以下是小编整理的英文论文总结怎么写（共含14篇），欢迎阅读分享，希望对您有所帮助。同时，但愿您也能像本文投稿人“天上掉下的爷爷”一样，积极向本站投稿分享好文章。
英文论文总结怎么写
摘要的写作技巧
英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。不仅参加国际学术会议、向国际学术刊物投稿要写摘要，国内级别较高的学术期刊也要求附上英文摘要。学位论文更是如此。
论文摘要是全文的精华，是对一项科学研究工作的总结，对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。本章主要介绍摘要的组成部分、写作方法、各部分的语言特点以及典型句型。
1.摘要的种类与特点
摘要主要有以下四种。
第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于主体部分之前，目的是让读者首先了解一下论文的内容，以便决定是否阅读全文。一般来说，这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100～150字之间。内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。
第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一种略为详细，长度在200—300字之间。
会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时，研究工作尚未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。
第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要一般都要求用中、英文两种语言写。学位论文摘要一般在400字左右，根据需要可以分为几个段落。内容一般包括研究背景、意义、主旨和目的；基本理论依据，基本假设;研究方法；研究结果;主要创新点;简短讨论。
不同级别的学位论文摘要，要突出不同程度的创新之处，指出有何新的观点、见解或解决问题的新方法。
第四种是脱离原文而独立发表的摘要。这种摘要更应该具有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文，便可以了解全文的主要内容。
以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：
(1)目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。
(2)方法(methods and materials)：包括材料、手段和过程。
(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discussions)：包括数据与分析。
(4)结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。
无论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。
第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要的语气要客观，不要作出言过其实的结论。
下面从内容、结构布局和语言特点三方面着手，讨论摘要的写作方法和技巧。
2.摘要的内容与结构
一般来说，摘要必须包括研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，主要结论等内容。也就是说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。
2.1学术期刊论文摘要
这种摘要随同全文一起发表，简短精炼是其主要特点。只需简明扼要地将研究目的'、方法、结果和结论分别用1～2句话加以概括即可(如图所示)。至于研究背景或宗旨应在论文的Introduction部分较详细介绍，不必在摘要里介绍。期刊论文摘要结构布局例1.Objective
1This investigation was performed to see if the aluminum in pop cans (易拉罐)and aluminum cookware enters the liquid they contain.
It was hypothesized that aluminum does enter the liquids in aluminum cans and cookware.
Methods and Materials
This experiment was performed by testing seven different types of carbonated beverages and water boiled in aluminum cookware for three hours.
Every hour a sample was removed for testing.
The cookware consisted of a new and old aluminum pot.
The colorimetric method was used to determine the concentration of aluminum.
Results
The results showed that aluminum was present in carbonated beverages and in the water boiled in the cookware.
Conclusions
It was concluded that aluminum existed in carbonated beverages and substances cooked in aluminum cookware, and that the concentration of aluminum increased with time.
(126 words) (本章选文中黑体部分为编者注。)分析
本摘要共8句话，126个词。第1句话指出了研究目的：装在易拉罐或铝制炊具中的液体是否含有铝。第2句是假设，铝可能真的会进人装在铝制罐子或炊具中的液体之中。第3～6句是实验材料、时间与方法。第7句是实验结果。第8句是结论：存放于铝制容器或炊具中的液体内含有铝，而且存放的时间越长，铝含量越高。
例1中的主要句型结构如下
This investigation was performed to see 表示研究目的 It was hypothesized that 表示假设 This experiment was performed by testing 表示实验过程和 方法 The colorimetric method was used to determine 表示测量方法 The results showed that 表示实验结果 It was concluded that 表示结论 例2 Objective
This study investigates possible effects of high intake of carotenoids(类胡罗卜素), eye color, and girth measurements(眼睛大小)on primary open angle glaucoma (POAG 青光眼).
Methods and Materials
Researchers designed a questionnaire that inquired about diet and family and personal health history.
This questionnaire was administered to 250 individuals suffering from glaucoma.
Results and Discussion
The dietary data suggested a possible correlation between low habitual intake of vitamin A, E, and C and higher risk of POAG.
In addition, the number of persons suffering from POAG with blue eye color was significantly higher than those with brown or green.
