么技巧背完的,印象最深的就是白居易的《琵琶行》,读啊读啊就背出来了,现在向往也忘不了。“浔阳江头夜送客,枫叶荻花秋瑟瑟。主人下马客在船,举酒欲饮无管弦……”
全文通读。无论是懂还是不懂全文的意思,小编认为首先都需要能够全文的通读一遍,先按照自己的理解来看全文,无论是正确或者错误的,并且最好能够将语言文字之间的关系搞清楚,至少在意思上面能够解释的通。
对照参看译文。这一步非常的重要,对照自己刚开始看文章的时候,自己所理解的意思,在看真正的译文,会对文章的理解更加的深刻,也会明白当时自己所译不同之处,能够加深对文章的理解。
翻译全文。在看两次译文之后,看着全篇的文言文,自己翻译成白话文,这个时候,不要再看译文了,如果实在有不明白的地方,可以再看两次译文,直到能够全部翻译通顺为止,这对理解全篇内容非常重要。
理解了文中所述之后,即可以开始着手背诵了。如果自己的记忆力实在不佳,或者文章一个自然段非常长,可以将一个自然段分成三次来进行背诵,并且划分的时候,最好能够按照意群来进行划分。
让孩子养成晨读的习惯。懒床对于孩子来说是一个很不好的习惯,让孩子早早的起床,到附近的公园呼吸呼吸新鲜空气,带上要背诵的古诗,最好是10-20首。大声的读出来,每天半个小时,过不了多久古诗会牢牢的记在孩子脑海中。
让孩子了解古诗的含义。古诗大多数是文言文,有的晦涩难懂,有的典故很多,可以在背古诗之前给孩子讲解古诗的大致含义,这样在理解的基础上背诵也是很快速的。
给孩子讲有关古诗的相关故事,还有诗人的相关故事。古代大文豪李白、杜甫的诗篇很多,家长可以利用闲暇时间最好是睡前故事,给孩子讲这些诗人的趣事。这样很容易引起孩子的兴趣,激发孩子背古诗的积极性。
可以给孩子设置目标,激励他们的主动性。比如说和邻居小朋友或者是同学家长达成一致,让孩子去比赛一个月内或者更短的时间看谁能背出更多的古诗,准备两份礼物赢的孩子可以优先选择礼物。
4怎样背古诗比较快
先读熟,首先我们需要做的是将古诗读熟,知道每个字的读音,不认识的可以查字典,或者看诗下面的注释。理解诗文的意思,读熟了以后,我们就可以去理解诗文的意思,这样可以使我们更加的熟悉诗文,以便在背的时候能够根据诗句的意思来背。
读诗文,读意思,这样可以使我们对一些比较晦涩难懂的诗句,比较容易懂,所以诗句的意思的正确性是非常重要的。尝试着背,理解了意思,读熟了之后,就可以一边回想着意思,一边尝试着去背。
多次重复,很多人觉得自己背不下来一整首诗,其实有时候往往是因为重复的次数不够多,也就是说,如果我们读十遍能够背,那么我们就要在多读5遍,这样效果会比较好。
能够背了之后加以巩固,在我们能够完全背的时候,不要因此就完全不管了,在翻书的时候,或者有时候看到的时候,可以尝试着背一下。
说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题,如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等,介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果,社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式:例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法,给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点;分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异,分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处;类比说明事物如何相似,对比说明事物如何不同;因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外,说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。 无论采用什么说明方法,作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此,阅读说明文的关键是:抓住事物的特点,即抓住说明对象的本质特征。
下面具体看看两篇说明文。 (05 重庆卷 B 段)
Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability. There are four parts in the book:
Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.
There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.
Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading.
Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcard. There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.
Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.
You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.
I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it.
解析:这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容,这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点,也就读懂了这篇文章,再来做理解题,就容易多了。看看相关的理解题:
59.We can find the introduction to a product in .
A.Part 1 B.Part 2 C.Part 3 D.Part 4
60.Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?
A.A letter of complaint. B.A computer handbook.
C.A letter to a friend.D.A story of a president.
61.The passage is most probably written for .