Finally, a possible association was suggested concerning girth measurements
those persons with proportionately larger than normal girth measurements may be more likely to suffer from POAG.
(117 words) 分析：本摘要只有6句话，117个词。第1句话明确指出研究目的
说明类胡萝卜素的摄人量大、眼睛颜色及眼睛大小与青光眼的关系。第2—3句是研究方法与研究对象。方法是通过调 查问卷，研究对象是250名青光眼患者。第4～6句话每句话是调查结果
1)维生素A、E、C摄人量低可能与青光眼发病率高有关系;
2)蓝眼睛青光眼患者的比例远远超过棕色眼睛或绿色眼睛青光眼患者;
3)眼睛过大的人患青光眼的可能性更大。
本摘要中的主要句型结构
This study investigates…表示研究内容或目的 Researchers designed a questionnaire…表示研究方法 This questionnaire was administered to…表示研究对象 The dietary data suggests that…表示调查数据与结果 A possible association has been suggested…表示调查结果
英文论文
【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势
英文原声电影听说教学步骤
(一)准备阶段
1.教师准备。
(1)电影取材。
选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。
电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。
电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。
另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。
如美国电影《冷山》(TheColdMountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。
而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。
(2)知识准备。
在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。
教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。
2.学生准备。
学生主要是知识准备。
学生可根据老师提供的影片和相关问题，上网搜集影片信息，了解故事梗概和相关背景。
这样在观看影片时学生就可以将更多的精力放在词汇和难点的理解上，而不是花费大量的时间来理解情节。
(二)学习阶段
在影片放映的过程中，老师可以适当间断放映并提供不同的任务让学生来完成以达到学习的目的。
主要方式为：(1)文化信息植入。
如影片突出体现了文化和宗教上的知识，教师应及时给与相关内容的补充，以加深学生的印象。
如影片《为戴茜小姐开车》(DrivingMissDaisy)，教师可以植入种族歧视的相关文化内容，而如影片《宾汉》(Ben-Hur)则需植入宗教文化知识。
(2)讨论。
教师可在放映过程中就相关情节和人物关系进行提问，并且让学生分组讨论，最后自由发言。
该方式有助于锻炼学生的口语和自主学习能力。
(3)抢答。
教师可设计一些问题让学生进行分组抢答，并最终给予回答正确问题较多的组以适当奖励。
但需留意问题难度要把握好，不能太难，以免挫伤学生的积极性，无法达到锻炼学生口语水平和反应能力的效果。
(三)反馈评估阶段
此阶段，学生根据影片内容进行知识的归纳总结并自我反思。
教师可以根据影片内容进行相关测试并布置作业来监控学生的学习效果，具体的方法有：1.角色扮演。
学生可选取自己感兴趣的一段电影片断进行角色扮演，并在过程中锻炼自己的临场发挥能力，提升自己的口语水平。
2.台词背诵。
教师可要求学生选取经典台词进行背诵，要求尽量模仿主人公的语音语调和情感，借此机会改进自己的语音语调。
3.写作练习。
教师可布置与影片揭示的人生哲理相关的作文话题让学生写作文表达自己对主人公、情节或者主题的见解，锻炼书面表达能力。
4.字幕翻译。
教师可去掉中文字幕，截取部分英文字幕让学生进行现场翻译，截取内容可以是俗语、俚语或较长较难的句子，让学生通过翻译字幕了解一些口语中的通俗表达，同时锻炼自己的翻译能力。
电影教学步骤、程序和环节缺一不可。
其流畅的教学过程可以有效地提高学生听、说、读、写、译等多方面的语言能力。
英文电影教学存在的问题及趋势
首先，当前英文电影教学缺乏统一的教学要求，导致教师只能凭借自己的知识体系和文化知识进行课堂设计，由于缺乏统一的模板和要求，有时难免出现教学上的偏差。
其次，影视教学耗费大量课堂时间。
这与课程的紧张安排势必发生冲突，放映电影占用大量的课堂时间的问题短期内难以解决。
第三，影视教学尚无统一的测试评估体系，其学习效果的检验缺乏可操作性，很难保证学习的延续性和有效性。
根据以上情况，笔者认为英文电影教学应从以下几方面着手改进：一是建立统一的教学要求，做到有章可循，把握方法进度，避免出现偏差。
条件成熟时可撰写出版相关教材，探索英文电影在大学英语听说课程中的具体实施办法，注意事项以及相关教学内容和要求。
二是培养高素质专业化教师队伍。
英文电影教学对教师提出要求，包括全面的知识结构，较高的文学素养，专业的艺术鉴赏力，较好的计算机操作能力，高超的双语能力，并且深谙外语教学理论，运用教育心理学上好英语电影教学课程，教会学生在欣赏电影的过程中真正掌握英语知识，培养跨文化交际能力，提高英语水平。
三是建立标准化的统一测试体系。
没有科学的测试体系就很难引导教学。
英文电影教学应立足于语言的际应用能力培养和国际交往，建立统一的测试体系，填补影视教学测试标准的空白。
结语
英文原声电影具备文化特色，贴近生活，内容丰富，能让学生接触到最地道真实的英语，因此，通过观赏原声英文电影学习英语是学习英语的极好途径，它既能够提高学生的听力和口语水平，激发学生的学习动力和热情，也能帮助学生了解西方的风俗民情和价值观，同时也能够陶冶情操，提高鉴赏力，培养跨文化交际能力，提高个人素质。
英文原声电影教学的最终目的是全面提高学生的英语综合应用能力。
因此，教师应当通过合理的教学安排和观后活动来加强学生学习的效果，通过活动将知识的输入和输出结合起来，提高学生自主学习的能力，真正发挥英文电影教学的优势。
随着教学改革步伐的加快，我们将会面临更多的挑战，必须不断开拓创新，进一步更新教学模式和理念，培养更多高素质复合型外语教学人才。
(本文作者：许晖 单位：洛阳理工学院)
【二】浅析中英文对译的'文化语境
一、要通过语言翻译将原文的民族风范进行充分的折射
语言翻译需要将原文的地理特征、宗教信仰、历史传统、价值观念等内容进行真实的反映，其中，民族风范的反映是极为重要也是极有难度的部分。
语言不仅来自于生活，而且是对生活的充分反映，既是对各国与各民族智慧的总结，也是对各国与各民族精髓的表达。
翻译则是通过对语言的应用实现不同语言之间意义的共通。
这种意义的共通不仅仅是对原文的字面翻译或者简单的复制，而是对原文进行二次创作。
要想翻译出符合要求的高质量文章，首先，需要对西方文化有所了解，该了解不是简单层面的了解，而是较为全面、深入的了解;其次，要对中西方文化之间的差异有所了解，只有在对中西方文化有所差异的基础之上才能够真正做到忠实于原文;最后，要对读者的素质和修养进行充分的考虑，要结合读者的实际文化修养进行翻译，切忌翻译出的内容与读者的修养有过大的冲突而难以满足读者的需求。
如中国的一种主要针对国外装饰市场的高档材料进入国际市场时，其说明书当中的一英文为“Ourdecoratingmaterialswillmakeafancyhouseforyou.”说明书本身的目的是想要表达“我们的装饰材料会让你的家变得像迷宫一样美丽”，
从字面意思上来看，确实是这个意思，但在现代英语当中“fancyhouse”有“妓院”的引申义，如此的错误，不仅对产品形象造成了不良的影响，而且对企业形象也会产生严重的影响。
再如“紫罗兰男装”，在中国是较为知名的品牌，而在刚进入国外市场时却不是那么理想，究其原因，问题也出在品牌翻译上。
因为“紫罗兰男装”被翻译为“pansyMen’sclothing”，这个翻译在字面上来看仍是没有问题的，但与西方文化一结合就不再那么简单，因为“pansy”这个词不仅有紫罗兰的意思，而且还泛指有些女性化的男性，如此一来，就知道为什么紫罗兰男装在国际市场上无人问津了。
再如中国某厂生产的橡皮擦，品牌定位“星牌”，完整翻译后被称作“starRubber”，对这一产品进行翻译的过程当中，译者的问题主要出在对“rubber”一词的理解，该词在英文当中不仅有“橡皮擦”的意思，而且还有“避孕套”的意思，所以在译者看来并没有问题的翻译到了国外却无法让人接受，更不要说产品的销量了。
此外，“象”、“孔雀”等词汇在中国是吉祥、如意等象征，具有十分美好的意义，而这些动物在西方则不然，甚至有着相反的效果，因此，在对含有这些词汇的名称或内容进行翻译时，要对具体的文化语境进行充分的考虑，只有如此，才能够翻译出真正合格的作品。
二、要对原文语境中所涉及的事物有正确的理解
译者在对原文进行翻译的过程当中，经常会出现这种情况，译者能够将原文当中的逻辑关系、语法结构分析得十分到位，而对原文当中出现的一些客观事物却了解的不够透彻，尤其是有着一定历史背景或与一些专业术语相关的事物。
如“Shekeepsherpigsinalargepen”这句话，该句当中的“pen”有钢笔的意思，但在这里如果将其翻译为钢笔则会造成句意不通顺，显而易见，养猪这件事情不能够在钢笔当中实现，所以这里的“pen”肯定要用其他的意思，结合语境与该词的特殊意义可翻译为猪圈，如此一来，这句话就十分通顺了。
再如“Johncanbereliedon，heeatsnofishandplaysthegame”这句话，按字面意思来看“heeatsnofishandplaysthegame”是吃鱼和玩游戏的意思，但这与“Johncanbereliedon”难以联系到一起，这就需要对该英语当中的典故有所了解，“toealfish”出自于英国伊丽莎白女王时代，那个时代的耶稣教徒为了表示对国家的忠诚与支持，对反政府的罗马天主教徒在星期五只吃鱼而不吃其他东西这一习俗进行拒绝。