A.test designersB.students C.test-takersD.teachers
62.What is the best title of the book?
A.Test Your Reading B.Help with Your Writing
C.Learn Different Kinds of English D.Practise English in Different Ways
(参考答案:DCBA)
(05 山东卷 E篇)
A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.
Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband. The device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the driver’s response.Tiredness is directly related to a driver’s response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.
In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the driver’s response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.
The device has been delivered to the department’s laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year.
解析:这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3、4、5自然段是理解的重点:开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音,驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差,如果这个时间差大于500毫秒,说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点,就读懂了这篇文章。看看理解题:
72.According to the text, Driver Alert _____.
A.aims to reduce tiredness-related accidentsB.has gone through testing at laboratories C.aims to prevent drivers from sleeping D.has been on sale for 12 months
73.How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert?
A.By sounding a warning. B.By touching the wristband.
C.By checking the driving time.D.By pressing the steering wheel.
74.We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is _____.
A.about 400 milliseconds B.below 500 milliseconds
C.over 500 milliseconds D.about 4 minutes
75.When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _____.
A.moves more regularly B.stops working properly
C.opens the window for the driver D.sounds more frequently and loudly
(参考答案:ADCD)
【雅思文章架构剖析】如何快速读懂雅思阅读文章
实验型文章常用的框架结构是研究基本情况,实验具体过程,实验结果,相关结论。Nature or Nurture(遗传还是环境)就是一篇非常有代表性的实验型文章。文章一共分为9 段,框架结构非常清晰。文章一开始就总体上介绍了实验的参与者是40个来自各个行业的教师- 实验对象。接下来阐述了实验的背景设置和学生参与者的真实身份。文章的第三段则是比较详细地介绍了在实验过程中实验对象和实验者 Milgram 的表现。第四段和第五段分别呈现了精神科医生对实验结果的预测和实际实验结果与预测结果形成的巨大反差。精神科医生预测,只有少数的教师实验对象能按照实验者的要求,把电压加到最大值。而实验的实际结果就是85% 的教师实验对象都做到了这一点。第六、七段是从遗传和环境的角度用两种截然不同的说法来解释这些差异。最后两段则是从当代社会生物学角度总结了这个实验的结论。
综上所述,考生在应对实验性文章时一定要搞懂框架结构,这对考题的解答,尤其是段落信息配对题,有着举足轻重的作用。
附:实验类阅读文章一篇
系教育心理方面的文章,有关儿童教育中长期讨论的问题——教育传授vs自学探索
When should you teach children, and when should you let them explore?
It Is one of the oldest debates in education. Should teachers tell pupils the way things are or encourage them to find out for themselves? Telling children “truths” about the world helps them learn those facts more quickly. Yet the efficient learning of specific facts may lead to the assumption that when the adult has finished teaching, there is nothing further to learn—because if there were, the adult would have said so. A study just published in Cognition by Elizabeth Bonawitz of the University of California, Berkeley, and Patrick Shafto of the University of Louisville, in Kentucky, suggests that is true.
Dr Bonawitz and Dr Shafto arranged for 85 four- and five-year-olds to be presented, during a visit to a museum, with a novel toy that looked like a tangle of coloured pipes and was capable of doing many different things. They wanted to know whether the way the children played with the toy depended on how they were instructed by the adult who gave it to them.
One group of children had a strictly pedagogical introduction. The experimenter said “Look at my toy! This is my toy. I'm going to show you how my toy works.” She then pulled a yellow tube out of a purple tube, creating a squeaking sound. Following this, she said, “Wow, see that? This is how my toy works!” and then demonstrated the effect again.:
With a second group of children, the experimenter acted differently. She interrupted herself after demonstrating the squeak by saying she had to go and write something down, thus suggesting that she might not have finished the demonstration. With a third group, she activated the squeak as if by accident. To a fourth, the toy was simply presented with the comment, “Wow, see this toy? Look at this!”'