所以，“toeatfish”在这里是要表达“忠诚”的意思。
三、要随着新词汇的不断丰富而逐渐提高翻译要求
随着社会的不断发展，尤其是经济与文化的不断发展，各个国家的历史、地理、政治、科学等方面都在不断的随之发展，这不仅大大丰富了词汇的数量，而且在词汇的意义上也有了更大范围的扩充，这就要求译者不仅要对中西方固有的文化进行充分的了解，
而且要求译者紧跟时代发展的步伐，对新生的词汇与词汇新生的意义也要有准确清晰的认识，只有如此，才能够将原文进行合理的翻译，才不断能够满足读者的需求。
首先，中华文化的不断丰富与发展，使得一些新的词汇产生，如上网、菜篮子工程、表哥、打工、月光族等新词汇不断产生，尤其是一些网络语言，可以说是日新月异，发展速度十分快。
其次，西方文化也在不断丰富，其具有自身特色的语言也在不断产生，再加上一些西方国家的特殊事物与西方国家的网络语言，西方语言的新生词汇同样在不断的丰富与发展，这对与译者来讲是十分具有挑战性的。
如“talkshow”这个词翻译为中文是脱口秀的意思，在早些年，我国还没有叫做脱口秀的节目，也没有真正意义上的脱口秀节目，而在近些年，随着文化传播的不断发展，我国的脱口秀节目不仅在数量上日益丰富，而且在节目内容上也不断提高。
再如“cocacola”这个词，直接音译为可口可乐，当前，可口可乐在世界各国已经成为一种美国文化的象征，不仅传递着美国的生活状态，而且传递着美国的特有文化。
五、总结随着世界经济、文化、政治的不断发展，跨文化翻译活动日益重要，高质量的翻译是世界了解与发展的基础，只有在高质量翻译的情况下，世界不同文化背景的国家才能够实现经济、政治、文化等多方面的交流与互助。
所以，在进行翻译活动过程当中，要尤其注意文化语境对中英文翻译的影响，要在对各国文化进行充分了解的基础之上去进行翻译，只有如此，才能够翻译出真正高质量的内容。
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words: culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
1.1 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
1.2 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
1.2.1 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
1.2.2 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
1.2.3 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
1.2.4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
1.2.5 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
1.2.6 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
1.3 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
2.1 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
2.2 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
2.3 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
2.3.1 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
2.3.2 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
2.3.3 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
2.3.4 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
3.1 To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9
3.2 In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9
3.3 Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved.
1. Cultural differences
1.1 the definition of culture
National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures.
1.2 the causes of cultural differences
Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas:
1.2.1 geographical differences
Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States.
1.2.2 national differences
Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han.
1.2.3 the political differences
Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president.
1.2.4 economic disparities
Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing.
1.2.5 religious differences
Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religions: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values.
1.2.6 the concept of Values difference
Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions.
Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences.
1.3 cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations
Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example.
In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million U.S. dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention is: after signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”. How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture.
From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure.
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations
The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement.
Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects:
2.1 the communication process
Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations.
Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings: “The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”. It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations.
Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication.
Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval.
2.2 the negotiation style
The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact.
Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two types: the negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative:
Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction.
Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you.
Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom.
Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called: “Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit.
British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected.
Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different.
2.3 Cultural values
Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting.
2.3.1 Ethics
China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain.
2.3.2group awareness
In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths.
2.3.3 the concept of collective
Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible.
2.3.4 the concept of time
Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an account: his daily wage is 8 1000 U.S dollars, then about 17 U.S. dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 U.S. dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other.
3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations
Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations.
3.1 before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise
It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations include: the background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side.
In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue.
Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.
3.2 correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations
First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation.
Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements.
3.3 to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations
Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits.
The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success.
4. References
[1]Cao Ling editor: “Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
[2]Xie Xiaoying editor: “Business English negotiations”, China Business Press,
[3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor: “win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press,
[4]Weng Fengxiang edited: “An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006
[5]William Hampton with: “Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House,
1.Because I would write down lessons I learned each time (in my life handbook), I could then build upon my learnings.
Rather than deja vuing through life situations, every time I would think about how I could apply what I had learned
earlier and how I could do something different.
As a result, I kept moving forward in my growth.
因为我每次都会记下学到的经验教训(在我的生活手册里)，所以我从所学中慢慢成长。
每次总结后我都会想，下次遇到我会如何利用之前学到的改正错误，而不是一次次的重复犯错栽跟头。
就这样，我在成长的路上一步步前进。
2.Wrap up what you’ve done this year打包今年所做的事情
Many things can happen in a year and this is the perfect time to wrap them up.
Were there any ups and downs? Did you get a promotion? Did you recently quit your job and joined a new workplace? Did you just start up a business? Did you move to a new place? Did you just end an unhappy relationship? Did you move on from a bad partnership? Any major events took place? Or perhaps there are nothing significant that happened?
每年都会发生许许多多的事情，现在就是你把之前的事情打包的最佳时机。
生活中有一些起起落落?你升职了?最近刚辞职进入新的工作环境?刚开始创业?搬到新地方?刚结束一段不快乐的感情?走出了一段很糟的伙伴关系?发生了很多大事?也或许没什么重要的事情发生?
This is the time to wrap up the year.
It’s time to let go of past baggage, tie up the loose ends, tidy up your feelings, and get ready for what’s ahead.
现在是该打包这一年了，也是时候放下这些过去的包袱，做一些收尾让工作有始有终，收拾起情绪，准备迎接即将到来的新一年。
3.Regain focus重新找到重点
After working for a few years, you’d find that the years sort of just start to blend into each other.
Soon it’s hard to tell one year apart from the next.
Subsequently, it’s so easy to fall into a routine without being conscious of it.
Sometimes I hear people commenting that they’re not sure what exactly they’ve been doing with the past few years of their lives, because everything just seems like the same.
工作了几年后你会发现，每年似乎开始有些混在一起的感觉，很难把它们区分开来。
然后不知不觉，工作就很容易变成例行公事的老套路。
有时候我会听到人们在说，不知道过去的几年具体都干了些什么，因为一切看起来都一样。
It’s just like driving.
When you’re driving in a car, it can be hard to see where you are and where you’re heading to.
On the other hand, pausing for a short moment to look at the map can be amazingly helpful.
Where are you right now? How far have you traveled? Where do you want to go to? Doing so helps you to regain focus.
这就像开车一样。
当你开车的时候，很难看出来你开到哪和要去哪。
而另一方面，如果你停下来看看地图，你会发现超级有帮助。
你现在正在哪儿?你走了有多远了?你想去哪儿?年终总结会帮你重新找到重点。
Like I mentioned above, doing my annual review is like getting the report card for my life.