After these varied introductions, the children were left with the toy and allowed to play. They might discover that, as well as the squeaker, the toy had a button inside one tube which activated a light, a keypad that played musical notes, and an inverting mirror inside one of the tubes. All the children were told to let the experimenter know when they had finished playing and were asked by the instructor if they were done if they stopped playing for more than five consecutive seconds. The entire interaction was recorded on video.,
Footage of each child playing was passed to a research assistant who was ignorant of the purpose of the study. The assistant was asked to record the total playing time, the number of different actions the child performed, the time spent playing with the squeak, and the number of other functions the child discovered.
The upshot was that children in the first group spent less time playing (119 seconds) than those in the second (180 seconds), the third (133 seconds) or the fourth (206 seconds). Those in the first group also tried out four different actions, on average. The others tried 5.3, 5.9 and 6.2, respectively. A similar pattern (0.7, 1.3, 1.2 and 1.2) pertained to the number of functions other than the squeak that the children found."
The researchers' conclusion was that, in the context of strange toys of unknown function, prior explanation does, indeed, inhibit exploration and discovery. Generalising from that would be ambitious. But it suggests that further research might be quite a good idea.
文章结构:
para1 引出讨论观点,开门见山,并引出接下来要进行的试验。
para2 实验内容和实验目的
para3 & para4 实验中,主试(experimenter)将被试(children)按照实验的自变量( different way instructed by the adult)分为四组。
para5 主试离开后,被试的反应。
para6 实验数据的后续处理
para7 实验数据分析
para8 实验结论
雅思阅读难句分析:分割结构
分割结构是一种修辞手段,在英语句子中,特别是在书面语中,比较常见。分割结构就是指把英语句子中原来属于一个整体的句子成分分割开,一部分留在句子的原来位置,另一部分远离原来位置。
如:The best books are treasuries of good words,the golden thoughts,which,remembered and cherished,become our constant companions and comforters. 不难看出which become our constant companions and comforters原本是一个整体,被用作状语的过去分词remembered and cherished分割开。常见的分割结构形式有同位语或同位语从句与先行词的分割,定语或and定语从句与先行词的分割,主语与谓语的分割,谓语与宾语的分割。使用分割结构的目的是使语句结构平衡,避免头重脚轻,或者为了使表达的主题思想更加突出醒目,读起来更通顺流畅。分割结构的存在说明了英语在结构形式和表达方法上的生动性和灵活性,但也造成了句子结构的错综复杂。对于分割结构,只有从结构上和语意上弄清它才能避免理解上的错误,英译汉时要把原来属于一个整体部分的意义译出。
如:An unusual present was given to him for his birthday,a book on ethics.过生日的时候他得到了一件不寻常的礼物——一本关于伦理道德的书。(present 和a book被分隔)
再如:After Galileo's work the feeling grew that there were universal laws governing the motion of bodies and that these laws might apply to motion in the heavens as well as on earth.在伽利略著作之后,这样的认识加强了,即认为存在着支配物体运动的普遍规律,这些规律不仅支配着地球上的也支配着天体上的物体的运动。(the feeling和 that从句被分隔)
此外,还有定语(或定语从句)与其中心词被分隔,某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔,动词与其宾语被分隔,介词与其宾语被分隔等。总之,英语的分隔应遵循尾重原则(应当把长而复杂的成分放在句末,从而使结构平衡匀称,以避免主语部分太长,谓语部分太短)和句尾信息焦点原则(把新信息,即语义重点放在句子末尾)。阅读时要注意把原来属于一个整体的各部分找出来。
1. Such a viewpoint,particularly prominent in the developing countries,is reinforced by the widely-held belief that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is endangering the survival of mankind.
第一层:Such a viewpoint,主 particularly prominent in the developing 定 countries,is 系 reinforced 表 by the widely-held belief 状 that it is not the peaceful application of nuclear energy that is end- 同位语从句 angering the survival of mankind.