How do I grade myself for this year? Do I give myself an A+? A? B?
C? D? or even F? This assessment reminds me if I have lived this year the way I had wanted to.
我之前提到过，写年终总结，就像拿成绩单一样。
今年给自己打多少分?A+? A? B? C? D? 还是F?
这样的自我评估会提醒我，让我反思过去的一年是否是我想要的生活方式。
4.Start the next year on a high note高起点开始下一年
Last but not least, your annual review will help you to start the next year on a high note.
As I’m going to share later in the post, doing your review includes setting your goals for the next year.
For this year 20**, my one single biggest goal was to build this blog.
So this year, while other people were figuring out what to make out of their year, I was a person on a mission.
By mid-year I had already exceeded some of my goals, and now that it’s the end of the year, I’ve accomplished what I had set out to do at the beginning, and more.
最后，年终总结会帮你从一个高起点开始下一年的工作和生活。
正如我稍后要跟大家分享的，年终总结会包括你下一年的目标。
20**年我的最大目标是建好这个博客，所以在这一年，当其他人还在找寻到底该干些什么的时候，我已经是一个有任务的人了。
年中的时候我就已经超额完成目标，现在到年末，我已经完成了年初的目标，甚至做的更多。
Exercise: Write Your Year End Review for 20**
练习：写下你的20**年终总结
Let’s get started on your year end review for this year!
从今年开始写下你的年终总结吧!
Take out your life handbook, or if you don’t have your life handbook, take out any notebook or blank piece of paper.
If you have a blog, you can copy the questions and answer them in your blog entry.
拿出生活手册，如果没有的话，就随便拿本笔记本或是张白纸。
如果有博客，也可以把这些问题复制过去在你的博客里回答。
Set aside some quiet time with yourself, for 30-45 minutes or so.
Now, write your answers to the following 6 questions:
给自己留出30到45分钟的安静时间，现在写下对这6个问题的回答：
1.What are your biggest accomplishments this year? (Accomplishments here refer to any results you are proud of)
今年你最大的收获是什么?(这里的收获指任何你感到骄傲的结果)
2.What are the biggest lessons you’ve learned this year?
今年最大的教训是什么?
3.On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied are you with how you spent the year? (Or if you prefer giving grades, what grade would you give yourself for how this year
turned out, between F- to A+?) Why?
如果让你从1到10给自己打分，今年你对自己的满意程度是几分?(如果你喜欢分等级的话，那么从F-到A+你今年表现怎么样呢?)为什么?
4.What do you want to accomplish next year, such that it’s your best year ever?
Alternatively:
最想完成什么样的目标让明年成为最棒的一年?或者：
If it’s now Dec 31 of next year, what do you want to see in your life?
如果现在是20**年12月31日，你希望自己生活是怎样的?
What does it take to make you feel a 10/10 satisfaction level at the end of next year?
到明年年底，什么事情会让你对自己百分百满意?
5.What new habits to cultivate that will help you to achieve your goals in Q4?
为了实现第四个问题中的目标，你应该培养那些新习惯?
6.What are your immediate next steps to achieve these goals?
为了实现这些目标，下一步你马上会进行什么?
Take as much time as you need to write your review.
These are the very same
questions I use for my personal review every year, so I’ve no doubt that you’ll
find them useful in yours.
写年终总结别着急，慢慢来。
每年我都会拿这些问题来问自己，所以我肯定你们会发现这些问题很有用。
If you want, you can get started with questions 1-3 first, which are more
reflection questions for the year.
Spend a couple of days to think about them,
before moving to questions 4-6, which are about the year ahead.
如果愿意的话，可以先从问题1到3开始，这些都是更值得思考的年终问题。
花上几天时间想一想，然后再回答问题4到6，这些是关于你来年的计划。
如何写英文总结
Year-end is a good time to review your programs to get them ready for the next year. Typically, this time of year things slow down due to the holidays you might have some time to focus on the recommendations below.
【1】Year-end Recap
It is critical that you develop a year-end recap and send it out to as many people as possible.
This will let then know your successes as well as challenges in the past year. You can use this to brag about the successes, which can lead to more support as well as budget.
In addition, by outlining the challenges you may be able to motivate others to help and or make appropriate changes within their teams that will help you prevent these problems.
【2】Annual Traffic & Sales Review
Reviewing your inbound traffic and conversions across the year to look for trends or new phrases is a great opportunity to identify new markets, keywords or countries that may have been overlooked in the monthly reviews.
When you look at the trends over an entire year you can often find months that are higher or lower than normal and can adjust your annual or quarterly plans to maximize these spikes.
【3】Keyword Glossaries
Often overlooked arepanys localization glossaries. These are master lists of word pairs that are used in machine translation and translation management tools.
Throughout the year, you may have done a lot of keyword research and modeling that may need to be added to the glossary as well as words replaced with those which have more demand or better match searchers intent.
If any new products were added this year, they should be added to the glossary as well to make sure that the most relevant versions are integrated.
【4】Site-Wide Diagnostics
Due the holidays at the end of the year, your workload may decrease giving time to review and clean up many of themon errors that accumulate in Google and Bing Webmaster tools.
【5】New Year/New Tactics Lunch & Learn
Schedule a variety of lunch and learns with your various teams to them on any new techniques and updates like avoiding Panda penalties. It is often good to any new employees that were added in the past few moths on the best practices they may not be aware of.
【6】End Of Life Products
Especially if you managing search for a largepany you should meet with the product teams to identify products that are no longer sold. It ismon in largerpanies and especially in consumer electronics that as product reach their “end of life” for marketing they are removed from the site.
While they are no longer sold, they are still being used by consumers that will need replacement parts, services and hopefully upgrades. You can create a hybrid page that represents these options for consumers and replace the previous product page to allow you to continue to capture those still interested in your products.
Any of these can help find nuggets of opportunities that will help you look good in the first quarter. It will also help you to make budget justifications and support additional headcount or agency budgets for specific roles.
Most importantly, you should have a good idea of the overall progress and what opportunities you have for improvement in the new year.
learning summary
a month had gone, but i felt that my gains were very little.
in this month, i read some documents whose topics were labor relations, i found that a lot of were very similar, and some of them were so difficult that i could not understand them. at present, the labor relations in our country is not very harmonious, especially when the contract law had changed. i think the main problems the about labor relations are as follows: firstly, it is that the quality and legal awareness of the bosses and staffs were not very high, because of these a lot of disputes had happened. secondly, the laws in our country were not overall, as a result, the numbers of the contradictions were increased. thirdly, the government did not respect for the law enforcement, in some provinces, the government did not given the enterprises who had did some wrong things in order to their rapid economic development. i will spend a lot of time on them next month.
in this month, i got up at 6:40am and read english about an hour every morning. besides this, i spent more than an hour on listening to the new concept english .my english is very poor, i hope that i can improve my oral and listening english according to these.
at last, i think that i have not found a correct way to carry out my study, i must change this situation timely.
英文总结范文 相关文章:团校学习总结法律诊所案卷学习总结报告学习孟二冬先进事迹心得总结：做平凡的`人是有意义的事业余团校学习心得总结：超越自我从点滴做起广告心理学学习总结金融法学习总结――工作学习总结大学生学期生活工作总结查看更多>>学习总结Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.
I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor,professor Lu yun, who has offered me constructive guidance for the planning of the thesisand invaluable advice and encouragement for its completion and improvement. She is sucha devoted teacher that though busy in her teaching and research, she never hesitates to offerme timely and spiritual support. She spares no effort to read, comment on and polish mythesis.
Besides, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to all the teachers in the School ofForeign Languages in Guangxi Teachers Education who have taught me and given meunselfish support during my three postgraduate years. It is my great honor to have knownall those respectable teachers.
Furthermore, I would like to thank my classmates, Mao xiang, Zhu Jingyan, Zou qin,etc. They have helped me and encouraged me a lot in my writing. Without them, mypostgraduate life will lose much happiness.
Finally, I feel indebted to my parents, for their understanding and love in life. I lovethem.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people who haveoffered invaluable assistance in the preparation of the dissertation.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Luo Ping, mysupervisor, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Hiscritical comments, constant encouragement and guidance have greatly enlightened menot only on the academic pursuit but also on the morals of being a man. Without hisconsistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its presentstage.
Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the professors andteachers whose insightful lectures have well prepared me for the completion of thethesis during my pursuit of the Master Degree ofArts at SISU.
I also greatly appreciate the assistance offered by the authors and scholarsmentioned in the bibliography, without whose works, the literature review of mythesis would not have been possible.
Last, I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents and friends, who alwayssupported me, willingly discussed with me, and offered valuable insights. Their helpand support have accompanied me through the difficult course of the thesis andmoments of my life.
Considering my poor English foundation and weak communication skills, I had never thought that I could finish this project! I had always struggled in writing a proper report even in 500 words before I had a tutor like Mr. Minggui Qu. But now I can finish a project and I can't believe this could be true!
Mr. Qu, my tutor, words could never express my thanks to him. From grammar, writing style, format and research skills to marketing theories, he has taught me everything and he has been always so patient to me whenever he revises my reports including my massive grammar mistakes. He has been encouraging me all the time. Though my report still contains lots of problem, I have already learned a lot from this project just because of his help. I am really grateful to him.
Meanwhile, I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and staff member of Yong Fei Machinery company for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry workers for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciations also go to my class teacher Mr Hong for looking after me in many ways and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
This thesis completed in XXX under the guidance of tutor. Teacher profound specialized knowledge, rigorous doing scholarly research attitude, strives for perfection the work style, evangelistic noble ethics, discipline, live and let live lofty style, simple cannot, approachable personality charm of far-reaching influence on himself. Learning to make himself not only set up the lofty goal, mastered the basic research methods, also make I understand a lot of people skills. This paper from the selected topic to finish, every step is done under the guidance of tutor, pour into the teacher a lot of effort. Here, wish to tutor said high respect and heartfelt thanks! In the process of writing papers, met a lot of problems, in under the guidance of the teacher's patience, problems are solved. So, here again the teacher say: teacher, thank you!
英文论文字体格式
相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧!
英文论文字体格式
一、论文的题目要求
1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录
2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等
3、论文题目一般不超过20个字
4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明
二、论文摘要的要求
应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论
三、论文的关键词
每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词
四、论文的字体及字号格式
1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体
2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”
3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”
4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”
5、行距 为1.5 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行
6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)
7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数
相关阅读
英文论文范文
Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have
become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
1.1 The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
1.2 The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
1.2.1 Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
1.2.2 Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
1.2.3 Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
1.2.4 Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
1.2.5 Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
1.2.6 The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
1.3 Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
2.1 Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
2.2 Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
2.3 Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
2.3.1 Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
2.3.2 Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
2.3.3 Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
2.3.4 Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the pletion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been.
1.简短毕业论文致谢词
经济发展英文论文
论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。
一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系
经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。
二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动
中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的.发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。
三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当
应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未来成为伟大时代应当弘扬的一种非常宝贵的中国精神，社会需要正能量，国家需要脊梁型的精英来谱写奏响中国梦的辉煌乐章。
四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越
经济发展新常态是科学发展主观能动性与经济规律客观存在、发展阶段必然要求的完美结合、有机统一，是经济形态的自然流露和表达。总书记关于经济发展新常态的阐述是对经济发展客观规律的正确判断和准确把握，关系到人民的福祉、国家的未来。工农商学兵、东西南北中都应该把思想观念、发展思维统一到新常态上来，把工作重心和发展的着力点发力点放在新常态上。适应新常态、尊重新常态、营造新常态、投身新常态，则国家兴，背离新常态、敷衍科学发展，国家不会有长久的繁荣，人民不会有永久的富庶。道理显而易见，只有认识高度统一，形成共识并转化为全体人民的热情和行动，这一高瞻远瞩的发展理念才能发挥其指明方向的巨大作用、汇聚成不可阻挡的力量。新常态是中国政府对高速增长积极总结反思、审时度势作出的科学判断，催生的必然是中国经济健康发展的必由之路。经济发展新常态的分析和判断为我们绘就了科学发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的宏伟蓝图，只要我们准确把握经济发展新常态，谋事克难、真抓实干，我们就会在实现中国梦的道路上迈出更加坚实的步伐，开辟一个新天地。
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