第二层:(同位语从句)that 引 it 形主 is not 系 the peaceful application 强调主语 of nuclear energy 定 that 引 is endangering 谓 the survival 宾 of mankind. 定
要点 本句主干为Such a viewpoint…… is reinforced by the widely-held belief;形容词短语particularly prominent in the developing countries,作为插入语修饰viewpoint,将主语和谓语分隔开来;介词短语by the widely-held belief是被动语态reinforced的行为主体;that it is……mankind是belief的同位语从句,这里还含有一个强调句式,即it is not the peaceful application……that is endangering……。
译文 这种在发展中国家显得尤为突出的观点被一种广泛持有的信念所加强,即并非和平利用核能正危害着人类的生存。
2. No girl should marry a man whose last name has the same initial as hers,for,as the rhyme goes,Change the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第一层:No girl 主 should marry 谓 a man 宾 whose last name has the same initial as hers,定语从句 for,as the rhyme goes,Change 状语从句 the name but not the letter,marry for worse instead of better.
第二层:(定语从句)whose 引 last name 主 has 谓 the same initial 宾 as hers 定
(状语从句)for,引 as the rhyme goes,状 Change 谓 the name 宾 but 连 not the letter,宾 marry 谓 for worse instead of better.状
要点 这是个主从复合句。for是连接词,引导状语从句。as the rhyme goes是插入语,插在for和它引导的从句之间,造成for和它引导的从句的分离,翻译时,可译成一个主谓结构。
译文 姑娘不该嫁给与自己的姓的首字母相同的人,因为正如一首童谣所说:改姓不改首字母,婚后必将受其苦。
3. Nor,if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect,is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.
要点 否定词nor放在句首时,主谓倒装。is放到了主语management前。同时,if引导的条件状语从句置于nor与句子的其他成分之间,造成了句子的割裂状态。条件状语从句中as desirable…… as the writing……可视为同级比较结构。句中who引导的定语从句修饰先行词thinkers,可采用合译的方法翻译。be blamed for为固定短语,意为“因…而受指责”。in favor of ……在句中做状语。
译文 假如像学术论文反映的那样,科学家们期望看到与某种标准模式符合的规律性和一致性。那么,如果管理者们歧视研究者中的“怪杰”,而喜欢善于合作的较常规思维的人,这也是无可指责的。
4. I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life,and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.
要点 本句中as perhaps Kelsey will……引导的方式状语从句放到了主句的谓语动词discovered与that引导的宾语从句之间,从而造成动宾之间的分割。as引导的从句中省略了谓语动词discover,是为了避免重复。宾语从句中主语为abandoning……and making……并列的动名词短语;谓语为bring sth with sth结构,只是因宾语过长,而把with短语提前了。
译文 我发觉,放弃那种“日夜操劳的生活”信念而选择“放慢生活的节奏”会带来比金钱和社会地位更大的回报。凯尔西在长期经受巨大压力后,从惹人注目的《女性》杂志编辑部退出之后,恐怕她也将与我有同样的感觉。
5. Such an outcome,if it happens,could cause a political controversy;or it could lead to more power being transferred to the EU in the worst possible circumstances,namely when the Union is deeply unpopular.
要点 这是个复合句。条件从句因为太短,置于主句的主谓之间,造成句子割裂,翻译时应将从句提到句首。namely when the……unpopular是一个状语从句,用来解释the worst possible circumstances.the EU:the European Union,欧盟。
译文 这种结果一旦产生,就可能引起政治上的争吵;在最糟糕的情况下,即在欧盟很不得人心的时候,也可能使更多的权利落到欧盟手中。
6. That fact,let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four,led by Britain,that have not joined,is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity,with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.
要点 句子的主干结构是That fact…… is likely to mean that……。with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things是“with +复合结构”形式,表示伴随状态。短语let alone……not joined置于主谓之间,造成句子割裂,翻译时应将其还原,放在最后。分词短语led by Britain和定语从句that have not joined都修饰the four.euro:欧元。multi-:前缀,表示“多…的”,如mutilateral,多边的:multiple,多个的。
译文 这一事实可能意味着欧盟将成为一个多体系的实体,其中一些国家对每一件事都表示赞同,而另一些则不尽然;更不用说以英国为首的尚未加入欧洲统一货币体系的四国和已经 加入这一体系的十一个欧元国家之间目前已存在的分歧了。
7. This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
要点 该句的主干结构是This trend began during the Second World War,when……。when引导定语从句,修饰the Second World War.that the specific……detail是conclusion的同位语从句,在该从句中,主语是 the specific demands of its scientific establishment,that a government wants to make是 demands的定语从句。该定语从句放在其先行词 demands和of介词短语之间,造成句子的割裂。翻译时,可把被割裂的部分还原。
译文 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出这样的结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
8. Observations were made of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade.
要点 整个of短语作observations的定语,相当于Observations of the children at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade were made.因为定语太长,所以将其置于动词之后,以避免句子头重脚轻。这样就造成了句子的割裂,翻译时应将被割裂的部分还原。preschool:学前的。
译文 人们对孩子们在学前班和小学一年级开始时和结束时的情况都曾进行过观察。
9. Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
要点 这是一个简单句。Whether to……situation是本句的主语,depends是谓语动词,两个upon后面是宾语。availability在句中是指“测试和信息容易得到或找到”。therefore是副词,插在depends 和upon……之间,造成它们在结构上的割裂。翻译时,可把therefore提到句首。
译文 因此,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是在某一特定情况下两者并用,须凭从有关相对效度的经验中得出的证据而定,也取决于诸如费用和有无采用的可能性等因素。
10. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.
要点 该句的主干结构是I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of having it all……into a woman……。preached by……magazine是过去分词短语,作the philosophy of having it all的定语,插在from……into之中,造成了句子的割裂。翻译时,可把分词短语译成一个分句,其他照原文顺序翻译。
译文 我从一个“全力以赴”的生活哲学——在过去七年里林达·凯尔西一直在《女性》杂志鼓吹这种生活方式——的积极倡导者,一改而成为随遇而安的女人。
雅思阅读模拟练习及答案
When a rather dirty, poorly dressed person kneels at your feet and puts out his hands to beg for a few coins, do you hurry on, not knowing what to do, or do you feel sad and hurriedly hand over some money? What should our attitude to beggars be? There can be no question that the world is full of terribly sad stories. It must be terrible to have no idea where our next meal is going to come from. It seems cruel not to give some money to beggars.
Certainly, most of the world’s great religions order us to be open-hearted and share what we have with those less fortunate than ourselves. But has the world changed? Maybe what was morally right in the old days, when one knew exactly who in the village had suffered misfortune and needed help, is no longer the best idea. Quite a few people will not give to beggars. Let us look at their arguments.
First, some believe that many city beggars dress up on purpose to look pitiable and actually make a good living from begging. Giving to beggars only encourages this sort of evil. Secondly, there is the worry that the money you give will be spent on beer, wine or drugs. Thirdly, there is the opinion that there is no real excuse for begging. One might be poor, but that is no reason for losing one’s sense of pride and self-dependence.
Related to this is the opinion that the problem should be dealt with by the government rather than ordinary people. Some people think beggars should go to the local government department and receive help.
It is hard to come to any final conclusion; there are various cases and we must deal with them differently. A few coins can save a life in some situations, and even if the money is wasted, that does not take away the moral goodness of the giver.
1. What is mainly discussed in the passage?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the author’s attitude toward beggars?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Change the underlined sentence into active voice.
Related to this is the opinion that the government rather than ordinary people should _____________ the problem.
4. Choose the best answer, Quite a few:
A. many B. a few C. some
5. Choose the best answer, pitiable:
A. deserving pity B. lovable C. hateful
6. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Some people dress up to pretend to be beggars.
B. Some beggars want money to help their children go to school.
C. Some beggars use the money to buy drugs.
D. Some beggars have no excuse for begging.
7. In the last paragraph, the writer thinks that it is hard to come to any final conclusion,because ______.
A. the cases can be so different
B. there are so many beggars
C. there is so much money wasted
D. there are so many different arguments
1. Arguments on giving to beggars.
2. We should give some money to beggars.
4. A 5. A 6.B 7.A
gre考试阅读文章如何快速读懂
gre阅读考试如何提分?
1.一句话只看一遍,充分利用自己的gre考试语法知识,时刻把握句子主干,修饰成分要毫无感觉得快速浏览(这里的“毫无感觉”不是略读,而是不希望过多的修饰成分或插入成分影响对句子主干的理解,这四个字需要自己体会)。
2.做标记除了大写字母、时间年代、最高级、转折标志词、因果标志词、列举、让步、强对比以外,还要标记出并列连接词(如and)、分号、冒号、表示作者态度的词(这个比较难,需要自己体会收集),原因我会在下面的取舍中谈到。我的做标记的小窍门:标记符号不要只用一种(如下划线),也不要过多,个人感觉最多三种(如括号、圆圈、下划线),分别标记原因、转折和其他,不过我自己只用下划线和括号。
3.一定要取舍。我以前的标准是:
a)让步分句(如:带although的分句、带it is true的分句、带do的分句等)一律跳过(但是用括号括起来),只看后半个分句;
b)such as后的内容一律跳过,也用括号括起来,不过我会数数列举的个数,如果是4个,则必出题,其他个数不用管,出题了再回头看;
c)for example举例只要提炼关键词的首字母就可以了,也要括起来,重点看后面或前面的结论。
d)原因——标志词常为BECause、since——一律跳过,括起来,只看结果。比较容易被忽略的是result in和result from,遇到这两个,我在下面划横线做标记。
e)老观点只把握gre阅读文章关键词、知道讲的是什么就行,其他一律跳过。
f)冒号后一律跳过,冒号下做标记。
g)分号后一律跳过,因为表示并列,内容和前面大体一致,分号做标记,出题的话再回来看。
现在的标准是:上面这些全看,因为速度上来了,但看这些内容时仍然是“毫无感觉”地看,可以不用担心它们会分散注意力了。
当这些内容都做标记后,文章结构就非常清楚了,哪儿是举例、哪儿是结论、哪儿是原因、哪儿是转折一目了然,定位非常容易。
4. (本来想把这条放在第一位的)我的提高阅读速度的不二法门:反复阅读已经读过的文章,5遍左右吧!慢慢地就会产生一种直觉,知道哪里略读哪里重读。
GRE阅读练习题:地球冷暖周期通过石头含铁量推定
Recent studies of sediment in the North Atlantic’s deepwaters reveal possible cyclical patterns in the history of Earth’s climate. Therock fragments in these sediments are too large to have been transported thereby ocean currents; they must have reached their present locations by travelingin large icebergs that floated long distances from their point of origin beforemelting.
Geol.ist Gerard Bond noticed that some of the sedimentgrains were stained with ironoxide, evidence that they originated in localeswhere glaciers had overrun outcrops of red sandstone. Bond’s detailed analysisof deep-water sediment cores showed changes in the mix of sediment sources overtime: the proportion of these red-stained grains fluctuated back and forth fromlows of 5 percent to highs of about 17 percent, and these fluctuations occurredin a nearly regular 1,500-year cycle.
Bond hypothesized that the alternating cycles might beevidence of changes in ocean-water circ
ulation and therefore in Earth’sclimate. He knew that the sources of the red-stained grains were generallycloser to the North Pole than were the places yielding a high proportion of“clean” grains. At certain times, apparently, more icebergs from the ArcticOcean in the far north were traveling south well into the North Atlantic beforemelting and shedding their sediment. Ocean waters are constantly moving, andwater temperature is both a cause and an effect of this movement. As watercools, it becomes denser and sinks to the ocean’s bottom. During some periods,the bottom layer of the world’s oceans comes from cold, dense water sinking inthe far North Atlantic. This causes the warm surface waters of the Gulf Streamto be pulled northward. Bond realized that during such periods, the influx ofthese warm surface waters into northern regions could cause a large proportionof the icebergs that bear red grains to melt before traveling very far into theNorth Atlantic. But sometimes the ocean’s dynamic changes, and waters from theGulf Stream do not travel northward in this way. During these periods, surfacewaters in the North Atlantic would generally be colder, permitting icebergsbearing red-stained grains to travel farther south in the North Atlantic beforemelting and depositing their sediment.
The onset of the so-called Little Ice Age (1300-1860),which followed the Medieval Warm Period of the eighth through tenth centuries,may represent the most recent time that the ocean’sdynamic changed in this way. If ongoing climate-history studies support Bond’shypothesis of 1,500-year cycles, scientists may establish a major natural rhythmin Earth’s temperatures that could then be extrapolated into the future.Because the midpoint of the Medieval Warm Period was about A.D. 850, anextension of Bond’s cycles would place the midpoint of the next warm intervalin the twenty-fourth century.
21.1. According to the passage, which of the following istrue of the rock fragments contained in the sediments studied by Bond?
A. The majority of them are composed of red sandstone.
B. They must have reached their present location over 1,500 years ago.
C. They were carried byicebergs to their present location.
D. Most of them were carried to their present location during a warm period inEarth’s climatic history.
E. They are unlikely to have been carried to their present location during theLittle Ice Age.
21.2. In the final paragraph of the passage (lines 27-33),the author is concerned primarily with
A. answering a question about Earth’s climatic history
B. pointing out a potential flaw in Bond’s hypothesis
C. suggesting a new focus for the study of ocean sediments
D. tracing the general history of Earth’s climate
E. discussing possibleimplications of Bond’s hypothesis
21.3. According to the passage, Bond hypothesized that whichof the following circumstances would allow red-stained sediment grains to reachmore southerly latitudes?
A. Warm waters being pulled northward from the GulfStream
B. Climatic conditions causing icebergs to melt relatively quickly
C. Icebergs containing a higher proportion of iron oxide than usual
D. The formation of more icebergs than usual in the far north
E. The presence of coldsurface waters in the North Atlantic
21.4. It can be inferred from the passage that in sedimentcores from the North Atlantic’s deep waters, the portions that correspond tothe Little Ice Age
A.. differ very little in composition from theportions that correspond to the Medieval Warm Period
B. fluctuate significantly in composition between the portions corresponding tothe 1300s and the portions corresponding to the 1700s
C. would be likely tocontain a proportion of red-stained grains closer to 17 percent than to 5percent
D. show a much higher proportion of red-stained grains in cores extracted fromthe far north of the North Atlantic than in cores extracted from further south
E. were formed in part as
答案:CEEC
GRE阅读结构解析
1.一句话只看一遍,充分利用自己的语法知识,时刻把握句子主干,修饰成分要毫无感觉得快速浏览(这里的“毫无感觉”不是略读,而是不希望过多的修饰成分或插入成分影响对句子主干的理解,这四个字需要自己体会)。
2.做标记除了大写字母、时间年代、最高级、转折标志词、因果标志词、列举、让步、强对比以外,还要标记出并列连接词(如and)、分号、冒号、表示作者态度的词(这个比较难,需要自己体会收集),原因我会在下面的取舍中谈到。我的做标记的小窍门:标记符号不要只用一种(如下划线),也不要过多,个人感觉最多三种(如括号、圆圈、下划线),分别标记原因、转折和其他,不过我自己只用下划线和括号。
3.一定要取舍。我以前的标准是:
a)让步分句(如:带although的分句、带itistrue的分句、带do的分句等)一律跳过(但是用括号括起来),只看后半个分句;
b)suchas后的内容一律跳过,也用括号括起来,不过我会数数列举的个数,如果是4个,则必出题,其他个数不用管,出题了再回头看;
c)forexample举例只要提炼关键词的首字母就可以了,也要括起来,重点看后面或前面的结论。
d)原因——标志词常为BECause、since——一律跳过,括起来,只看结果。比较容易被忽略的是resultin和resultfrom,遇到这两个,我在下面划横线做标记。
e)老观点只把握关键词、知道讲的是什么就行,其他一律跳过。
f)冒号后一律跳过,冒号下做标记。
g)分号后一律跳过,因为表示并列,内容和前面大体一致,分号做标记,出题的话再回来看。
现在的标准是:上面这些全看,因为速度上来了,但看这些内容时仍然是“毫无感觉”地看,可以不用担心它们会分散注意力了。
★ 读懂《上善若水》
★ 读懂《易经》
★ 读懂诗词作文
★ 读懂珍惜作文
★ 初中作文读懂
★ 学会读懂顾客